The Provocation Of The Senses In Contemporary Theatre

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The Provocation of the Senses in Contemporary Theatre

Author : Stephen Di Benedetto
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136974083
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis The Provocation of the Senses in Contemporary Theatre by : Stephen Di Benedetto

Download or read book The Provocation of the Senses in Contemporary Theatre written by Stephen Di Benedetto and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2011-01-13 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Di Benedetto considers theatrical practice through the lens of contemporary neuroscientific discoveries in this provoking study, which lays the foundation for considering the physiological basis of the power of theatre practice to affect human behavior. He presents a basic summary of the ways that the senses function in relation to cognitive science and physiology, offering an overview of dominant trends of discussion on the realm of the senses in performance. Also presented are examples of how those ideas are illustrated in recent theatrical presentations, and how the different senses form the structure of a theatrical event. Di Benedetto concludes by suggesting the possible implications these neuroscientific ideas have upon our understanding of theatrical composition, audience response, and the generation of meaning.

The Routledge Companion to Theatre and Performance

Author : Paul Allain
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040127797
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Companion to Theatre and Performance by : Paul Allain

Download or read book The Routledge Companion to Theatre and Performance written by Paul Allain and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-10-09 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is theatre? What is performance? What connects them and how are they different? How have they been shaped by events, people, companies, practices and ideas in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries? And where are they heading next? The Routledge Companion to Theatre and Performance offers some answers to these big questions. This third edition has been updated to now include over 160 entries, with all entries brought up to date and new topics added, including Caryl Churchill, Black Lives Matter and Hamilton, among others. This book provides an accessible, informative and engaging introduction to important people and companies, events, concepts and practices that have defined the complementary fields of theatre and performance studies. Three easy-to-use alphabetized sections include entries on topics and people ranging from performance artists Marina Abramović and Pope.L to directors Vsevolod Meyerhold and Robert Wilson, the haka, Taking the Knee and disability, theatre and performance. Each entry includes important historical and contextual information, extensive cross-referencing, detailed analysis and an annotated bibliography. The Routledge Companion to Theatre and Performance is a perfect reference guide for the keen student and the passionate theatre-goer alike.

Performing Psychologies

Author : Nicola Shaughnessy
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 147426087X
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Performing Psychologies by : Nicola Shaughnessy

Download or read book Performing Psychologies written by Nicola Shaughnessy and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-02-07 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Performing Psychologies offers new perspectives on arts and health, focussing on the different ways in which performance interacting with psychology can enhance understanding of the mind. The book challenges stereotypes of disability, madness and creativity, addressing a range of conditions (autism, dementia and schizophrenia) and performance practices including staged productions and applied work in custodial, health and community settings. Featuring case studies ranging from Hamlet to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, the pioneering work of companies such as Spare Tyre and Ridiculusmus, and embracing dance and music as well as theatre and drama, the volume offers new perspectives on the dynamic interactions between performance, psychology and states of mind. It contains contributions from psychologists, performance scholars, therapists and healthcare professionals, who offer multiple perspectives on working through performance-based media. Presenting a richly interdisciplinary and collaborative investigation of the arts in practice, this volume opens up new ways of thinking about the performance of psychologies, and about how psychologies perform.

An Introduction to Theatre Design

Author : Stephen Di Benedetto
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136480110
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (364 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Theatre Design by : Stephen Di Benedetto

Download or read book An Introduction to Theatre Design written by Stephen Di Benedetto and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-02-28 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introduction to theatre design explains the theories, strategies, and tools of practical design work for the undergraduate student. Through its numerous illustrated case studies and analysis of key terms, students will build an understanding of the design process and be able to: identify the fundamentals of theatre design and scenography recognize the role of individual design areas such as scenery, costume, lighting and sound develop both conceptual and analytical thinking Communicate their own understanding of complex design work trace the traditions of stage design, from Sebastiano Serlio to Julie Taymor. Demonstrating the dynamics of good design through the work of influential designers, Stephen Di Benedetto also looks in depth at script analysis, stylistic considerations and the importance of collaboration to the designer’s craft. This is an essential guide for students and teachers of theatre design. Readers will form not only a strong ability to explain and understand the process of design, but also the basic skills required to conceive and realise designs of their own.

Performing Early Christian Literature

Author : Kelly Iverson
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009033859
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Performing Early Christian Literature by : Kelly Iverson

Download or read book Performing Early Christian Literature written by Kelly Iverson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-07 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scholars of early Christian literature acknowledge that oral traditions lie behind the New Testament gospels. While the concept of orality is widely accepted, it has not resulted in a corresponding effort to understand the reception of the gospels within their oral milieu. In this book, Kelly Iverson reconsiders the experiential context in which early Christian literature was received and interpreted. He argues that reading and performance are distinguishable media events, and, significantly, that they produce distinctive interpretive experiences for readers and audiences alike. Iverson marshals an array of methodological perspectives demonstrating how performance generates a unique experiential context that shapes and informs the interpretive process. Iverson's study explores the dynamic oral environment in which ancient audiences experienced the gospel stories. He shows why an understanding of oral performance has important implications for the study of the NT, as well as for several issues that are largely unquestioned by biblical scholars.

Affective Performance and Cognitive Science

Author : Nicola Shaughnessy
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1408193159
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Affective Performance and Cognitive Science by : Nicola Shaughnessy

Download or read book Affective Performance and Cognitive Science written by Nicola Shaughnessy and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2013-12-05 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores new developments in the dialogues between science and theatre and offers an introduction to a fast-expanding area of research and practice. The cognitive revolution in the humanities is creating new insights into the audience experience, performance processes and training. Scientists are collaborating with artists to investigate how our brains and bodies engage with performance to create new understanding of perception, emotion, imagination and empathy. Divided into four parts, each introduced by an expert editorial from leading researchers in the field, this edited volume offers readers an understanding of some of the main areas of collaboration and research: 1. Dances with Science 2. Touching Texts and Embodied Performance 3. The Multimodal Actor 4. Affecting Audiences Throughout its history theatre has provided exciting and accessible stagings of science, while contemporary practitioners are increasingly working with scientific and medical material. As Honour Bayes reported in the Guardian in 2011, the relationships between theatre, science and performance are 'exciting, explosive and unexpected'. Affective Performance and Cognitive Science charts new directions in the relations between disciplines, exploring how science and theatre can impact upon each other with reference to training, drama texts, performance and spectatorship. The book assesses the current state of play in this interdisciplinary field, facilitating cross disciplinary exchange and preparing the way for future studies.

Observing Theatre

Author : Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe
Publisher : Rodopi
ISBN 13 : 9401210292
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Observing Theatre by : Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe

Download or read book Observing Theatre written by Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe and published by Rodopi. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe and co-authors take the exploration of the subjective dimension of theatre, its spiritual context, its relation to consciousness and natural law, further than ever before, thanks to the context provided by the thinking of German geobiologist Hans Binder. We present relevant aspects of Binder’s approach as precisely as possible, then take Binder’s approach for granted to tease out the implications of that approach to the issues of theatre, including nostalgia, intercultural theatre, theatre criticism, dealing with demanding roles, the canon, theatre and philosophy, digital performance, practice as research, and applied theatre. Overall, the book proposes an overarching emphasis on the importance of living in the present and the concomitant need to abandon obsolete but still powerful patterns of the past. In this context, theatre, according to Binder, has a global responsibility for the new world in which humans are liberated from the scourge of the past. Theatre has the power and thus the responsibility to be path-breaking for a new “fiction”, to show to people, in a playful and creative manner, the direction in which the new consciousness can move. Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe is Professor of Drama at the Lincoln School of Performing Arts, University of Lincoln. He has numerous publications on the topic of ‘Theatre and Consciousness’ to his credit, and is founding editor of the peer-reviewed web-journal Consciousness, Literature and the Arts and the book series of the same title with Rodopi.

Nineteenth-Century Theatre and the Imperial Encounter

Author : Marty Gould
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136740546
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (367 download)

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Book Synopsis Nineteenth-Century Theatre and the Imperial Encounter by : Marty Gould

Download or read book Nineteenth-Century Theatre and the Imperial Encounter written by Marty Gould and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2011-05-09 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, Gould argues that it was in the imperial capital’s theatrical venues that the public was put into contact with the places and peoples of empire. Plays and similar forms of spectacle offered Victorian audiences the illusion of unmediated access to the imperial periphery; separated from the action by only the thin shadow of the proscenium arch, theatrical audiences observed cross-cultural contact in action. But without narrative direction of the sort found in novels and travelogues, theatregoers were left to their own interpretive devices, making imperial drama both a powerful and yet uncertain site for the transmission of official imperial ideologies. Nineteenth-century playwrights fed the public’s interest in Britain’s Empire by producing a wide variety of plays set in colonial locales: India, Australia, and—to a lesser extent—Africa. These plays recreated the battles that consolidated Britain’s hold on overseas territories, dramatically depicted western humanitarian intervention in indigenous cultural practices, celebrated images of imperial supremacy, and occasionally criticized the sexual and material excesses that accompanied the processes of empire-building. An active participant in the real-world drama of empire, the Victorian theatre produced popular images that reflected, interrogated, and reinforced imperial policy. Indeed, it was largely through plays and spectacles that the British public vicariously encountered the sights and sounds of the distant imperial periphery. Empire as it was seen on stage was empire as it was popularly known: the repetitions of character types, plot scenarios, and thematic concerns helped forge an idea of empire that, though largely imaginary, entertained, informed, and molded the theatre-going British public.

Theory for Theatre Studies: Emotion

Author : Peta Tait
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350030872
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Theory for Theatre Studies: Emotion by : Peta Tait

Download or read book Theory for Theatre Studies: Emotion written by Peta Tait and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-01-14 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theory for Theatre Studies: Emotion explores how emotion is communicated in drama, theatre, and contemporary performance and therefore in society. From Aristotle and Shakespeare to Stanislavski, Brecht and Caryl Churchill, theatre reveals and, informs but also warns about the emotions. The term 'emotion' encompasses the emotions, emotional feelings, affect and mood, and the book explores how these concepts are embodied and experienced within theatrical practice and explained in theory. Since emotion is artistically staged, its composition and impact can be described and analysed in relation to interdisciplinary approaches. Readers are encouraged to consider how emotion is dramatically, aurally, and visually developed to create innovative performance. Case studies include: Medea, Twelfth Night, The Caucasian Chalk Circle, Ibsen's A Doll's House, and performances by Mabou Mines, Robert Lepage, Rimini Protokoll, Anna Deavere Smith, Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, Marina Abramovic, and The Wooster Group. By way of these detailed case studies, readers will appreciate new methodologies and approaches for their own exploration of 'emotion' as a performance component. Online resources to accompany this book are available at https://www.bloomsbury.com/theory-for-theatre-studies-emotion-9781350030848/.

The Theatre of the Bauhaus

Author : Melissa Trimingham
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134934386
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (349 download)

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Book Synopsis The Theatre of the Bauhaus by : Melissa Trimingham

Download or read book The Theatre of the Bauhaus written by Melissa Trimingham and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-19 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the work of painter, choreographer and scenic designer Oskar Schlemmer, the "Master Magician" and leader of the Theatre Workshop, this book explains this "theatre of high modernism" and its historical role in design and performance studies; further, it connects the Bauhaus exploration of space with contemporary stages and contemporary ethics, aesthetics and society. The idea of "theatre of space" is used to highlight twentieth-century practitioners who privilege the visual, aural, and plastic qualities of the stage above character, narrative and, themes (for example Schlemmer himself, Robert Wilson, Tadeusz Kantor, Robert Lepage). This impressive volume will be of use to students and academics involved in the areas of twentieth-century performance, the history of performance art, the history of avant-garde theatre, modern German theatre, and Weimar-era performance.

The Theatre of Richard Maxwell and the New York City Players

Author : Sarah Gorman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136680756
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis The Theatre of Richard Maxwell and the New York City Players by : Sarah Gorman

Download or read book The Theatre of Richard Maxwell and the New York City Players written by Sarah Gorman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-10-02 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The theatre of Richard Maxwell and the New York City Players has received significant international recognition over the past ten years. The company has received three OBIEs, for House (1999), Drummer Wanted (2002) and Good Samaritans (2005). Maxwell received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2010 and has been commissioned by venues in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, France, Belgium and Ireland. Although his productions generate a plethora of reviews, there is a deficit of material providing a critical and sustained engagement with his work. The aim of this book is to provide a critical survey of Maxwell’s work since 1992, including his early participation in Cook County Theater Department. Touching upon the acting, production and rehearsal processes of NYC Player’s work, and Maxwell's representations of space, community, race, and gender, this volume provides scholars with an important overview of a key figure in contemporary drama.

Nomadic Theatre

Author : Liesbeth Groot Nibbelink
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350051055
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Nomadic Theatre by : Liesbeth Groot Nibbelink

Download or read book Nomadic Theatre written by Liesbeth Groot Nibbelink and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-04-18 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluid stages, morphing theatre spaces, ambulant spectators, and occasionally disappearing performers: these are some of the key ingredients of nomadic theatre. They are also theatre's response to life in the 21st century, which is increasingly marked by the mobility of people, information, technologies and services. While examining how contemporary theatre exposes and queries this mobile turn in society, Liesbeth Groot Nibbelink introduces the concept of nomadic theatre as a vital tool for analyzing how movement and mobility affect and implicate the theatre, how this makes way for local operations and lived spaces, and how physical movements are stepping stones for theorizing mobility at large. This book focuses on ambulatory performances and performative installations, asking how they stage movement and in turn mobilize the stage. By analyzing the work of leading European artists such as Rimini Protokoll, Dries Verhoeven, Ontroerend Goed, and Signa, Nomadic Theatre demonstrates that mobile performances radically rethink the conditions of the stage and alter our understanding of spectatorship. Nomadic Theatre instigates connections across disciplinary fields and feeds dramaturgical analysis with insights derived from media theory, urban philosophy, cartography, architecture, and game studies. It illustrates how theatre, as a material form of thought, creatively and critically engages with mobile existence both on the stage and in society.

Theatre Translation in Performance

Author : Silvia Bigliazzi
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415661412
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (156 download)

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Book Synopsis Theatre Translation in Performance by : Silvia Bigliazzi

Download or read book Theatre Translation in Performance written by Silvia Bigliazzi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on the highly debated topic of theatrical translation, one brought on by a renewed interest in the idea of performance and translation as a cooperative effort on the part of the translator, the director, and the actors. Exploring the role and function of the translator as co-subject of the performance, it addresses current issues concerning the role of the translator for the stage, as opposed to the one for the editorial market, within a multifarious cultural context. The current debate has shown a growing tendency to downplay and challenge the notion of translational accuracy in favor of a recreational and post-dramatic attitude, underlying the role of the director and playwright instead. This book discusses the delicate balance between translating and directing from an intercultural, semiotic, aesthetic, and interlingual perspective, taking a critical stance on approaches that belittle translation for the theatre or equate it to an editorial practice focused on literality. Chapters emphasize the idea of dramatic translation as a particular and extremely challenging type of performance, while consistently exploring its various textual, intertextual, intertranslational, contextual, cultural, and intercultural facets. The notion of performance is applied to textual interpretation as performance, interlingual versus intersemiotic performance, and (inter)cultural performance in the adaptation of translated texts for the stage, providing a wide-ranging discussion from an international group of contributors, directors, and translators.

Theatre and National Identity

Author : Nadine Holdsworth
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134102275
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis Theatre and National Identity by : Nadine Holdsworth

Download or read book Theatre and National Identity written by Nadine Holdsworth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-06-27 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the ways that pre-existing ‘national’ works or ‘national theatre’ sites can offer a rich source of material for speaking to the contemporary moment because of the resonances or associations they offer of a different time, place, politics, or culture. Featuring a broad international scope, it offers a series of thought-provoking essays that explore how playwrights, directors, theatre-makers, and performance artists have re-staged or re-worked a classic national play, performance, theatrical form, or theatre space in order to engage with conceptions of and questions around the nation, nationalism, and national identity in the contemporary moment, opening up new ways of thinking about or problematizing questions around the nation and national identity. Chapters ask how productions engage with a particular moment in the national psyche in the context of internationalism and globalization, for example, as well as how productions explore the interconnectivity of nations, intercultural agendas, or cosmopolitanism. They also explore questions relating to the presence of migrants, exiles, or refugees, and the legacy of colonial histories and post-colonial subjectivities. The volume highlights how theatre and performance has the ability to contest and unsettle ideas of the nation and national identity through the use of various sites, stagings, and performance strategies, and how contemporary theatres have portrayed national agendas and characters at a time of intense cultural flux and repositioning.

Nationalism and Youth in Theatre and Performance

Author : Victoria Pettersen Lantz
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131781200X
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis Nationalism and Youth in Theatre and Performance by : Victoria Pettersen Lantz

Download or read book Nationalism and Youth in Theatre and Performance written by Victoria Pettersen Lantz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-07-11 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nationalism and Youth in Theatre and Performance explores how children and young people fit into national political theatre and, moreover, how youth enact interrogative, patriotic, and/or antagonistic performances as they develop their own relationship with nationhood. Children are often seen as excluded from public discourse or political action. However, this idea of exclusion is false both because adults place children at the center of political debates (with the rhetoric of future generations) and because children actively insert themselves into public discourse. Whether performing a national anthem for visiting heads of state, creating a school play about a country’s birth, or marching in protest of a change in public policy, young people use theatre and performance as a means of publicly staking a claim in national politics, directly engaging with ideas of nationalism around the world. This collection explores the issues of how children fit into national discourse on international stages. The authors focus on national performances by/for/with youth and examine a wide range of performances from across the globe, from parades and protests to devised and traditional theatre. Nationalism and Youth in Theatre and Performance rethinks how national performance is defined and offers previously unexplored historical and theoretical discussions of political youth performance.

Translation and Adaptation in Theatre and Film

Author : Katja Krebs
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134114109
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis Translation and Adaptation in Theatre and Film by : Katja Krebs

Download or read book Translation and Adaptation in Theatre and Film written by Katja Krebs and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-15 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a pioneering and provocative exploration of the rich synergies between adaptation studies and translation studies and is the first genuine attempt to discuss the rather loose usage of the concepts of translation and adaptation in terms of theatre and film. At the heart of this collection is the proposition that translation studies and adaptation studies have much to offer each other in practical and theoretical terms and can no longer exist independently from one another. As a result, it generates productive ideas within the contact zone between these two fields of study, both through new theoretical paradigms and detailed case studies. Such closely intertwined areas as translation and adaptation need to encounter each other’s methodologies and perspectives in order to develop ever more rigorous approaches to the study of adaptation and translation phenomena, challenging current assumptions and prejudices in terms of both. The book includes contributions as diverse yet interrelated as Bakhtin’s notion of translation and adaptation, Bollywood adaptations of Shakespeare’s Othello, and an analysis of performance practice, itself arguably an adaptive practice, which uses a variety of languages from English and Greek to British and International Sign-Language. As translation and adaptation practices are an integral part of global cultural and political activities and agendas, it is ever more important to study such occurrences of rewriting and reshaping. By exploring and investigating interdisciplinary and cross-cultural perspectives and approaches, this volume investigates the impact such occurrences of rewriting have on the constructions and experiences of cultures while at the same time developing a rigorous methodological framework which will form the basis of future scholarship on performance and film, translation and adaptation.

The Cambridge Companion to American Theatre since 1945

Author : Julia Listengarten
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108570267
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cambridge Companion to American Theatre since 1945 by : Julia Listengarten

Download or read book The Cambridge Companion to American Theatre since 1945 written by Julia Listengarten and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-09 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cambridge Companion to American Theatre since 1945 provides an overview and analysis of developments in the organization and practices of American theatre. It examines key demographic and geographical shifts American theatre after 1945 experienced in spectatorship, and addresses the economic, social, and political challenges theatre artists have faced across cultural climates and geographical locations. Specifically, it explores artistic communities, collaborative practices, and theatre methodologies across mainstream, regional, and experimental theatre practices, forms, and expressions. As American theatre has embraced diversity in practice and representation, the volume examines the various creative voices, communities, and perspectives that prior to the 1940s was mostly excluded from the theatrical landscape. This diversity has led to changing dramaturgical and theatrical languages that take us in to the twenty-first century. These shifting perspectives and evolving forms of theatrical expressions paved the ground for contemporary American theatrical innovation.