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The Pricing Of Ipos Post Sarbanes Oxley
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Book Synopsis The Pricing of IPOs Post Sarbanes-Oxley by : Jarrod Johnston
Download or read book The Pricing of IPOs Post Sarbanes-Oxley written by Jarrod Johnston and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) imposes new requirements for firms going public. Many provisions of SOX should improve the transparency of U.S. firms going public and therefore reduce the uncertainty surrounding their valuation. We find that initial returns of initial public offerings (IPOs) in the U.S. have declined since SOX. Furthermore, the aftermarket performance of IPOs since SOX is significantly higher. While the expense of public reporting has increased in the U.S. because of SOX, the valuations of newly public firms at the time of the IPO are subject to less uncertainty and smaller aftermarket corrections.
Book Synopsis Issues in IPO Valuations by : Heather Nicole Rhodes
Download or read book Issues in IPO Valuations written by Heather Nicole Rhodes and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation focuses on the effect of regulation and asymmetric information problems in the market for initial public offerings (IPOs). It consists of three essays that evaluate different aspects of the impact of regulation and asymmetric information problems on IPO valuations and pricing. The first essay retests the signaling and agency theories with a matched-sample of IPOs prior to and following the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). Because the wealth effect could affect the results of these tests, it is also evaluated. The study is motivated by the potential impact of SOX-related governance and reporting requirements on the relative importance of adverse selection and moral hazard problems, with which the signaling and agency theories are respectively concerned, in the market for IPOs. Additionally, SOX may have affected the types of firms going public and ultimately the relative importance of adverse selection and moral hazard. Results on both the pre- and post-SOX samples are consistent with the signaling theory and evidence of a wealth effect exists in both eras, although it is more significant post-SOX. However, in contrast to results of studies conducted prior to SOX, both the pre- and post-SOX results give little credence to the agency theory, suggesting that SOX has not impacted investors' concerns regarding moral hazard. Rather, the difference between the pre-SOX results and the results of other studies conducted prior to SOX suggests that SOX appeared to reduce moral hazard concerns only through its effect on the self-selection of firms going public. The second essay utilizes a matched sample of IPOs prior to the passage of SOX and those issued after the passage of the Act to examine the role of the board structure provisions of the Act on firm value as well as the Act's general valuation consequences. We provide evidence that SOX has negatively impacted the IPO market by suppressing the number of yearly issuances, particularly deterring small issuers from entering public equity markets, and imposing binding constraints on board structure through the new exchange listing requirements. We document not only that firms going public post-SOX are much different than those going public pre-SOX, but also in matched sample comparisons, the Act does not appear to provide any valuation benefit. In particular, compliance with the board structure provisions provides no benefit and a post-SOX dummy is negative for some valuation measures. SOX thus appears to have imposed costs that prohibit many small firms from issuing IPOs, without a corresponding benefit for those that do issue. The third essay analyzes the relationship between the supply of institutional investor capital and IPO pricing. It is motivated by the recent literature documenting the importance of institutional investment to the cost of raising equity capital and the tendency of professional money managers to mimic one another's trades. I propose that institutional investment in an industry may influence the pricing of initial public offerings through the effects of competition on the pricing process, particularly by affecting the Benveniste and Spindt (1989) partial adjustment process. I hypothesize that the level and concentration in institutional investment in an industry in which an issuer operates serves as a proxy for the competitiveness of the supply of capital in that industry, and that relatively higher levels of competition reduce the need for partial adjustment. Additionally, in more competitive markets, offer price updates should be larger and initial returns should be relatively lower. The results suggest support for these hypotheses. In more competitive markets, there is less partial adjustment, offer price revisions are larger and initial returns are lower. The results on partial adjustment and offer price revisions are robust to controlling for endogeneity issues, while the results on initial returns are substantially weaker once endogeneity is addressed.
Book Synopsis Essays on IPO-firm Earnings Management by : Scott N. Bronson
Download or read book Essays on IPO-firm Earnings Management written by Scott N. Bronson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PART 1 This paper provides evidence on the timing of earnings management behavior for initial public offering (IPO) firms in the annual periods surrounding the offering. It also examines whether this behavior is related to CEO and CFO trading after the offering. Using discretionary accruals as my proxy for earnings management, I find that, for firms that file a new 10-K before the trading restrictions provided in underwriter lockup agreements end, average IPO-firm discretionary accruals are significantly positive in the first 10-K filed after the offering, and that these discretionary accruals are significantly larger than those in the offering prospectus. I also find a positive relation between CEO and CFO trading activity and discretionary accruals for the same group of companies. Taken together, the results suggest that earnings management behavior is more prevalent in the first 10-K filed than in the offering prospectus, that it is concentrated in the firms that file this 10-K before their lockup period expires, and that it is positively related to CEO and CFO trading after the offering. PART 2 This paper examines whether earnings management behavior has decreased in the period following the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) for IPO firms. It also explores how any changes I observe for IPOs relate to any changes that have occurred for the broader set of public companies. I find that IPO firms have experienced a significant decrease in earnings management after the passage of SOX. The results also provide evidence that this decrease is driven by the smallest public companies. While pre-SOX discretionary accruals for IPO firms are larger than those for non-IPO firms, I find that the post-SOX decrease in discretionary accruals results in the level of IPO-firm discretionary accruals becoming indistinguishable from that of non-IPO firms. Finally, the evidence suggests that the characteristics of post-SOX offerings are different from those of pre-SOX offerings, and that the decrease in discretionary accruals in the post-SOX period remains after controlling for these changes.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of IPOs by : Douglas Cumming
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of IPOs written by Douglas Cumming and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 841 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive analysis of IPOs. The chapters cover the latest information on a range of fundamental questions, including: How are IPOs regulated? How are IPOs valued? How well does an IPO perform in the short and long run, and what are the drivers of performance?
Book Synopsis Corporate Governance Post-Sarbanes-Oxley by : Zabihollah Rezaee
Download or read book Corporate Governance Post-Sarbanes-Oxley written by Zabihollah Rezaee and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-10-05 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corporate Governance Post Sarbanes-Oxley introduces a corporate governance structure consisting of seven interrelated mechanisms of oversight: managerial, compliance, audit, advisory, assurance, and monitoring. The book begins with a discussion of the new requirements for corporate governance and financial reporting brought about by Sarbanes-Oxley and then shows how a well-balanced functioning of the seven mechanisms produces a responsible corporate governance structure that ensures quality financial reporting and credible audit services. Each chapter includes checklists, real-world case studies, and best practice tips.
Book Synopsis Underwriting Services and the New Issues Market by : George J. Papaioannou
Download or read book Underwriting Services and the New Issues Market written by George J. Papaioannou and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-07-27 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Underwriting Services and the New Issues Market integrates practice, theory and evidence from the global underwriting industry to present a comprehensive description and analysis of underwriting practices. After covering the regulation and mechanics of the underwriting process, it considers economic topics such as underwriting costs and compensation, the pricing of new issues, the stock price and operating performance of issuing firms, the evaluation of new issue decisions, and an analysis of the many choices issuers face in structuring new issues. Unlike other books, it systematically develops a critical perspective about underwriting practices, both in the U.S. and international markets, and with a level of detail unavailable elsewhere and an approach that reveals how financial institutions deliver underwriting services. Underwriting Services and the New Issues Market delivers an innovative and long overdue look at security issuance. Foreword by Frank Fabozzi Covers underwriting contracts and arrangements on pricing and costs Focuses on the financial consequences of the issuance decision for the firm Describes and evaluates decisions regarding the features and structure of new security offerings.
Book Synopsis Concepts and Cases of Illicit Finance by : Rafay, Abdul
Download or read book Concepts and Cases of Illicit Finance written by Rafay, Abdul and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2023-08-10 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As fraud and corruption continue to spread globally, illicit and illegitimate finance is one of many areas of concern. To help stop the spread of corruption across fields and industries, further study on the best practices and strategies to combat illicit and illegitimate finance is required. Concepts and Cases of Illicit Finance provides understanding and lessons learned regarding all aspects of illicit and illegitimate finance. Covering key topics such as financial crimes, financial intelligence, and hacking fraud, this premier reference work is ideal for business owners, managers, policymakers, industry professionals, researchers, academicians, scholars, practitioners, instructors, and students.
Book Synopsis Pricing and Performance of Initial Public Offerings in the United States by : Arvin Ghosh
Download or read book Pricing and Performance of Initial Public Offerings in the United States written by Arvin Ghosh and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this timely volume on newly emerging financial mar- kets and investment strategies, Arvin Ghosh explores the intriguing topic of initial public offerings (IPOs) of securities, among the most significant phenomena in the United States stock markets in recent years. Before the 2000-2001 market turndown, hardly a week went by when more than a few companies did not become public, either in the organized stock exchange or in the Over the Counter (OTC) market. In the often over-burdened, technology-heavy Nasdaq market, the role of IPOs was crucial for the market's new vigor and growth. Internet stocks were able to find a mode to supply key momentum to the market. In the so-called "New Economy" of the 1990s, it was the seductively accessible IPO that ushered in the world's information technology revolution.Ghosh sets out to examine the pricing and financial performance of IPOs in the United States during the period 1990-2001. In the opening chapter he discusses the rise and fall of IPOs in the preceding decade. Chapter 2 further delineates the IPO process from the start of the prospectus to the end of the "quiet period" and aftermarket stabilization. In chapter 3 Ghosh analyzes the mispricing and deliberately deceptive underpricing, or "flipping," of Internet IPOs. Chapter 4 delves deeper into the pricing and operating efficiency of Nasdaq IPOs. Chapter 5 analyzes the pricing and long-run performance of IPOs both in the New York Stock Exchange and in the Nasdaq markets. In chapters 6 and 7 the author deals with the pricing and performance of the venture-blocked and nonventure-backed IPOs in general and Internet IPOs in particular. In chapter 8 he analyzes the role of underwriters as market makers. In chapter 9 Ghosh discusses the accuracy of analysts' earnings forecasts. In the concluding chapter, he summarizes the principal findings of the study and the recent revival of the IPO market and its place in capital formation as well as the latest developments in t
Book Synopsis Balancing Act: Cost, Compliance, & Competitiveness after SarbanesOxley: Congressional Hearing by :
Download or read book Balancing Act: Cost, Compliance, & Competitiveness after SarbanesOxley: Congressional Hearing written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Funding and Exits written by Tom Mohr and published by Bookbaby. This book was released on 2020-02-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Funding is the fuel you need to scale your company and to exit at a time and on terms of your choosing. So how do you get funded? Fundraising is both an art and a science. You weave strands of traction and the swatches of opportunity into a beautiful tapestry -- your epic story. That's the art. But surrounding that art is a lot of science. Here, you will learn how to time your fundraise, how to execute it, and eventually, how to sell your company at maximum valuation. All three of these things are important. Your family, your employees and your previous investors count on you to do them well.What makes you, as CEO, investable? What progress must you prove and what potential must you show? How do you target the right investors, given your progress? What preparatory steps must you complete before you start working on the pitch? How exactly do you prepare your story so that the elevator pitch, the executive summary, the pitch deck, the demo, and the Q&A talking points are all fully aligned? What alternative funding sources are available to you? What motivates each of these investor types? The answers to all these questions are in this book.Successful fundraising requires smart timing. It's critical to plan thoughtfully, so that you reach an investment-worthy value inflection point well in advance of each funding event. The journey from first preparatory steps to final close and cash in the bank can take months. As CEO, it's on you to ensure you close each funding event with cash to spare.There is an investor class for every stage of company growth. The investment thesis, risk profile and expected return vary for each. In Funding & Exits, you'll learn about each investor class. Armed with this knowledge, you can match your company's progress to the right investor class. Nothing wastes more time than chasing investors who have zero chance of investing in you. Your investor search must be efficient and effective. Remember, time is not your friend. Every day, cash burns.Investors buy stories. The fundable story wins on two dimensions: opportunity and traction. Opportunity -- the investor's judgment about your future performance -- is demonstrated through your product vision and road map, your competitive advantage thesis, your market opportunity thesis, your business model, your go to market strategy, and (perhaps most important of all) your team. Traction is proven by the achievement of value inflection points, specifically in the domains of product, revenue engine, systems, people, and cash position.Value inflection points are the milestones a company must achieve in order to be fundable. These are the points in the journey where a company's investment value jumps due to a newly achieved proof of traction. The initial product release is a value inflection point. So is Minimum Viable Product, Minimum Viable Traction, Minimum Viable Scaling, and -- at the later stage of a company -- the IPO. Your investment story is anchored by the value inflection point you have most recently achieved. Funding follows milestones. Are you clear on the milestone you have achieved? Do you understand which investor class is most relevant, given that milestone? Have you leveraged that knowledge to choose the right investor class, create the list of appropriate target investors, and prepare your opportunity and traction story?Funding happens when both company and investor decide they are the best fit for each other, compared to all other alternatives.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on IPOs by : Mario Levis
Download or read book Handbook of Research on IPOs written by Mario Levis and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013-11-29 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters offer some important new insights into issues that will be of interest not only to the academic community but also to professionals involved in the preparation, structure and execution of such transactions, market regulators, and private a
Book Synopsis Earnings Management by : Joshua Ronen
Download or read book Earnings Management written by Joshua Ronen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-06 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a study of earnings management, aimed at scholars and professionals in accounting, finance, economics, and law. The authors address research questions including: Why are earnings so important that firms feel compelled to manipulate them? What set of circumstances will induce earnings management? How will the interaction among management, boards of directors, investors, employees, suppliers, customers and regulators affect earnings management? How to design empirical research addressing earnings management? What are the limitations and strengths of current empirical models?
Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on IPOs by : Mario Levis
Download or read book Handbook of Research on IPOs written by Mario Levis and published by Edward Elgar Pub. This book was released on 2013 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Research on IPOs provides a comprehensive review of the emerging trends and directions in the global initial public offerings (IPO) markets. The empirical evidence included in the book covers Europe, the US and the Far East, and presents a truly global perspective of IPO markets around the world and at the different stages of the entire IPO process.The Handbook is divided into six comprehensive parts:* why, when and where firms go public* preparation for the IPO* transaction structure and governance at the IPO* trading in the aftermarket* the aftermarket performance of IPOs* special types of IPOs. The chapters offer some important new insights into issues that will be of interest not only to the academic community but also to professionals involved in the preparation, structure and execution of such transactions, market regulators, and private and institutional investors.
Book Synopsis Too Good To Fail by : Clifford M. Gross
Download or read book Too Good To Fail written by Clifford M. Gross and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-15 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Too Good to Fail: Creating Marketplace Value form the World’s Brightest Minds is a guide for senior managers seeking to address their need to rapidly develop globally innovative products with constrained R&D budgets. It creates a practical strategy to address and bring together, for the first time, the emergence of open innovation networks, intellectual property, technology transfer and the ubiquitous compression of technology development time lines in a clear, connected and lucid manner. In the industry today, companies look to remain competitive in the face of the convergence of global innovation networks and sub-optimal equity markets. This book offers a new perspective, turning what was once perceived as a weakness into a strength. Drastic action is required to address the inability of companies to control the development of new technology. It requires relinquishing the illusion of control over new technology development and embracing crowdsourcing discoveries from the world’s leading research institutions to exogenously replace the “R” of corporate “R&D.” The synthesis of the literatures on open innovation and technology transfer should prove useful to the growing number of practitioners in technology transfer. The recent global emergence of Patent Box tax relief has for the first time created the financial incentives for firms to seek to create marketplace value from university intellectual capital, to improve both their competitiveness and after tax income.
Download or read book The IPO Decision written by Jason Draho and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Initial public offerings (IPOs) garnered unprecedented positive attention in the 1990s for their spectacular returns and central role in entrepreneurial activity. Subsequent revelations of unscrupulous IPO allocation and promotion practices cast a less fa.
Book Synopsis An Introduction to Investment Banks, Hedge Funds, and Private Equity by : David P. Stowell
Download or read book An Introduction to Investment Banks, Hedge Funds, and Private Equity written by David P. Stowell and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-03-19 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dynamic environment of investment banks, hedge funds, and private equity firms comes to life in David Stowell’s introduction to the ways they challenge and sustain each other. Capturing their reshaped business plans in the wake of the 2007-2009 global meltdown, his book reveals their key functions, compensation systems, unique roles in wealth creation and risk management, and epic battles for investor funds and corporate influence. Its combination of perspectives—drawn from his industry and academic backgrounds—delivers insights that illuminate the post-2009 reinvention and acclimation processes. Through a broad view of the ways these financial institutions affect corporations, governments, and individuals, Professor Stowell shows us how and why they will continue to project their power and influence. Emphasizes the needs for capital, sources of capital, and the process of getting capital to those who need it Integrates into the chapters 10 cases about recent transactions, along with case notes and questions Accompanies cases with spreadsheets for readers to create their own analytical frameworks and consider choices and opportunities
Book Synopsis The Phenomenon of IPO Underpricing in the European and U.S. Stock Markets by : Oliver Reiche
Download or read book The Phenomenon of IPO Underpricing in the European and U.S. Stock Markets written by Oliver Reiche and published by Anchor Academic Publishing (aap_verlag). This book was released on 2014-06-23 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Initial Public Offering (IPO) marks one of the most important events of a company. Basically, the aim is to generate maximum proceeds by selling the company’s shares to investors. However, the shares that are sold seem to be underpriced as the price significantly soars on the first trading day. Since the very first detection of this phenomenon in the United States in 1969, several subsequent studies have documented the existence of worldwide IPO underpricing. This study focuses on IPO Underpricing in the European and United States Stock Markets by outlining and discussing the following essential issues: What is underpricing in the context of the IPO? Which motivations are there and how do they impact? Is there IPO underpricing in the markets of Europe and the United States of America?
