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The Performance Of Epoxy Coated Reinforcement
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Book Synopsis Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Highway Bridges by : Kenneth C. Clear
Download or read book Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Highway Bridges written by Kenneth C. Clear and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 1995 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Summary Report on the Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Virginia by : Richard E. Weyers
Download or read book Summary Report on the Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Virginia written by Richard E. Weyers and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From 1992 to 2006, the Virginia Transportation Research Council and its contract researchers conducted a long-term systematic series of investigations to evaluate the corrosion protection effectiveness of epoxy-coated reinforcement (ECR) and to identify and recommend the best and most cost-effective corrosion protection system for Virginia bridge decks. This report summarizes this research and subsequent efforts to implement alternative reinforcement. The work was conducted, and is reported, in this general order: review of historical performance of ECR, ECR performance in solutions and concrete, and preliminary field investigations; investigation of field performance of bridge decks built with ECR; assessment of alternative corrosion protection methods; development of probabilistic service life models for bridge decks and laboratory assessment of ECR cores extracted from bridge decks to determine service life extension; efforts to implement alternative reinforcement. The series of studies demonstrated that the epoxy coating on ECR naturally degrades in the highly alkaline moist environment within concrete. The subsequent loss of bond, coupled with the inevitable flaws in the coating induced by construction, leads to an estimated service life benefit of ECR of as little as 3 to 5 years. Further, non-critical decks, beams, and substructure elements not exposed to marine environments, particularly on secondary and rural routes, can be cost-effectively constructed and maintained using low-permeability concrete and black reinforcing bar. However, because the Federal Highway Administration requires the use of corrosion-resistant reinforcement, and because ECR cannot provide adequate corrosion protection for structures designed for a 100-year+ service life as currently recommended by FHWA, the report recommends that the Virginia Department of Transportation amend its specifications regarding the use of ECR to require the use of corrosion-resistant metallic reinforcing bars such as MMFX2, stainless steel clad, and solid stainless steel.
Book Synopsis Corrosion Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcement by : Enrique Vaca-Cortés
Download or read book Corrosion Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcement written by Enrique Vaca-Cortés and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Epoxy-coated Reinforcement by : Jerzy Zemajtis
Download or read book Epoxy-coated Reinforcement written by Jerzy Zemajtis and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is a historical performance review of epoxy-coated reinforcement. The information in this report is presented in chronological order starting from the early 1970's, when the first bridge with epoxy-coated reinforcement was built, and ending with the presentation at the 1993 TRB sessions, where findings from the latest research investigations were revealed. The report includes background information on fundamental applications of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel. Major laboratory studies, which addressed corrosion resistance and bond strength issues, are presented. Field investigations of meaningful structures with successful application of epoxy -coated reinforcing steel as well as structures with total failure of epoxy-coated reinforcement are also presented. The report also includes transcripted presentations, from the 1993 TRB sessions, which addressed quality control, adhesion characteristics, and other factors associated with long-term performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel. Conclusions from the laboratory and field investigations, as well as from the presentations of 1993 TRB sessions are presented.
Book Synopsis Corrosion performance of epoxy-coated reinforcement in aggressive environments by : Enrique Vaca-Cortés
Download or read book Corrosion performance of epoxy-coated reinforcement in aggressive environments written by Enrique Vaca-Cortés and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 1624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Corrosion Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcement-beam Tests by : Khaled Z. Kahhaleh
Download or read book Corrosion Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcement-beam Tests written by Khaled Z. Kahhaleh and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel in saline media by : Hengching Chen
Download or read book Performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel in saline media written by Hengching Chen and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Corrosion Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcement-macrocell Tests by : Khaled Z. Kahhaleh
Download or read book Corrosion Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcement-macrocell Tests written by Khaled Z. Kahhaleh and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Performance of Epoxy Coated Reinforcement: by :
Download or read book The Performance of Epoxy Coated Reinforcement: written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In reinforced concrete construction, epoxy coated reinforcement (ECR) was introduced in the 1970s to provide a physical barrier to chlorides at the concrete-steel interface. The Ontario Ministry of Transportation has used ECR in bridges & other components since 1979. In response to reports of corrosion of ECR in structures in Florida and other concerns, the Ministry initiated a detailed investigation in 1997 of the barrier walls of five ECR-reinforced highway bridges constructed in 1979 to assess the effectiveness of the epoxy coating in preventing chloride-induced corrosion. This paper updates the Ministry's investigations since the 1997 barrier wall study and documents significant findings with respect to ECR performance, including its performance in comparison to that of black steel reinforcement. It discusses various considerations related to the use of ECR and factors affecting its performance, such as coating quality, repair of structures constructed with ECR, and corrosion protection strategies.
Book Synopsis Long-term Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Heavy Salt-contaminated Concrete by : Seung-Kyoung Lee
Download or read book Long-term Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Heavy Salt-contaminated Concrete written by Seung-Kyoung Lee and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Studies on Damage and Corrosion Performance of Fabricated Epoxy-coated Reinforcement by :
Download or read book Studies on Damage and Corrosion Performance of Fabricated Epoxy-coated Reinforcement written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effectiveness of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel - Interim Report by :
Download or read book Effectiveness of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel - Interim Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary function of an epoxy coating is to act as a barrier to prevent corrosion-causing chloride ions and oxygen from reaching steel surfaces. For more than a decade, epoxy-coated reinforcing steel has generally been effective in reducing or preventing chloride-induced corrosion in bridges and other concrete structures. Recently, however, instances of corrosion problems or premature failures in Florida, Oregon and New York have focussed attention on the product and its quality. This report was initiated as a result of the questions raised by these failures. In the first section of the report, a state of the art review of epoxy-coated reinforced steel is presented. It details the research performed on epoxy coating, and the results of this research both in the lab and in the field. As well, the authors highlight several areas to be considered for future investigation. The second section examines the fundamentals of epoxy, and the coating process. It provides an overview of the theory, technology, testing and practice as these presently exist for fusion bonded epoxy coatings on steels. The significance of the tests available for use on epoxy-coated rebars and epoxy-coated pipe is described. The report contains numerous figures.
Book Synopsis Performance of Epoxy-coated Steel Reinforcement in the Deck of the Perley Bridge by :
Download or read book Performance of Epoxy-coated Steel Reinforcement in the Deck of the Perley Bridge written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Evaluation of the Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Exposure Specimens by :
Download or read book An Evaluation of the Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Exposure Specimens written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application of a mineral admixture or a combination of a mineral admixture with corrosion inhibitor are the methods used for the corrosion protection for reinforced concrete bridges. The results of a 1.5-year study on evaluation of three concretes with fly ash, slag cement (SC), and silica fume (SF) and one concrete with silica fume and a corrosion inhibitor (SFD) are presented. The specimens were built to simulate four exposure conditions typical for concrete bridges located in the coastal region or inland where deicing salts are used. The exposure conditions were horizontal, vertical, tidal, and immersed zones. The specimens were kept inside the laboratory and were exposed to weekly ponding cycles of 6% sodium chloride solution by weight. In addition, cover depth measurements from 21 bridge decks and chloride data from 3 bridge decks were used, together with laboratory data, in modeling the service lives of investigated corrosion protection methods. The methods used to assess the condition of the specimens included chloride concentration measurements, corrosion potentials, and corrosion rates (3LP). Additionally, visual observations were performed for identification of rust stains and cracking on concrete surfaces. The results of chloride testing indicate that the amount of chlorides present at the bar level is more than sufficient to initiate corrosion. Chloride and rapid permeability data demonstrate that for low permeable (LP) concretes there appears to be significant difference both in a rate of chloride ingress and in the diffusion coefficients in comparison to the controls. Corrosion potentials agree with corrosion rates and suggest the possibility of an active corrosion process development on control specimens during indoor exposure. The structural cracks that were observed in some specimens appeared to have no influence on the corrosion development on the bars in the vicinity of the these cracks. It was concluded that the silicone and duct tape protection was adequate. The cracking, other than structural, appeared to be related to the reinforcing steel corrosion, except the cracks in the horizontal zone of the specimen with slag cement which were probably caused by the subsidence cracking. The least number of cracks was observed on the SF and SFD specimens. Modeling the time as a function of probability of the end of functional service life (EFSL) was presented. It has been shown that the distributions of surface concentrations of chloride ions (C0) and diffusion constants (Dc) are key elements in the model. Model predictions show that the LP concretes provide much better level of protection against moisture and chlorides than the A4 concrete alone. Application of a corrosion inhibitor causes an elevation of the chloride threshold resulting in an additional increase in time to EFSL. Recommendations are to continue monitoring until cracking has occurred in all specimens to a greater extent to better estimate the service lives of LP concretes than is presently known in the construction of concrete bridge components in Virginia. The specimens with LP concretes and one control (continuous reinforcement in the legs) should be taken to the Hampton Road North 1 Tunnel Island and placed in the brackish water to a depth of the immersed zone at low tide for further exposure to chloride. The other control (non-continuous reinforcement in the legs) should remain in an outdoor exposure in Southwest Virginia like the Civil Engineering Materials Research Laboratory in Blacksburg, Virginia. Also more field studies are needed to better estimate distributions of surface chloride concentration and diffusion coefficient of Virginia bridge decks, and to confirm predicted times to EFSL for LP concretes.
Book Synopsis Long-Term Performance of Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel in Heavy Salt-Contaminated Concrete by :
Download or read book Long-Term Performance of Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel in Heavy Salt-Contaminated Concrete written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes results obtained from a long-term natural weathering exposure testing of the remaining 31 post-Southern Exposure (SE) test slabs that contained epoxy-coated reinforcing bar (ECR), black bars, and stainless steel bars and were not autopsied during the 1993-1998 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) research project. The test slabs had been exposed to the very aggressive SE test, which involved alternating wetting with 15 weight percent NaCl solution and air drying cycles for 96 weeks. The test results confirmed that the black bars produced the highest mean macrocell current density (least corrosion resistant) among various combinations of test variables regardless of slab configuration and the stainless steel bars exhibited negligible mean macrocell current density. The performance of straight top-mat ECRs varied from 7 to 40 percent of the highest black bar case, as measured by macrocell current density, depending on the size of the initial coating damage and the type of bar in the bottom mat. ECR used in the top mat alone reduced the corrosion susceptibility to at least 50 percent of the black bar case, even when it contained coating damage and was connected to the black bar bottom mat. If straight ECRs in the top mat were connected to ECRs in the bottom mat, the mean macrocell current density was no greater than two percent of the highest black bar case and approached the corrosion resistant level of stainless steel reinforcement. Autopsy of ECR slabs exhibiting negligible macrocell current density revealed excellent condition with no sign of corrosion. However, ECRs exhibiting high macrocell current densities showed coating deterioration and exhibited numerous hairline cracks and/or blisters in conjunction with reduced adhesion, coating disbondment (permanent loss of adhesion) and underlying steel corrosion. The test results of present and the earlier FHWA studies indicate that adhesion appeared to be a poor indicator of long-term performance of the coated bars in chloride contaminated concrete and it is concluded that there is no direct relationship between loss of adhesion and the effectiveness of ECR to mitigate corrosion.
Book Synopsis Nonmetallic Coatings for Concrete Reinforcing Bars by : James R. Clifton
Download or read book Nonmetallic Coatings for Concrete Reinforcing Bars written by James R. Clifton and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Field Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Virginia Bridge Decks by :
Download or read book Field Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Virginia Bridge Decks written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, the corrosion protection performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel (ECR) was evaluated using approximately 250 concrete cores from 18 bridge decks in Virginia. The decks were 2 to 20 years old at the time of the investigation. The deck field inspections included a crack survey and cover depth determination in the right traffic lane. A maximum of 12 cores with the top reinforcement randomly located in the lowest 12th percentile cover depth were taken from each bridge deck. Because of the safety concerns associated with taking cores from the lower steel mat, and to minimize damage to the bridge, a maximum of only 3 cores were taken through the truss bars. The laboratory evaluation of the concrete cores included a visual examination and a determination of the carbonation depth, moisture content, absorption, percent saturation, and chloride content at a 13-mm depth. The rapid chloride permeability test was also performed for the surface and base concrete on samples obtained from the cores taken through the truss bars to determine chloride permeability. The ECR inspection consisted of a visual examination, a damage evaluation, and a determination of coating thickness and adhesion. The condition of the steel underneath the epoxy coating was also evaluated. Adhesion loss of the epoxy coating to the steel surface was detected in all but one deck that was 4 years old and older. The epoxy coatings were debonding from the reinforcing bars. Whereas a bonded coating can be expected to protect the steel, a debonded coating allows chlorides, moisture, and oxygen to reach the steel and initiate a rapid corrosion mechanism. Reinforcing bars in various stages of adhesion loss showed visible signs of a corrosion process underneath the coating, suggesting that ECR will provide little or no additional service life for concrete bridge decks in comparison to bare steel. Other systems that will provide longer protection against chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel with a higher degree of reliability should be considered.
