The Orphan In Fiction And Comics Since The 19th Century

Download The Orphan In Fiction And Comics Since The 19th Century full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Orphan In Fiction And Comics Since The 19th Century ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Orphan in Fiction and Comics since the 19th Century

Author : Marion Gymnich
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527515702
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Orphan in Fiction and Comics since the 19th Century by : Marion Gymnich

Download or read book The Orphan in Fiction and Comics since the 19th Century written by Marion Gymnich and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-27 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The orphan has turned out to be an extraordinarily versatile literary figure. By juxtaposing diverse fictional representations of orphans, this volume sheds light on the development of cultural concepts such as childhood, family, the status of parental legacy, individualism, identity and charity. The first chapter argues that the figure of the orphan was suitable for negotiating a remarkable range of cultural anxieties and discourses in novels from the Victorian period. This is followed by a discussion of both the (rare) examples of novels from the first half of the 20th century in which main characters are orphaned at a young age and Anglophone narratives written from the 1980s onward, when the figure of the orphan proliferated once more. The trope of the picaro, the theme of absence and the problem of parental substitutes are among the issues addressed in contemporary orphan narratives. The book also looks at the orphan motif in three popular fantasy series, namely Rowling’s Harry Potter septology, Pullman’s His Dark Materials trilogy and Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire series. It then traces the development of the orphan motif from the end of the 19th century to the present in a range of different types of comics, including funnies and gag-a-day strips, superhero comics, underground comix, and autobiographical comics.

Symbolism 2019

Author : Natasha Lushetich
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110635534
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Symbolism 2019 by : Natasha Lushetich

Download or read book Symbolism 2019 written by Natasha Lushetich and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-11-18 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Special Focus editor: Natasha Lushetich Series editors: Rüdiger Ahrens, Florian Kläger, Klaus Stierstorfer Symbolism is cohesive. It gathers heterogeneity over time, across fields of human endeavor and systems of communication. Non-sequiturs, paradox and tautology, appear dissipative. Yet they are highly productive in reticular and fractal ways. Suffice it to look at the philosophical tautology of Parmenides’s kind, which suggests that being "is"; at the practice of the koan, which collapses dualistic thinking by way of incompatible propositions, such as "the Eastern hill keeps running on the water"; at logical paradoxes in which the operative logic is sabotaged by its own means, as in Hempel’s paradox; at absurdist dramatic texts in which protagonists record empty time in order to mark the emptiness of the time they are recording, as in Beckett’s Krapp’s Last Tape; or at paradoxical games like Maciunas’s Prepared Table Tennis played with paddles that have huge holes in them. In all of these examples, the existence-apprehending processes occur via unexpected itineraries, in vacant but nevertheless enunciative codes, in seemingly futile, yet calibrating performances, and in a temporality that is the cumulative time’s "other." They catapult the mind into the realm of the extra-linguistic, the para-logical and the meta-experiential, or they transfigure it through a series of reticular iterations. Forty years after Varela et al’s groundbreaking work on the embodied, emotional and environmentally embedded mind – that marked a definitive departure from its former strictly rational conception – there is a need to re-examine the territory that lies beyond mind for a different reason: the proliferation of algorithmic logics that rely on the idea of a rational agent (human or algorithmic) making logical, self-serving decisions. This special issue explores neither-rational-nor-irrational forms of thinking and making. It sketches a cartography of a-rational processes of meaning- and knowledge-production that operate across numerous sites, practices, and disciplines: visual and media art; literature; art history; music; dance; film; intermedia and photography. Part I "Ahistoricity, Assemblages and Interpretative Reversals" focuses on the legacy of the (neo) avant-garde and amodernism. Part II "Destinerrance, Labyrinths and Folds" investigates the ways in which the Derridian delays/detours and the Deleuzian folding function as concrete ways of embodied knowledge-production. Part III, "Immanent Transcendence", offers a glimpse into the reticular and iterative structuring of transcendence that does not pre-exist immanence but is its residue.

Exploited, Empowered, Ephemeral

Author : Denise Burkhard
Publisher : V&R Unipress
ISBN 13 : 3847016040
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Exploited, Empowered, Ephemeral by : Denise Burkhard

Download or read book Exploited, Empowered, Ephemeral written by Denise Burkhard and published by V&R Unipress. This book was released on 2023-07-10 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Childhood in neo-Victorian fiction for both child and adult readers is an extremely multifaceted and fascinating field. This book argues that neo-Victorian fiction projects multiple, competing visions of childhood and suggests that they can be analysed by means of a typology, the 'childhood scale', which provides different categories along the lines of power relations, and literary possible-worlds theory. The usefulness of both is exemplified by detailed discussions of Philippa Pearce's "Tom's Midnight Garden" (1958), Eva Ibbotson's "Journey to the River Sea" (2001), Sarah Waters' "Fingersmith" (2002) and Dianne Setterfield's "The Thirteenth Tale" (2006).

Genetic Stigma in Law and Literature

Author : Alice Diver
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031462467
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Genetic Stigma in Law and Literature by : Alice Diver

Download or read book Genetic Stigma in Law and Literature written by Alice Diver and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-19 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book critically analyses the way in which traditional sociocultural and legal biases might be perpetuated against those with unknown – or unknowable – genetic ancestries. It looks to law and works of literature across differing eras and genres focussing upon such concepts as inherited stigma, illegitimacy, orphanisation, adoption, othering, reunion, and the ‘right’ to access truths that relate to one’s original identity. Law’s role in such matters is often limited (or usurped) by custom, practice, or lingering superstitious beliefs; the importance of oral and written testimony is therefore highlighted. Characters include abandoned or orphaned figures from folk and fairy tales, Romantic and Victorian monsters and heroes, Dickensian waifs, Edwardian rescue orphans, and dystopia-set ‘rebels.‘ Their insights and experiences are mirrored in various present day scenarios that speak to familial human rights abuses, not least forced adoptions and bars on accessing original information. This cross-disciplinary book drawing on Law, Literature, Sociology, Critical Adoption Studies should be of interest to those interested in and those who have been affected in some way by adoption, origin deprivation, or reunion.

Literary Cultures and Nineteenth-Century Childhoods

Author : Kristine Moruzi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031383516
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Literary Cultures and Nineteenth-Century Childhoods by : Kristine Moruzi

Download or read book Literary Cultures and Nineteenth-Century Childhoods written by Kristine Moruzi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-28 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literary Cultures and Nineteenth-Century Childhoods explores the construction of the child and the development of texts for children in the nineteenth century through the application of fresh theoretical approaches and attention to aspects of literary childhoods that have only recently begun to be illuminated. This scope enables examination of the child in canonical nineteenth-century novels by Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell, Charlotte Bronte, and Thomas Hardy alongside well-known fiction intended for young readers by George MacDonald, Christabel Coleridge, and Kate Greenaway. The century was also distinctive for the rise of the children’s magazine, and this book broadens the definition of literary cultures to include magazines produced both by, and for, young people. The volume examines how the child and family are conceptualised, how children are positioned as readers in genres including the domestic novel, school story, Robinsonade, and fantasy fiction, how literary childhoods are written and politicised, and how childhood intersects with perceptions of animals and the natural environment. The range of chapters in this collection and the texts they consider demonstrates the variability and fluidity of literary cultures and nineteenth-century childhoods.

Rediscovered Classics of Japanese Animation

Author : Maria Chiara Oltolini
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1501389882
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Rediscovered Classics of Japanese Animation by : Maria Chiara Oltolini

Download or read book Rediscovered Classics of Japanese Animation written by Maria Chiara Oltolini and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2024-01-25 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rediscovered Classics of Japanese Animation is the first academic work to examine World Masterpiece Theater (Sekai Meisaku Gekijô, 1969-2009), which popularized the practice of adapting foreign children's books into long-running animated series and laid the groundwork for powerhouses like Studio Ghibli. World Masterpiece Theater (Sekai Meisaku Gekijô, 1969-2009) is a TV staple created by the Japanese studio Nippon Animation, which popularized the practice of adapting foreign children's books into long-running animated series. Once generally dismissed by critics, the series is now frequently investigated as a key early work of legendary animators Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki. In the first book-length examination of the series, Maria Chiara Oltolini analyzes cultural significance of World Masterpiece Theater, and the ways in which the series pioneered the importance of children's fiction for Japanese animation studios and laid the groundwork for powerhouses like Studio Ghibli. Adapting a novel for animation also means decoding (and re-coding) socio-cultural patterns embedded in a narrative. World Masterpiece Theater stands as a unique example of this linguistic, medial, and cultural hybridisation. Popular children's classics such as Little Women, Peter Pan, and Anne of Green Gables became the starting point of a full-fledged negotiation process in which Japanese animators retold a whole range of narratives that have one basic formula in common: archetypal stories with an educational purpose. In particular, the series played a role in shaping the pop culture image of a young girl (shôjo). Examining the series through the lens of animation studies as well as adaptation studies, Oltolini sheds new light on this long-neglected staple of Japanese animation history.

Memory and Latency in Contemporary Anglophone Literature

Author : Yvonne Liebermann
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111067785
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Memory and Latency in Contemporary Anglophone Literature by : Yvonne Liebermann

Download or read book Memory and Latency in Contemporary Anglophone Literature written by Yvonne Liebermann and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-06-06 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Up until fairly recently, memory used to be mainly considered within the frames of the nation and related mechanisms of group identity. Building on mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion, this form of memory focused on the event as a central category of meaning making. Taking its cue from a number of Anglophone novels, this book examines the indeterminate traces of memories in literary texts that are not overtly concerned with memory but still latently informed by the past. More concretely, it analyzes novels that do not directly address memories and do not focus on the event as a central meaning making category. Relegating memory to the realm of the latent, that is the not-directly-graspable dimensions of a text, the novels that this book analyses withdraw from overt memory discourses and create new ways of re-membering that refigure the temporal tripartite of past, present and future and negotiate what is ‘memorable’ in the first place. Combining the analysis of the novels’ overall structure with close readings of selected passages, this book links latency as a mode of memory with the productive agency of formal literary devices that work both on the micro and macro level, activating readers to challenge their learned ways of reading for memory.

Children’s Literature and Childhood Discourses

Author : Anna Cermakova
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350177008
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Children’s Literature and Childhood Discourses by : Anna Cermakova

Download or read book Children’s Literature and Childhood Discourses written by Anna Cermakova and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2024-04-04 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children's literature shapes what children learn about the world. It reflects social values, norms, and stereotypes. This book offers fresh insights into some of the key issues in fiction for children, from the representation of gender to embodied cognition and the translation of children's literature. Connecting classic children's texts such as Alice in Wonderland with contemporary fiction including Murder Most Unladylike, the book innovatively brings together perspectives from corpus linguistics, stylistics, cognitive linguistics, literary and cultural studies, and human geography. It explores approaches to experiencing fiction, as well as methods for the study of literary texts. Childhood discourses are investigated through the materiality of texts, the spaces that literature takes up in libraries, the cultural history of fiction moulded through performances, as well as reading environments that shape childhood experiences, such as fashion and urban spaces. Children's Literature and Childhood Discourses emphasizes the crucial link between fictional stories and real life.

Writing and constructing the self in Great Britain in the long eighteenth century

Author : John Baker
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526123355
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Writing and constructing the self in Great Britain in the long eighteenth century by : John Baker

Download or read book Writing and constructing the self in Great Britain in the long eighteenth century written by John Baker and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2018-11-17 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores the notion of the ‘self’ as it was elaborated and expressed by philosophers, novelists, churchmen, poets and diarists in the Enlightenment. The questions raised by the twelve essays and the introduction, explore the unity, diversity and fragility of a recognisably modern self.

Representing Poverty and Precarity in a Postcolonial World

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004466398
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Representing Poverty and Precarity in a Postcolonial World by :

Download or read book Representing Poverty and Precarity in a Postcolonial World written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-02-22 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty and precarity are among the most pressing social issues of today and have become a significant thematic focus and analytical tool in the humanities in the last two decades. This volume brings together an international group of scholars who investigate conceptualisations of poverty and precarity from the perspective of literary and cultural studies as well as linguistics. Analysing literature, visual arts and news media from across the postcolonial world, they aim at exploring the frameworks of representation that impact affective and ethical responses to disenfranchised groups and precarious subjects. Case studies focus on intersections between precarity and race, class, and gender, institutional frameworks of publishing, environmental precarity, and the framing of refugees and migrants as precarious subjects. Contributors: Clelia Clini, Geoffrey V. Davis, Dorothee Klein, Sue Kossew, Maryam Mirza, Anna Lienen, Julia Hoydis, Susan Nalugwa Kiguli, Sule Emmanuel Egya, Malcolm Sen, Jan Rupp, J.U. Jacobs, Julian Wacker, Andreas Musolff, Janet M. Wilson

Orphan in America

Author : Nanette L. Avery
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781495433405
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (334 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Orphan in America by : Nanette L. Avery

Download or read book Orphan in America written by Nanette L. Avery and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2014-08-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing back to the twenty-first century an epic novel of substance and style, Orphan in America is a compelling fiction that follows three generations across vast distances and the impact of a dark and unfamiliar episode of America's past; the Orphan Train. Set in the 1800s, Orphan in America extends far beyond the genre of historical fiction. This odyssey begins with Alex, an innocent young boy, living in the slums of New York. Like thousands of other children who were transported from overcrowded cities on the Eastern Seaboard during the mid-1800s, Alex is removed from a life of poverty, put on the Orphan Train, and sent to start a new life in America's heartland. But despite the best intentions of a project meant to improve children's lives, Alex's world is forever changed as he is snatched away from his loving yet impoverished parents. Alex is quick to see the advantages of adapting to the ways of the rugged pioneers of Missouri-at least on the outside. As the reader soon learns, his life is intertwined with the tale of Will and Libby Piccard's flight from rural England and their relationship with the powerful Cambridge family of Baltimore. Murder, intrigue, and misfortune collide, unraveling the relentless efforts by Alex's father to reunite his family and the young boy caught up in a scheme of deception. Avery's expressive language and fully realized staging enrich this literary work with an authenticity that brings the saga to life. Unforgettable characters engage readers in a quest to discover more details about the mysterious threads of this fictional tapestry.

The World of E. M. Forster – E. M. Forster and the World

Author : Krzysztof Fordoński
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527571041
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The World of E. M. Forster – E. M. Forster and the World by : Krzysztof Fordoński

Download or read book The World of E. M. Forster – E. M. Forster and the World written by Krzysztof Fordoński and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-11 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Half a century after his demise, and over a century after the publication of his first novel Where Angels Fear to Tread in 1905, E. M. Forster still remains within the scope of interest of readers and critics. His life and his works continue to stir emotions and raise questions concerning humanity, nationality, and world culture(s). However, the opinions vary as to the continuation of the interest in the writer and his works. Some see him and his novels as old-fashioned, while others, like Zadie Smith, find Forster inspiring and the ‘muddled’ protagonists of his books fascinating. Is the interest in this writer to continue, or is it doomed to gradual oblivion? What is there in his life and his stories that can make new generations want to reach out for his works and writings? To understand the place of the writer in the present world, one must look back to the beginnings of Forster’s career, as well as to the times in which he lived, commented on, and created in. This book discusses the presence and legacy of Forster in English literature and social history. Its double title reflects the duality of its content, with the book exploring Forster’s own works as well as the position of Forster and his oeuvre and the values he stood for within British and world culture(s). The book offers, therefore, a variety of new interpretations of a selection of well-known and culturally established works of the writer viewed against the findings of contemporary perspectives. It demonstrates how Forster’s novel, short stories, and non-fictional writings interfuse, affect, and re-shape the literary pieces of other writers.

Heroes in Contemporary British Culture

Author : Barbara Korte
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000382699
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Heroes in Contemporary British Culture by : Barbara Korte

Download or read book Heroes in Contemporary British Culture written by Barbara Korte and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-05-14 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores how British culture is negotiating heroes and heroisms in the twenty-first century. It posits a nexus between the heroic and the state of the nation and explores this idea through British television drama. Drawing on case studies including programmes such as The Last Kingdom, Spooks, Luther and Merlin, the book explores the aesthetic strategies of heroisation in television drama and contextualises the programmes within British public discourses at the time of their production, original broadcasting and first reception. British television drama is a cultural forum in which contemporary Britain’s problems, wishes and cultural values are revealed and debated. By revealing the tensions in contemporary notions of heroes and heroisms, television drama employs the heroic as a lens through which to scrutinise contemporary British society and its responses to crisis and change. Looking back on the development of heroic representations in British television drama over the last twenty years, this book’s analyses show how heroisation in television drama reacts to, and reveals shifts in, British structures of feeling in a time marked by insecurity. The book is ideal for readers interested in British cultural studies, studies of the heroic and popular culture.

The 1940s: A Decade of Modern British Fiction

Author : Philip Tew
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350143022
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The 1940s: A Decade of Modern British Fiction by : Philip Tew

Download or read book The 1940s: A Decade of Modern British Fiction written by Philip Tew and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-02-24 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did social, cultural and political events concerning Britain during the 1940s reshape modern British fiction? During the Second World War and in its aftermath, British literature experienced and recorded drastic and decisive changes to old certainties. Moving from potential invasion and defeat to victory, the creation of the welfare state and a new Cold war threat, the pace of historical change seemed too rapid and monumental for writers to match. Consequently the 1940s were often side-lined in literary accounts as a dividing line between periods and styles. Drawing on more recent scholarship and research, this volume surveys and analyses this period's fascinating diversity, from novels of the Blitz and the Navy to the rise of important new voices with its contributors exploring the work of influential women, Commonwealth, exiled, genre, avant-garde and queer writers. A major critical re-evaluation of the intriguing decade, this book offers substantial chapters on Elizabeth Bowen, Graham Greene, and George Orwell as well as covering such writers as Jocelyn Brooke, Monica Dickens, James Hadley Chase, Patrick Hamilton, Gerald Kersh, Daphne Du Maurier, Mary Renault, Denton Welch and many others.

The English Orphans, Or A Home in the New World

Author : Mary Jane Holmes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The English Orphans, Or A Home in the New World by : Mary Jane Holmes

Download or read book The English Orphans, Or A Home in the New World written by Mary Jane Holmes and published by . This book was released on 1869 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Little Orphan

Author : Annie Thornley
Publisher : Legare Street Press
ISBN 13 : 9781019707609
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (76 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Little Orphan by : Annie Thornley

Download or read book The Little Orphan written by Annie Thornley and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Little Orphan is a charming and heartwarming tale about a young girl's journey to find love and acceptance. Written by Annie Thornley, who herself grew up in an orphanage, this autobiographical novel offers a unique perspective on the challenges faced by orphans in the late 19th century. With its engaging characters and compelling narrative, The Little Orphan is an excellent read for anyone who loves a good story. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

The Orphan in Eighteenth-Century Law and Literature

Author : Dr Cheryl L Nixon
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 140947867X
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Orphan in Eighteenth-Century Law and Literature by : Dr Cheryl L Nixon

Download or read book The Orphan in Eighteenth-Century Law and Literature written by Dr Cheryl L Nixon and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2013-05-28 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cheryl Nixon's book is the first to connect the eighteenth-century fictional orphan and factual orphan, emphasizing the legal concepts of estate, blood, and body. Examining novels by authors such as Eliza Haywood, Tobias Smollett, and Elizabeth Inchbald, and referencing never-before analyzed case records, Nixon reconstructs the narratives of real orphans in the British parliamentary, equity, and common law courts and compares them to the narratives of fictional orphans. The orphan's uncertain economic, familial, and bodily status creates opportunities to "plot" his or her future according to new ideologies of the social individual. Nixon demonstrates that the orphan encourages both fact and fiction to re-imagine structures of estate (property and inheritance), blood (familial origins and marriage), and body (gender and class mobility). Whereas studies of the orphan typically emphasize the poor urban foundling, Nixon focuses on the orphaned heir or heiress and his or her need to be situated in a domestic space. Arguing that the eighteenth century constructs the "valued" orphan, Nixon shows how the wealthy orphan became associated with new understandings of the individual. New archival research encompassing print and manuscript records from Parliament, Chancery, Exchequer, and King's Bench demonstrate the law's interest in the propertied orphan. The novel uses this figure to question the formulaic structures of narrative sub-genres such as the picaresque and romance and ultimately encourage the hybridization of such plots. As Nixon traces the orphan's contribution to the developing novel and developing ideology of the individual, she shows how the orphan creates factual and fictional understandings of class, family, and gender.