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Author : Philip Meaney
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (184 download)
Download or read book The Polisario Front written by Philip Meaney and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Anouar Boukhars
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442226862
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)
Download or read book Perspectives on Western Sahara written by Anouar Boukhars and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ongoing conflict in Western Sahara is one of the more intractable legacies of European colonization in North Africa. Following the withdrawal of Spain, this territorial dispute escalated in 1975 into a war of independence between the Sahrawi people of the Polisario Front, who were backed by Algeria, and the states of Mauritania and Morocco. In 1976, the Polisario Front established the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which was not admitted in the UN but won recognition by a few states. After multiple peace efforts, the conflict reemerged in 2005 as the “independence Intifada.” Today, the Polisario Front controls about 20% of Western Sahara. At the heart of the conflict lie geopolitical interests and incompatible claims aggravated by the use of military force and decades of mostly unproductive diplomatic maneuvers by international bodies and regional or foreign powers. This thorough, impartial survey brings together some of the best experts on the Sahara question to provide a broad-based analysis of the problem, from a range of perspectives. Featuring new research, the chapters examine the roots of the conflict, its dynamics, and potential solutions. This groundbreaking text also addresses questions of law, human rights, natural resources from an analytical point of view. Contributed by scholars from North Africa, Europe, and the U.S., it is an essential contribution to the literature of Middle East and African studies.
Author : Leah Glade Miller
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (892 download)
Download or read book The Polisario Front and the World written by Leah Glade Miller and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over 30 years now, the Polisario Front has led the Sahrawi struggle for independence in Western Sahara. Following Spanish decolonization of the territory in 1976, Morocco claimed the territory of Western Sahara leading to a protracted war against the Polisario Front. The 1991 United Nations brokered ceasefire agreement prompted the Polisario to switch from warfare as its main tactic to leveraging international support for Sahrawi self-determination and raising awareness of the conflict. This paper discusses how the international community helps the Polisario Front gain recognition for its cause, the Polisario Front's tactics for leveraging international support, and the limits of relying on the international community.
Author : Richard I. Lawless
Publisher : Burns & Oates
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book War and Refugees written by Richard I. Lawless and published by Burns & Oates. This book was released on 1987 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Richard I. Lawless
Publisher : Burns & Oates
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (49 download)
Download or read book War and Refugees written by Richard I. Lawless and published by Burns & Oates. This book was released on 1987 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Damien Kingsbury
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317338685
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)
Download or read book Western Sahara written by Damien Kingsbury and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-02 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the Spanish were preparing to leave colonized Western Sahara in 1975, Morocco invaded, sparking a war with the Western Saharan Polisario Front. About 70% of Western Sahara was occupied by Morocco, which stations up to 140,000 soldiers in the territory, primarily along a 1700 kilometre long sand berm that is protected by one of the world’s largest fields of landmines. In 1991, Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed to a truce ahead of a referendum on Western Sahara’s future. However, Morocco has since refused to allow the referendum to take place, and has begun the extensive exploitation of Western Sahara’s non-renewable natural resources. This has both highlighted the plight of the Saharawi people who live in refugee camps in Algeria and in occupied Western Sahara, and pushed the Polisario Front back to a position where it is openly canvassing for a return to war. This book was originally published as a special issue of Global Change, Peace and Security.
Author : Stephen Zunes
Publisher : Syracuse University Press
ISBN 13 : 0815652585
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (156 download)
Download or read book Western Sahara written by Stephen Zunes and published by Syracuse University Press. This book was released on 2010-08-04 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Western Sahara conflict has proven to be one of the most protracted and intractable struggles facing the international community. Pitting local nationalist determination against Moroccan territorial ambitions, the dispute is further complicated by regional tensions with Algeria and the geo-strategic concerns of major global players, including the United States, France, and the territory’s former colonial ruler, Spain. Since the early 1990s, the UN Security Council has failed to find a formula that will delicately balance these interests against Western Sahara’s long-denied right to a self-determination referendum as one of the last UN-recognized colonies. The widely-lauded first edition was the first book-length treatment of the issue in the previous two decades. Zunes and Mundy examined the origins, evolution, and resilience of the Western Sahara conflict, deploying a diverse array of sources and firsthand knowledge of the region gained from multiple research visits. Shifting geographical frames—local, regional, and international—provided for a robust analysis of the stakes involved. With the renewal of the armed conflict, continued diplomatic stalemate, growing waves of nonviolent resistance in the occupied territory, and the recent U.S. recognition of Morocco’s annexation, this new revised and expanded paperback edition brings us up-to-date on a long-forgotten conflict that is finally capturing the world’s attention.
Author : Polisario. Congrès
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (338 download)
Download or read book Sixth Congress of the Polisario Front written by Polisario. Congrès and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Erik Jensen
Publisher : Lynne Rienner Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781588263056
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (63 download)
Download or read book Western Sahara written by Erik Jensen and published by Lynne Rienner Publishers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jensen explores the long-standing conflict over the sovereignty of Western Sahara-from its colonial roots to its present manifestation as a political stalemate.
Author : Raquel Ojeda-Garcia
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349950351
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (499 download)
Download or read book Global, Regional and Local Dimensions of Western Sahara’s Protracted Decolonization written by Raquel Ojeda-Garcia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-30 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the traces of the passage of time on the protracted and intractable conflict of Western Sahara. The authors offer a multilevel analysis of recent developments from the global to the local scenes, including the collapse of the architecture of the UN-led conflict resolution process, the advent of the War on Terror to the the Sahara-Sahel area and the impact of the ‘Arab Spring’ and growing regional security instability. Special attention is devoted to changes in the Western Sahara territory annexed by Morocco and the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria. Morocco has adapted its governance and public policies to profound socio-demographic transformations in the territory under its control and has attempted to obtain international recognition for this annexation by proposing an Autonomy Plan. The Polisario Front and Sahrawi nationalists have shifted their strategy and pushed the centre of gravity of the conflict back inwards by focusing on pro-independence activism inside the disputed territory.
Author : Toby Shelley
Publisher : Zed Books Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1848136587
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (481 download)
Download or read book Endgame in the Western Sahara written by Toby Shelley and published by Zed Books Ltd.. This book was released on 2013-07-04 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why does this remote swathe of Sahara along the Atlantic seaboard concern the USA and Europe? Why does Morocco maintain its occupation? Why has the UN Security Council prevaricated for three decades while the Sahrawis live under Moroccan rule or as refugees? In this revealing book, Toby Shelley examines the geopolitics involved. He brings out: The little-known struggle of Sahrawis living under Moroccan rule to defend their identity. USA/European competition for influence in the Maghreb. The natural resources at stake -- rich fishing grounds, phosphates, and the prospect of oil. The reasons behind the UN failure to resolve what is now Africa's last decolonisation issue. The evolution of the USA-backed Baker Plan to settle the dispute. How the Western Sahara's history and future is tangled up with Moroccan--Algerian rivalry. The political development of Polisario, independence movement and state-in-waiting. Toby Shelley has talked to Polisario, Moroccan, Algerian and other diplomats. He has visited the territory and had access to opposition activists and Moroccan officials. In the refugee camps he interviewed the leadership of Polisario. What emerges is that the fate of the Western Sahara is being moulded by global and regional forces and that it is the Sahrawis under Moroccan rule who are best placed to influence that fate.
Author : Tony Hodges
Publisher : Lawrence Hill Books
ISBN 13 : 9780882081519
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (815 download)
Download or read book Western Sahara written by Tony Hodges and published by Lawrence Hill Books. This book was released on 1983 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Said Saddiki
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1783743719
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (837 download)
Download or read book World of Walls written by Said Saddiki and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2017-10-09 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "We’re going to build a wall.” Borders have been drawn since the beginning of time, but in recent years artificial barriers have become increasingly significant to the political conversation across the world. Donald Trump was elected President of the United States while promising to build a wall on the Mexico border, and in Europe, the international movements of migrants and refugees have sparked fierce discussion about whether and how countries should restrict access to their territory by erecting physical barriers. Virtual walls are also built and crushed at increasing speed. In the post-9/11 era there is a greater danger from so-called "transnational non-state actors”, and computer hacking and cyberterrorism threaten to overwhelm our technological barriers. In this timely and original book, Said Saddiki scrutinises the physical and virtual walls located in four continents, including Israel, India, the southern EU border, Morocco, and the proposed border wall between Mexico and the US. Saddiki’s detailed analysis explores the tensions between the rise of globalisation, which some have argued will lead to a "borderless world” and "the end of the nation-state”, and the rapid development in recent decades of border control systems. Saddiki examines both regular and irregular cross-border activities, including the flow of people, goods, ideas, drugs, weapons, capital, and information, and explores the disparities that are reflected by barriers to such activities. He considers the consequences of the construction of physical and virtual walls, including their impact on international relations and the rise of the multi-billion dollar security market. World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers is important reading for all those interested in the topics of immigration, border security, international relations, and policy.
Author : Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh
Publisher : Syracuse University Press
ISBN 13 : 0815652364
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (156 download)
Download or read book The Ideal Refugees written by Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh and published by Syracuse University Press. This book was released on 2014-02-11 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Refugee camps are typically perceived as militarized and patriarchal spaces, and yet the Sahrawi refugee camps and their inhabitants have consistently been represented as ideal in nature: uniquely secular and democratic spaces, and characterized by gender equality. Drawing on extensive research with and about Sahrawi refugees in Algeria, Cuba, Spain, South Africa, and Syria, Fiddian- Qasmiyeh explores how, why, and to what effect such idealized depictions have been projected onto the international arena.
Author : Polisario. Committee on Foreign Relations
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)
Download or read book Declaration of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Polisario Front written by Polisario. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Juan Soroeta Liceras
Publisher : Wolf Legal Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9789462401372
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (13 download)
Download or read book International Law and the Western Sahara Conflict written by Juan Soroeta Liceras and published by Wolf Legal Publishers. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spain joined the UN in 1955, and the UN's main bodies pressured Spain to proceed with the decolonization of "Spanish Sahara," which shortly after, and under the name of Western Sahara, was included in the list of non-self-governing territories. When Spain was preparing the referendum of self-determination in 1975, the UN General Assembly asked for it to be suspended until the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion. This opinion established that, in 1884, there were no ties of sovereignty between Morocco and Mauritania and the people of the territory, and that the conflict should be resolved through the exercise of the right of self-determination. Nevertheless, following the signing of the Madrid Agreements and the withdrawal of Spain from the territory, Morocco and Mauritania occupied it, forcing the Saharawi people to start a war of national liberation that would last until 1991. That year launched a peace plan negotiated by Morocco and the POLISARIO Front, which provided for the holding of the referendum on self-determination. When the UN's Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara issued the composition of the census in 2000, Morocco decided to abandon the peace plan, accusing the UN of bias, thus leaving the conflict in an apparent impasse. Since 1975, the result of this conflict has seen the Saharawi people split between those who survive through international humanitarian aid in refugee camps in Tinduf, Algeria, and those who live in their own country under Moroccan occupation. This book explains the key issues of the conflict, from the perspective of international law, with particular emphasis on the development of the peace plan, as well as the causes and consequences of its paralysis.
Author : Alice Wilson
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812293150
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)
Download or read book Sovereignty in Exile written by Alice Wilson and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2016-09-23 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sovereignty in Exile explores sovereignty and state power through the case of a liberation movement that set out to make itself into a state. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was founded by the Polisario Front in the wake of Spain's abandonment of its former colony, the disputed Western Sahara. Morocco laid claim to the same territory, and the conflict has locked Polisario and Morocco in a political stalemate that has lasted forty years. Complicating the situation is the fact that Polisario conducts its day-to-day operations in refugee camps near Tindouf, in Algeria, which house most of the Sahrawi exile community. SADR (a partially recognized state) and Polisario (Western Sahara's liberation movement) together form an unusual governing authority, originally premised on the dismantling of a perceived threat to national (Sahrawi) unity: tribes. Drawing on unprecedented long-term research gained by living with Sahrawi refugee families, Alice Wilson examines how tribal social relations are undermined, recycled, and have reemerged as the refugee community negotiates governance, resolves disputes, manages social inequalities, and improvises alternatives to taxation. Wilson trains an ethnographic lens on the creation of administrative categories, legal reforms, aid distribution, marriage practices, local markets, and contested elections within the camps. Tracing social, political, and economic changes among Sahrawi refugees, Sovereignty in Exile reveals the dynamics of a postcolonial liberation movement that has endured for decades in the deserts of North Africa while trying to bring about the revolutionary transformation of a society which identifies with a Bedouin past.
