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The Relationship Between Electrolytic Deuterium And Tritium Separation Factors And Attainment Of Improved Accuracy In Radiometric Low Level Tritium Measurement
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Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Electrolytic Deuterium and Tritium Separation Factors, and Attainment of Improved Accuracy in Radiometric Low-level Tritium Measurement by : C. B. Taylor
Download or read book The Relationship Between Electrolytic Deuterium and Tritium Separation Factors, and Attainment of Improved Accuracy in Radiometric Low-level Tritium Measurement written by C. B. Taylor and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Final Report for the IAEA Urban Aquifers RCA by :
Download or read book Final Report for the IAEA Urban Aquifers RCA written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Berichte zur Polarforschung written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tritium Generation and Neutron Measurements in Pd-Si Under High Deuterium Gas Pressure by :
Download or read book Tritium Generation and Neutron Measurements in Pd-Si Under High Deuterium Gas Pressure written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper summarizes some of the methods applicable for low level tritium detection needed in the search for anomalous fusion in metal hydrides. It is also intended to further detail our tritium and neutron results that have been obtained with the Pd-Si-D system, originally presented at earlier workshops. A measure of reproducibility that was not evident in our previous work has been achieved partially due to the better detection sensitivity afforded by the use of low tritium deuterium and partially from the fact that the foil-wafer cells can be made with nearly identical electrical characteristics. This reproducibility has allowed us to narrow the optimum conditions for the experiment. While this experiment is rather different from the standard'' electrolytic cell or the Ti gas hydride experiment, similarities exist in that non equilibrium conditions are sought and the tritium generation levels are low and neutron emission is extremely weak. In contrast to many electrochemical cell experiments, the system used in these experiments is completely sealed during operation and uses no electrolyte. The major improvements to the experiment have been the use of vary low tritium deuterium for the hydriding and the replacement of the aluminum neutron counter tubes with ones of stainless steel. These changes have resulted in pronounced improvements to the detection systems since the background tritium level in the gas has been reduced by a factor of 300 and the neutron background has been decreased by a factor of 14. 16 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.
Book Synopsis Tritium Separation from Light and Heavy Water by Bipolar Electrolysis by :
Download or read book Tritium Separation from Light and Heavy Water by Bipolar Electrolysis written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Use of bipolar electrolysis with countercurrent electrolyte flow to separate hydrogen isotopes was investigated for the removal of tritium from light water effluents or from heavy water moderator. Deuterium-tritium and protium-tritium separation factors occurring on a Pd-25% Ag bipolar electrode were measured to be 2.05 to 2.16 and 11.6 to 12.4 respectively, at current densities between 0.21 and 0.50 A cm−2, and at 35 to 90°C. Current densities up to 0.3 A cm−2 have been achieved in continuous operation, at 80 to 90°C, without significant gas formation on the bipolar electrodes. From the measured overvoltage at the bipolar electrodes and the electrolyte conductivity the power consumption per stage was calculated to be 3.0 kwh/kg H2O at 0.2 A cm−2 and 5.0 kwh/kg H2O at 0.5 A cm−2 current density, compared to 6.4 and 8.0 kwh/kg H2O for normal electrolysis. A mathematical model derived for hydrogen isotope separation by bipolar electrolysis, i.e., for a square cascade, accurately describes the results for protium-tritium separation in two laboratory scale, multistage experiments with countercurrent electrolyte flow; the measured tiritum concentration gradient through the cascade agreed with the calculated values.
Book Synopsis Parametric Studies of Tritium Separation Cascades. Interim Report by :
Download or read book Parametric Studies of Tritium Separation Cascades. Interim Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computer programs are now in place which can be used to calculate parametric effects in ideal cascade separations of tritiumhydrogen. Calculations of total flow and separative duty were made as a function of decontamination factors and enrichment factors for a range of separation constants (alpha 's). Summary results for all cases calculated are included. Plant shapes (head-to- product flow ratios versus stage number) were also calculated. In addition, an initial investigation of the simultaneous separation of naturally occuring deuterium was carried out. The deuterium calculations are done assuming that an ideal cascade for tritium is also ideal for deuterium at the same time (i.e., constant heads separation factor, equal concentrations for both streams fed to a stage. The results show that the total flow (which is indicative of cascade power consumption) for tritium-hydrogen changes very rapidly with separation constant, from>3000 to about 200 moles/ mole feed for a separation constant less than 2 for decontamination factors (DF) between 10/sup 4/ and 10/sup 8/. The change in total flow with separation factor is very small for separation factors above 2. Total flow at a given enrichment factor is relatively insensitive to feed concentration from 4 x 10/sup -11/ to 1 x 10/sup -8/. A dramatic difference is observed between the effect of DF and the effect of enrichment factor or plant shape. A change in DF at a given enrichment factor results in a reduction of the number of stripping stages with no change in the recycle ratios of the plant. A change in enrichment factor for a given DF has an overall, large impact on plant shape and size. Increasing enrichment factors results in large increase of pumping and capital costs, while DF mainly affects capital costs. A check on the assumptions used for deuterium predictions indicates that the assumption is not very accurate. More sophisticnted handling of H, D, T is indicated. Preliminary conclusions indicate that unless there is great advantage to producing tritiated D/sub 2/O, high enrichment factors are not recommended because of high capital and operating expense. A maximum enrichment factor of 10/sup 2/ is indicated. Large DF's do not instill large penalties in plant design; 10/sup 6/ or 10/sup 8/ may not be unreasonable. Incremental increases of separation constants above approx equal 5 result in rapidly diminishing incremental decreases of the number of stages (capital cost) and in the total flow (operation cost). (JGB).
Book Synopsis Deuterium and Tritium Separation in Water by Selective Molecular Excitation by : T. J. Whitaker
Download or read book Deuterium and Tritium Separation in Water by Selective Molecular Excitation written by T. J. Whitaker and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tritium Interactions of Potential Importance to Fusion Reactor Systems by :
Download or read book Tritium Interactions of Potential Importance to Fusion Reactor Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The tritium technology requirements created by the controlled thermonuclear research program to develop a demonstration fusion power reactor by the year 2000 are reviewed. It is found that the majority of the technological advances which are needed to ensure adequate tritium containment in a tritium breeding power reactor need to be demonstrated on a pilot scale by approximately 1983, so that they may be incorporated into EPR-II, the second of two planned experimental power reactors. The most important advances include development of containment materials with permeabilities to tritium well below measured values for stainless steel; large scale, low inventory deuterium-tritium separation systems; and improved monitoring and assay systems. There are less critical requirements for information about the effects of tritium and helium on the mechanical properties of materials, the effects of tritium on biological systems, and data on physical and chemical properties of tritium. Substantial progress needs to be made on these problems early enough to permit possible solutions to be tested on EPR-I. In addition, major improvements in tritium handling equipment are required for EPR-I. Those technological problems for which solutions have not yet been demonstrated by EPR-II must be solved by 1989 if they are to be assured successful application in the demonstration reactor. (auth).
Book Synopsis Tritium Separation from High Volume Dilute Aqueous Streams- Milestone Report for M3FT-15OR0302092 by :
Download or read book Tritium Separation from High Volume Dilute Aqueous Streams- Milestone Report for M3FT-15OR0302092 written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes the synthesis and evaluation of molecular sieve zeolite membranes to separate and concentrate tritiated water (HTO) from dilute HTO-bearing aqueous streams. Several silico alumino phosphate (SAPO-34) molecular sieve zeolite membranes were synthesized and characterized with gas and vapor permeation measurements. The pervaporation process performance was evaluated for the separation and concentration of tritiated water. Experiments were performed over a range of tritiated water concentration covering the range of concentration anticipated in nuclear fuel processing where potentially both acid and water streams are recycled. The permeate was recovered under vacuum. The tritium concentration ranged from 0.5 to 1 mCi/mL which is about 0.1 mg/L or 0.1 ppm. The HTO concentration was three orders of magnitude lower than experiments performed with simulated feed containing HDO (>100 ppm) using deuterated water where high separation factors (>10) were obtained using SAPO membranes. Separation factor calculated from the measured tritium concentrations ranged from 0.83-0.98. Although the membrane performance characterization results were lower than expected, they can be explained on the basis of low feed volume and three orders of magnitude lower HTO concentration compared to HDO concentration in deuterated water. We have identified several new approaches, such as tuning the diffusion coefficient of HTO, that may help achieve preferential transport of tritium (HTO) resulting in a substantially more concentrated permeate.
Author :Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Publisher :McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP ISBN 13 :9780773516014 Total Pages :466 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (16 download)
Book Synopsis Canada Enters the Nuclear Age by : Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Download or read book Canada Enters the Nuclear Age written by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 1997 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nuclear energy company has overseen the production of its own history, focusing on programs at its laboratories in Chalk River, Ontario, and Whiteshell, Manitoba between 1943 and 1985. The 16 scientists who wrote the narrative discuss the organization and operations of the laboratories, nuclear safety and radiation protection, radioisotopes, basic research, developing the CANDU reactor, managing the radioactive wastes, business development, and revenue generation. Canadian card order number: C97-900188-9. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Book Synopsis Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis by : Michael F. L'Annunziata
Download or read book Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis written by Michael F. L'Annunziata and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis is written by experts in the measurement of radioactivity. The book describes the broad scope of analytical methods available and instructs the reader on how to select the proper technique. It is intended as a practical manual for research which requires the accurate measurement of radioactivity at all levels, from the low levels encountered in the environment to the high levels measured in radioisotope research. This book contains sample preparation procedures, recommendations on steps to follow, necessary calculations, computer controlled analysis, and high sample throughput techniques. Each chapter includes practical techniques for application to nuclear safety, nuclear safeguards, environmental analysis, weapons disarmament, and assays required for research in biomedicine and agriculture. The fundamentals of radioactivity properties, radionuclide decay, and methods of detection are included to provide the basis for a thorough understanding of the analytical procedures described in the book. Therefore, the Handbook can also be used as a teaching text. Includes sample preparation techniques for matrices such as soil, air, plant, water, animal tissue, and surface swipes Provides procedures and guidelines for the analysis of commonly encountered na
Book Synopsis Quantifying Uncertainty in Nuclear Analytical Measurements by :
Download or read book Quantifying Uncertainty in Nuclear Analytical Measurements written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dedicated specifically to nuclear analytical techniques, this publication is intended to assist scientists using alpha, beta and gamma spectrometries, neutron activation and XRF analyses, and other nuclear analytical methods, in assessing and quantifying the sources of uncertainty in their daily measurements.
Book Synopsis A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology by : David R. Lide
Download or read book A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology written by David R. Lide and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-10-30 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Established by Congress in 1901, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has a long and distinguished history as the custodian and disseminator of the United States' standards of physical measurement. Having reached its centennial anniversary, the NBS/NIST reflects on and celebrates its first century with this book describing some of its seminal contributions to science and technology. Within these pages are 102 vignettes that describe some of the Institute's classic publications. Each vignette relates the context in which the publication appeared, its impact on science, technology, and the general public, and brief details about the lives and work of the authors. The groundbreaking works depicted include: A breakthrough paper on laser-cooling of atoms below the Doppler limit, which led to the award of the 1997 Nobel Prize for Physics to William D. Phillips The official report on the development of the radio proximity fuse, one of the most important new weapons of World War II The 1932 paper reporting the discovery of deuterium in experiments that led to Harold Urey's1934 Nobel Prize for Chemistry A review of the development of the SEAC, the first digital computer to employ stored programs and the first to process images in digital form The first paper demonstrating that parity is not conserved in nuclear physics, a result that shattered a fundamental concept of theoretical physics and led to a Nobel Prize for T. D. Lee and C. Y. Yang "Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor," a 1995 paper that has already opened vast new areas of research A landmark contribution to the field of protein crystallography by Wlodawer and coworkers on the use of joint x-ray and neutron diffraction to determine the structure of proteins
Book Synopsis The New Nuclear Forensics by : Vitaly Fedchenko
Download or read book The New Nuclear Forensics written by Vitaly Fedchenko and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear material changes its form and properties as it moves through the nuclear fuel cycle, from one facility to another. Each step of the fuel cycle or each use of the material will inevitably leave its mark. The science of determining the history of a sample of nuclear material through the study of these characteristics is known as nuclear forensics. While nuclear forensic analysis has normally been associated with investigations and prosecutions in the contextof trafficking of nuclear materials or nuclear terrorism, it had wider applications in in national security contexts, such as nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament, and arms control. The New Nuclear Forensics is the first book to give a definitive guide to this broader definition of nuclear forensic analysis. This book describes the various methods used in nuclear forensics, giving first a broad introduction to the process followed by details of relevant measurement techniques and procedures. In each case, the advantages and limitations are outlined. To put these methods in context, the book also recounts the history of the discipline anddescribes the diverse contemporary applications of nuclear forensics.
Book Synopsis Stable Isotope Geochemistry by : Jochen Hoefs
Download or read book Stable Isotope Geochemistry written by Jochen Hoefs and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stable Isotope Geochemistry is an introduction to the use of stable isotopes in the fields of geoscience. It is subdivided into three parts: - theoretical and experimental principles; - fractionation mechanisms of light elements; - the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. In this updated 4th edition many of the chapters have been expanded, especially those on techniques and environmental aspects. The main focus is on recent results and new developments. For students and scientists alike the book will be a primary reference with regard to how and where stable isotopes can be used to solve geological problems.
Download or read book Moon written by Viorel Badescu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-22 with total page 771 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Earth has limited material and energy resources. Further development of the humanity will require going beyond our planet for mining and use of extraterrestrial mineral resources and search of power sources. The exploitation of the natural resources of the Moon is a first natural step on this direction. Lunar materials may contribute to the betterment of conditions of people on Earth but they also may be used to establish permanent settlements on the Moon. This will allow developing new technologies, systems and flight operation techniques to continue space exploration. In fact, a new branch of human civilization could be established permanently on Moon in the next century. But, meantime, an inventory and proper social assessment of Moon’s prospective energy and material resources is required. This book investigates the possibilities and limitations of various systems supplying manned bases on Moon with energy and other vital resources. The book collects together recent proposals and innovative options and solutions. It is a useful source of condensed information for specialists involved in current and impending Moon-related activities and a good starting point for young researchers.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition by : Herman Cember
Download or read book Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition written by Herman Cember and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2008-05-04 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A dynamic, all-inclusive overview of the field of health physics If it's an important topic in the field of health physics, you'll find it in this trusted text . . . in sections on physical principles, atomic and nuclear structure, radioactivity, biological effects of radiation, and instrumentation. This one-of-a-kind guide spans the entire scope of the field and offers a problem-solving approach that will serve you throughout your career. Features: A thorough overview of need-to-know topics, from a review of physical principles to a useful look at the interaction of radiation with matter Chapter-ending practice problems to solidify your grasp of health physics topics and their real-world application Essential background material on quantitative risk assessment for health-threatening radiation dangers Authoritative radiation safety and environmental health coverage that supports the International Commission on Radiological Protection's standards for specific populations High-yield appendices to expand your comprehension of chapter material: Values of Some Useful Constants, Table of the Elements, The Reference Person, Specific Absorbed Fraction of Photon Energy, and Total Mass Attenuation Coefficients NEW! Essential coverage of non-ionizing radiation-laser and microwaves, computer use in dose calculation, and dose limit recommendations
