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The Rational Design Of Selective Electrocatalysts For Renewable Energy Devices
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Book Synopsis The Rational Design of Selective Electrocatalysts for Renewable Energy Devices by : Daniel F. Abbott
Download or read book The Rational Design of Selective Electrocatalysts for Renewable Energy Devices written by Daniel F. Abbott and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rational design of electrocatalysts is paramount to the development of electrochemical devices. In particular, modifications to the structure and electronic properties of a particular catalyst can have a strong influence on the activity and selectivity towards various electrochemical reactions or pathways. In many cases this can lead to a particular reaction pathway being opened or closed, the formation of intermediates being stabilized or inhibited, the adsorption of poisonous species being mitigated, or the removal of poisonous species being promoted. In the this dissertation the design and characterization of catalysts for electrochemical devices (fuel cells, electrolyzers, and hydrogen pumps) will be discussed with regards to tailoring the selectivity in order to promote or inhibit certain electrochemical reactions. The electrochemical reactions of primary interest will include the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR).
Book Synopsis Multi-scale Atomistic Modeling for Electrocatalytic Applications by : Sneha Akhade
Download or read book Multi-scale Atomistic Modeling for Electrocatalytic Applications written by Sneha Akhade and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With depletion of traditional fossil fuel sources of energy, electrocatalysis is expected to play an important role in the development of alternate energy electrochemical devices, including fuel cells and electrolyzers. The design of effective catalysts is necessary to increase the rate of the electrocatalytic reactions in order to improve the working efficiency of the electrochemical devices. The reactions occur at the electrode/electrolyte interface, with the reaction rates controlled by complex interactions between the redox species and electrolytic ions on the solvated electrode surface that operates under constant applied potentials. These phenomena are difficult to probe experimentally and computational modeling can provide insight on the impact of the electrode potential and electrolyte distribution on the electrocatalytic processes. This dissertation primarily employs Density Functional Theory (DFT) to investigate the effect of the electrode potential on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions. Modeling the electrolyte distribution is not feasible with computationally intensive DFT calculations and as such, classical reactive Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to model the structure and dynamics of the electrolyte at longer length and time scales. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 is given special emphasis although the methods and approaches adopted in this dissertation are generally applicable towards investigating any electrocatalytic reaction of interest. CO2 electroreduction (ER) offers the possibility of generating hydrocarbons from renewable energy sources, however, the process is limited by (i) the use of inefficient electrocatalysts that are not selective and active towards hydrocarbon formation, (ii) a poor understanding of the reaction mechanism and the key rate-limiting and selectivity determining steps and, (iii) limited insight on the influence of the electrolyte composition on the selectivity and production rate of key intermediates. In this dissertation, DFT-based calculations are used to probe the electrode potential-dependent activity, reactivity and selectivity of various transition metal electrocatalysts for CO2 ER. A model to estimate the potential-dependent reaction energies and activation barriers is developed and applied to examine elementary kinetics of C-H, O-H and N-H bond breaking and forming steps. The implications of DFT model choices are explored. To address the limitations in the length and time scales of the DFT models, classical reactive MD simulations using ReaxFF are performed to model the electrochemical interface and examine the interfacial distribution and dynamics of the solvent and electrolytic ions under constant applied electrode potentials. The overall objective of this dissertation is to develop computational modeling tools for electrocatalytic reactions and examine the factors that influence the rational design of electrode materials for key electrocatalytic processes.
Book Synopsis Rational Design of Electrocatalysts with Enhanced Catalytic Performance in Energy Conversion by : Changlin Zhang
Download or read book Rational Design of Electrocatalysts with Enhanced Catalytic Performance in Energy Conversion written by Changlin Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To provide alternative electrocatalysts for energy conversion and storage applications, the catalysts development including materials design, synthesis and growth mechanism, electrochemical diagnose, and reaction mechanism have been investigated and analyzed. Based on the research results in this dissertation, 8 first-authored journal papers have been published/submitted or in preparation. The research results here demonstrate a generic solid-state chemistry method for mass production of platinum group metal/alloy nanoparticles with size/shape/composition control, which could be used in multiple applications such as ammonia electro oxidation, oxygen reduction reaction, hydrazine decomposition, and carbon monoxide preferential oxidations. A highly ordered mesoporous carbon-based nanostructures as non-noble metal catalysts were also studied for oxygen reduction reaction and water splitting. To better understand the surface and interface behavior of platinum alloy catalyst under realistic reaction conditions, in-situ transmission electron microscopy was applied to dynamically investigate the real-time structure evolutions. The findings here also provide insights for establishing realistic structures-properties-applications relationships for materials science, catalysis and electrochemistry.
Book Synopsis Rational Design of Transition Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction by : Zhuang Liu
Download or read book Rational Design of Transition Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction written by Zhuang Liu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Rational Design of Transition Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction by Zhuang Liu Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Yunfeng Lu, Chair The harvest and conversion of energy is of crucial importance for human civilization. Today, the fast growth in energy consumption, together with the environmental problems caused by fossil fuel usage, calls for renewable and clean energy supply, such as solar, wind, geothermal, and tidal energy. However, such energies are not consistent in both time and location, bringing energy storage on request. Intensive research has been focused on the development of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices. Among these EES devices, hydrogen fuel cells and metal-air batteries have attracted the special attention because of their high theoretical energy densities. Yet, one major issue lies in the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that takes place at the cathodes. For example, the theoretical voltage of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is 1.23 V (standard condition). However, the voltage output obtained under a meaningful current density is only about 0.7 V, where the voltage loss is primarily caused by the overpotential in the cathodes. Developing efficient electro-catalysts, which can lower the overpotential of ORR, is indispensable for achieving high performance devices. The state-of-the-art ORR electro-catalysts are generally based on platinum, which is limited by cost and scarcity. Developing electro-catalysts based on earth abundant metal elements is critical for large-scale application of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Among the non-precious-metal catalysts (NPMCs) explored in recent decades, pyrolyzed iron-nitrogen-carbon (Fe-N-C) catalysts is widely regarded as the most promising candidate for replacing platinum due to their high activity. However, the traditional method for preparing Fe-N-C catalysts involves high-temperature pyrolysis of the precursors, which is a highly complex and unpredictable process. As-prepared Fe-N-C catalysts usually contain mixed chemical phases (e.g., Fe-based nanoparticles, Fe-N coordination site and various nitrogen species), as well as carbon scaffolds with random morphology. Such complexity makes it difficult to identify the active site and control the porous structure. Though progress has been made in improving their performance through delicate selection of precursors, such process is largely based on test-and-trial method, shedding little light on the understanding of the material. In this dissertation, we designed a novel "post iron decoration" synthetic strategy towards efficient Fe-N-C catalysts, which de-convolutes the growth of iron and nitrogen species, enables the rational design of the catalyst structure, and provides a series of effective model materials for active site probing. Specifically, liquid iron penta-carbonyl was used to wet the surface of mesoporous N-doped carbon spheres (NMC), whose porous structure is determined by the template used for preparation. The obtained Fe(CO)5/NMC complex was then pyrolyzed to generate the Fe/NMC catalysts. Through comparative study and thorough material characterization, we demonstrated that the pyridinic-N of NMC anchors the Fe atoms to form Fe-Nx active sites during pyrolysis, while the graphitic-N remains ORR active. The excessive Fe atoms were aggregated forming fine nanoparticles, which were subsequently oxidized forming amorphous-iron oxide/iron crystal core-shell structure. All the composing elements of Fe/NMC catalysts are uniformly distributed on the NMC scaffold, whose porous structure is shown to be not affected by Fe decoration, guaranteeing the effective exposure of active sites. The best performing Fe/NMC catalysts exhibited a high half-wave potential of 0.862 V, which is close to that of the benchmark 40% Pt/C catalyst. Such high activity is primarily attributed to the Fe-Nx active sites in the catalysts. While the surface oxidized Fe crystallites though not being the major active site, is revealed to catalyze the reduction of HO2-, the 2e ORR product, facilitating the 4e reduction of oxygen. Finally, such synthetic strategy is successfully extended to prepare other Me-N-C materials. Based on the established understanding of the active sites, we then complexed the active Fe(CO)5 molecules with a N-rich metal-organic framework (ZIF-8) to form a precursor, which was subsequently pyrolyzed to form Fe-NC catalysts. During the pyrolysis, Fe(CO)5 reacts homogeneously with the ZIF-8 scaffold, leading to the formation of uniform distribution of Fe-related active sites on the N-rich porous carbon derived from ZIF-8. The zinc atoms in the crystalline structure of ZIF-8 serves as thermo-sacrificial template, resulting in the formation of hierarchical pores that provide abundant easily accessible ORR active sites. In virtue of these advantageous features, the best performing Fe-NC catalyst exhibited a high half-wave potential of 0.91 V in rotating disk electrode experiment in 0.1 M NaOH. Furthermore, zinc-air battery constructed with Fe-NC-900-M as the cathode catalyst exhibited high open-circuit voltage (1.5 V) and a peak power density of 271 mW cm-2, which outperforms those made with 40% Pt/C catalyst (1.48 V, 1.19 V and 242 mW cm-2), and most noble-metal free ORR catalysts reported so far. Finally, such a synthetic method is economic and easily-scalable, offering possibility for further activity and durability improvement.
Book Synopsis Rational Design Strategies for Oxide Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts by : Wesley Terrence Hong
Download or read book Rational Design Strategies for Oxide Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts written by Wesley Terrence Hong and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding and mastering the kinetics of oxygen electrocatalysis is instrumental to enabling solar fuels, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and metal-air batteries. Non-precious transition metal oxides show promise as cost-effective materials in such devices. Leveraging the wealth of solid-state physics understanding developed for this class of materials in the past few decades, new theories and strategies can be explored for designing optimal catalysts. This work presents a framework for the rational design of transition-metal perovskite oxide catalysts that can accelerate the development of highly active catalysts for more efficient energy storage and conversion systems. We describe a method for the synthesis of X-ray emission, absorption, and photoelectron spectroscopy data to experimentally determine the electronic structure of oxides on an absolute energy scale, as well as extract key electronic parameters associated with the material. Using this approach, we show that the charge-transfer energy - a parameter that captures the energy configuration of oxygen and transition-metal valence electrons - is a central descriptor capable of modifying both the oxygen evolution kinetics and mechanism. Its role in determining the absolute band energies of a catalyst can rationalize the differences in the electron-transfer and proton-transfer kinetics across oxide chemistries. Furthermore, we corroborate that the charge-transfer energy is one of the most influential parameters on the oxygen evolution reaction through a statistical analysis of a multitude of structure-activity relationships. The quantitative models generated by this analysis can then be used to rapidly screen oxide materials across a wide chemical space for highthroughput materials discovery.
Book Synopsis Computational Electrochemistry by : S. Paddison
Download or read book Computational Electrochemistry written by S. Paddison and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2015-12-28 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Rational Design of Pd-Based Catalysts for Selective Alkyne Hydrogenations by : Rocío Micaela Crespo Quesada
Download or read book Rational Design of Pd-Based Catalysts for Selective Alkyne Hydrogenations written by Rocío Micaela Crespo Quesada and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fundamental Understanding and Atomic-Scale Design of Novel Catalysts for Efficient Electrochemical Reactions by : Qiaowan Chang
Download or read book Fundamental Understanding and Atomic-Scale Design of Novel Catalysts for Efficient Electrochemical Reactions written by Qiaowan Chang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The availability of renewable energy sources (solar and wind) provides opportunities to replace many traditional chemical reactions by the electrochemical processes to achieve industrial upgrading, including direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion. However, the rates of many important reactions involved in electrochemical processes are too slow and the selectivity of targeted products also needs to be improved. The key to solve these challenges is to design better electrocatalysts. In this thesis, some strategies to design advanced electrocatalysts are investigated. The first strategy is to control the morphology and surface composition of the Platinum (Pt) nanocube-based electrocatalyst in DEFCs to selectively cleave the C-C bond in ethanol to improve its energy utilization. The (100)-exposed Pt38Ir nanocubes with one-atom-thick Ir-rich skin exhibited unprecedented EOR activity, high CO2 selectivity and long-term stability, due to the promotion of C-C bond cleavage and CO desorption from the catalyst surface. Furthermore, we show that the complete oxidization of ethanol to CO2 was achieved by the Rh single atom on the Pt(100) surface, demonstrating the great potential of the decoration of single atom catalysts on the metallic surface in electrochemical reactions. The second example is to tune the local chemical coordination between atomic catalyst clusters (metal) and their support materials (defect carbons) using a composite approach to achieve the synergistic effect in H2O2 electrochemical production. A catalyst composed of oxidized carbon nanotubes and clusters of three to four partially oxidized palladium (Pd) atoms was prepared, forming a special coordination (Pd-O-C) between carbon material and partially oxidized Pd atoms. This coordination can significantly enhance its H2O2 production rate with > 90% selectivity and shorten the production time. The third strategy is to control the intermediate state of catalyst to promote CO2 reduction. In previous studies, Pd was found to transform into palladium hydride (PdH) during the reaction and the latter was believed to be beneficial for syngas production. Based on this finding, the electrocatalyst was directly designed to partially hydridize Pd nanocubes. In comparison with pure metallic Pd, partial hydridization of Pd structure (PdH0.40) showed an earlier transformation to the key intermediate, leading to enhanced syngas production. As a result, the suitable operation potential range can be extended, resulting in a more flexible working condition for potential industrial applications. Overall, the above three strategies for designing electrocatalysts are explored in this thesis work. The results will provide fundamental understanding and guidance for rational design of highly efficient electrocatalysts for crucial electrochemical reactions, getting one step closer to the industrial applications related to sustainable and green chemical engineering.
Book Synopsis Atomically-Precise Methods for Synthesis of Solid Catalysts by : Sophie Hermans
Download or read book Atomically-Precise Methods for Synthesis of Solid Catalysts written by Sophie Hermans and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With techniques bridging the gap between surface science and heterogeneous catalysis the book presents a tool-kit for anyone wishing to prepare and define solid catalysts.
Download or read book Iron Porphyrins written by A. B. P. Lever and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 1989-03-31 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Porphyrins play a vital role in many biological functions including oxygen transport, electron transfer and catalyzing the incorporation of oxygen into other molecules. This current survey discusses the use of modern physical techniques to probe porphyrin structure and function. The authors review the data available through a particular technique and show what can be learned therefrom about the (electronic) structure and function of biologically important porphyrins. The techniques include magnetic circular dichroism, X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Mössbauer spectroscopies. All contributors are well known in their respective fields, enjoying world-wide reputation.
Book Synopsis Selective Transformation Through Tuning Catalytic Microenvironments for Sustainability by : Michelle Lee
Download or read book Selective Transformation Through Tuning Catalytic Microenvironments for Sustainability written by Michelle Lee and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selective transformations in chemical processes play an essential role in achieving sustainability, especially in developing energy-, cost-, and atom-efficient processes and obtaining clean energy. A highly selective catalyst is needed to achieve a selective chemical transformation. In this thesis, in an effort to achieve highly selective catalysts, we tune the catalytic microenvironment in two important chemical reactions; i.e. the nucleophilic ring-opening of trans-2,3-disubstitued epoxides, and the electroreduction of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons. The understanding enabled by these studies reveals design principles for the development of selective catalysts and provides further insights into the reaction mechanism of existing catalysts. To demonstrate how tuning catalytic microenvironment can increase the selectivity of chemical transformation, in the first study, we present a mechanism-inspired catalyst design for epoxide transformation to _-amino alcohol, an important building block in natural product synthesis and pharmaceuticals. We demonstrate that we can achieve a selective transformation by tuning the catalyst's first and second coordination sphere, ultimately, allowing for the development of a highly regioselective general methodology for nucleophilic ring-opening of trans-2,3-disubstituted epoxides. In an effort to accurately evaluate how tuning catalytic microenvironment control the selectivity of electrochemical CO2 reduction, in the second study, we identify factors that affect the measured performance of electrocatalysts that involve organic materials in CO2 reduction reaction and propose standard protocols to improve the accuracy and precision of the reported data. We present several experiments necessary to ensure that the observed CO2 reduction performance is from the electrocatalyst catalyzes the reduction of CO2 molecules instead of potential side reactions. We show that standardizing the measurement and reporting protocols will facilitate the development of highly selective and active electrocatalysts. To understand the effect of confined reaction space in controlling the selectivity in electrochemical CO2 reduction, in the third study, we report design strategies for the synthesis of novel electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction, where we demonstrate that the confined reaction space enables changes in reaction selectivity and can impart atypical catalytic capabilities to metals that are not otherwise active for CO2R. We utilize metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to provide the tailored confined reaction space for CO2 reduction. These design strategies have the potential to provide a framework for catalyst design with improved catalytic activity. To further gain mechanistic understanding in improving electrocatalysts' selectivity toward CO2 reduction, in the fourth study, we utilize in situ and ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate the electrocatalyst transformation in MOFs. We also develop a novel in situ XAS methodology to determine the active form of the electrocatalyst under operating conditions and to investigate the chemical state and the surrounding environment of the catalytic site during the electrochemical CO2 reduction. The combination of XAS measurements and product detection provides the mechanistic understanding that can stimulate the rational design for new classes of materials as CO2 reduction electrocatalysts. After gaining selectivity control for important C1 products, such as CO and formic acid, we would like to understand how to obtain more energy-dense hydrocarbon, like ethylene. In the fifth study, we investigate the role of surface and subsurface oxygen on the production of organic products from CO2 reduction over copper electrocatalysts through experiments and theoretical DFT calculation. Experimentally, we performed electrochemical CO2 reduction on copper with various concentrations of buried oxygen as a function of time, showing that the ethylene production is time-dependent and prolonged-time leads only to H2 evolution with negligible ethylene production. We utilize grand canonical potential-kinetics (GCP-K) DFT calculations to understand the experimental results. The combination of experimental rsults and theoretical calculation confirms the significance of surface and subsurface oxygen for the ethylene production ins electrochemical CO2 reduction on the copper surface. Overall, these studies demonstrate that the activity and selectivity of the catalysts in chemical processes are not only dependent on the metal centers, but they are also heavily influenced by the local environment surrounding the metal centers. Therefore, to further improve the catalytic performance, it is crucial to also tune the catalytic microenvironments.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment by :
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-10-01 with total page 4061 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Four Volume Set comprehensively covers all renewable energy resources, including wind, solar, hydro, biomass, geothermal energy, and nuclear power, to name a few. In addition to covering the breadth of renewable energy resources at a fundamental level, this encyclopedia delves into the utilization and ideal applications of each resource and assesses them from environmental, economic, and policy standpoints. This book will serve as an ideal introduction to any renewable energy source for students, while also allowing them to learn about a topic in more depth and explore related topics, all in a single resource. Instructors, researchers, and industry professionals will also benefit from this comprehensive reference. Covers all renewable energy technologies in one comprehensive resource“/li> Details renewable energies’ processes, from production to utilization in a single encyclopedia Organizes topics into concise, consistently formatted chapters, perfect for readers who are new to the field Assesses economic challenges faced to implement each type of renewable energy Addresses the challenges of replacing fossil fuels with renewables and covers the environmental impacts of each renewable energy
Book Synopsis The Rational Design of Electrocatalysts Based on Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes by : Wyatt Rorer Murphy
Download or read book The Rational Design of Electrocatalysts Based on Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes written by Wyatt Rorer Murphy and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Electro-Fenton Process by : Minghua Zhou
Download or read book Electro-Fenton Process written by Minghua Zhou and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-25 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume discusses the theoretical fundamentals and potential applications of the original electro-Fenton (EF) process and its most innovative and promising versions, all of which are classified as electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. It consists of 15 chapters that review the latest advances and trends, material selection, reaction and reactor modeling and EF scale-up. It particularly focuses on the applications of EF process in the treatment of toxic and persistent organic pollutants in water and soil, showing highly efficient removal for both lab-scale and pre-pilot setups. Indeed, the EF technology is now mature enough to be brought to market, and this collection of contributions from leading experts in the field constitutes a timely milestone for scientists and engineers.
Book Synopsis Methods for Electrocatalysis by : Inamuddin
Download or read book Methods for Electrocatalysis written by Inamuddin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-02 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores key parameters, properties and fundamental concepts of electrocatalysis. It also discusses the engineering strategies, current applications in fuel-cells, water-splitting, metal-ion batteries, and fuel generation. This book elucidates entire category viewpoints together with industrial applications. Therefore, all the sections of this book emphasize the recent advances of different types of electrocatalysts, current challenges, and state-of-the-art studies through detailed reviews. This book is the result of commitments by numerous experts in the field from various backgrounds and expertise and appeals to industrialists, researchers, scientists and in addition understudies from various teaches.
Download or read book Nitrogen and Air written by Rubin Battino and published by Pergamon. This book was released on 1982 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary: a young barge captain, Jean takes his peasant bride, Juliette to live on the barge L'Atalante, which plies the Siene. The couple begin married life in the company of the eccentric crew and a large collection of cats. Conflict arises when Juliette is seduced by the bright lights of Paris.
Book Synopsis Plasma Catalysis by : Annemie Bogaerts
Download or read book Plasma Catalysis written by Annemie Bogaerts and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various gas conversion applications, such as CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels, N2 fixation for the synthesis of NH3 or NOx, methane conversion into higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates. It is also widely used for air pollution control (e.g., VOC remediation). Plasma catalysis allows thermodynamically difficult reactions to proceed at ambient pressure and temperature, due to activation of the gas molecules by energetic electrons created in the plasma. However, plasma is very reactive but not selective, and thus a catalyst is needed to improve the selectivity. In spite of the growing interest in plasma catalysis, the underlying mechanisms of the (possible) synergy between plasma and catalyst are not yet fully understood. Indeed, plasma catalysis is quite complicated, as the plasma will affect the catalyst and vice versa. Moreover, due to the reactive plasma environment, the most suitable catalysts will probably be different from thermal catalysts. More research is needed to better understand the plasma–catalyst interactions, in order to further improve the applications.
