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Author : Fernando M. Goncalves
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (969 download)
Download or read book The Optimal Level of Foreign Reserves in Financially Dollarized Economies written by Fernando M. Goncalves and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Fernando M. Gonçalves
Publisher : INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
ISBN 13 : 9781451868289
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (682 download)
Download or read book The Optimal Level of Foreign Reserves in Financially Dollarized Economies: The Case of Uruguay written by Fernando M. Gonçalves and published by INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. This book was released on 2007-11-01 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper extends the framework derived by Jeanne and Rancière (2006) by explicitly incorporating the dollarization of bank deposits into the analysis of the optimal level of foreign reserves for prudential purposes. In the extended model, a sudden stop in capital flows occurs in tandem with a run on dollar deposits. Reserves can smooth consumption in a crisis but are costly to carry. The resulting expression for the optimal level of reserves is calibrated for Uruguay, a country with high dollarization of bank deposits. The baseline calibration indicates that the gap between actual and optimal reserves has declined sharply since the 2002 crisis due to a substantial reduction in vulnerabilities. While the results suggest that reserves are now near optimal levels, further accumulation may be desirable going forward, partly because banks' currently high liquidity levels are likely to decline as the credit recovery matures.
Author : Fernando M. Gonçalves
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book The Optimal Level of Foreign Reserves in Financial Dollarized Economies written by Fernando M. Gonçalves and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper extends the framework derived by Jeanne and Rancière (2006) by explicitly incorporating the dollarization of bank deposits into the analysis of the optimal level of foreign reserves for prudential purposes. In the extended model, a sudden stop in capital flows occurs in tandem with a run on dollar deposits. Reserves can smooth consumption in a crisis but are costly to carry. The resulting expression for the optimal level of reserves is calibrated for Uruguay, a country with high dollarization of bank deposits. The baseline calibration indicates that the gap between actual and optimal reserves has declined sharply since the 2002 crisis due to a substantial reduction in vulnerabilities. While the results suggest that reserves are now near optimal levels, further accumulation may be desirable going forward, partly because banks' currently high liquidity levels are likely to decline as the credit recovery matures.
Author : Mr.Olivier Jeanne
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484325443
Total Pages : 29 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)
Download or read book Optimal Reserves in Financially Closed Economies written by Mr.Olivier Jeanne and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-04-12 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Financially closed economies insure themselves against current-account shocks using international reserves. We characterize the optimal management of reserves using an open-economy model of precautionary savings and emphasize several results. First, the welfare-based opportunity cost of reserves differs from the measures often used by practitioners. Second, under plausible calibrations the model is consistent with the rule of thumb that reserves should be close to three months of imports. Third, simple linear rules can capture most of the welfare gains from optimal reserve management. Fourth, policymakers should place more emphasis on how to use reserves in response to shocks than on the reserve target itself.
Author : Romain Ranciere
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book The Optimal Level of International Reserves for Emerging Market Countries written by Romain Ranciere and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2006-10 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We present a model of the optimal level of international reserves for a small open economy that is vulnerable to sudden stops in capital flows. Reserves allow the country to smooth domestic absorption in response to sudden stops, but yield a lower return than the interest rate on the country's long-term debt. We derive a formula for the optimal level of reserves, and show that plausible calibrations can explain reserves of the order of magnitude observed in many emerging market countries. However, the recent buildup of reserves in Asia seems in excess of what would be implied by an insurance motive against sudden stops.
Author : Paul Castillo
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Escaping the Financial Dollarization Trap: The Role of Foreign Exchange Intervention written by Paul Castillo and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-06-21 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Financial dollarization is considered a source of macroeconomic instability in many emerging economies. Dollarization constrains the ability of central banks to stimulate output during economic downturns. In contrast to the conventional monetary transmission mechanism, a monetary policy loosening in a dollarized economy leads to a currency depreciation, adverse balance sheet effects, and a contraction in investment and output growth. In this paper we evaluate the role of foreign exchange reserves in facilitating macroeconomic stabilization in a financially dollarized economy. We first show empirically that foreign exchange intervention in response to capital outflows can largely reduce the volatility of output and the real exchange rate in dollarized economies. We then develop a small open economy model with foreign currency debt and balance sheets effects. Our quantitative model shows that an active foreign exchange intervention policy is sufficient for offsetting the output volatility associated with financial dollarization. These results can explain the prevalence of low macroeconomic volatility in some dollarized economies (Christiano et al., 2021) and they highlight the role of foreign exchange reserves in reducing the welfare costs of dollarization.
Author : Ms.Anne Marie Gulde
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book Financial Stability in Dollarized Economies written by Ms.Anne Marie Gulde and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2004-06-15 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of dollarization can take multiple forms, including when a country adopts the US dollar either as its predominant currency, or establishes a bicurrency system with the local currency. This publication examines how to establish an adequate supervisory and crisis management framework in dollarized economies, particularly when central banks and regulators may be constrained in the use of standard monetary and financial policy tools. It is based on a paper produced by the IMF Executive Board, as part of the policy development work conducted by the IMFs Monetary and Financial Systems Department.
Author : Eugen Dimant
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3640820495
Total Pages : 29 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (48 download)
Download or read book Accumulation of International Reserves in Emerging Markets written by Eugen Dimant and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-02 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific Essay from the year 2010 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1.3, University of Paderborn, course: International Finance, language: English, abstract: In the aftermath of various crises such as the Asian financial crisis at the end of the nineties, which had a huge impact on the national and globalized political economies worldwide, a process of massive reserve accumulation started, especially in East Asia [Bar-Ilan/Marion 2009: 802]. This process of reserve accumulation initiated a rapid change of the world's pattern causing changing demands that need to be handled since the beginning of the new century. The so called globalized world realized that not only the power they were given to affect own policies and long term contingency approaches should be taken into account, but also they had to admit that intergovernmental interaction needs to play a decisive role in every deliberation of political and financial activity. Having the present economic situation in mind, almost every day new banks and financial institutions are collapsing while driving down the world further in a downward spiral. Obviously, the confidence and reliance on the conceptual skills concerning financial matters is suffering tremendously ever since these crises and need to be reestablished contemporarily in order to stimulate the indispensable demand for goods and services. Since 1997, the emerging markets have boosted their international reserve holdings by 60% [Walters/Cruz 2008: 665] and even the developing nations increased their foreign exchange reserves from around 8% in the 80s to almost 30% of GDP in 2004 [Rodrik 2006: 4]. Therefore, this paper will have a closer look on what the immanent theoretical justifications declare from the economical point of view and clarify what effects this process has especially on the Brazilian economy. The reason for having this discussion is the fact that "reserve inadequacy could affect individual countries differently" and thereby ea
Author : Luis Felipe Céspedes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)
Download or read book Optimal Foreign Reserves and Central Bank Policy Under Financial Stress written by Luis Felipe Céspedes and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the interaction between optimal foreign reserves accumulation and central bank international liquidity provision in a small open economy under financial stress. Firms and households finance investment and consumption by borrowing from domestic financial intermediaries (banks), which in turn borrow from abroad. Binding financial constraints can cause the domestic rate of interest to rise above the world rate and the real exchange rate to depreciate, leading to inefficiently low investment and consumption. A role then emerges for a central bank that accumulates reserves in order to provide liquidity if financial frictions bind. The optimal level of international reserves in this context depends, among other variables, on the term premium, the depth of financial markets, ex ante financial uncertainty and the precise way the central bank intervenes. The model is consistent with both the increase in international reserves observed during the period 2004-2008 and with policy intervention after the Lehman bankruptcy.
Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498342442
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)
Download or read book Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Specific Proposals written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-12-19 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reserves have a central place in the policy tool kit of most economies, providing insurance against shocks. In conjunction with sound policies, they can help reduce the likelihood of balance of payment crises and preserve economic and financial stability. Reserves, however, can result from both precautionary and non-precautionary policy objectives and institutional settings. While they can bring several important benefits, reserve holdings can sometimes be costly. This paper brings together recent Fund work on reserve adequacy issues aiming to strengthen their discussion in bilateral surveillance. Despite the ongoing debate on reserve issues, there is little consensus about how to assess reserve holdings in different economies, even though this is an important aspect of a member’s external stability assessment. The work stream of which this paper is part aims to fill this gap by outlining a framework for discussing reserve adequacy issues in different economies. In this regard, the paper also forms part of the Fund’s response to the 2012 IEO evaluation of the Fund’s advice related to international reserves, which recommended, inter alia, that assessments of international reserves in bilateral surveillance reports should be more detailed and reflect country circumstances. To this end, the paper proposes that, where warranted, individual country Article IV reports include a fuller discussion of the authorities’ stated objectives (precautionary and non-precautionary) for holding reserves, an assessment of the reserve needs for precautionary purposes, and a discussion of the cost of reserves. The aim would be to ensure evenhandedness so that countries with similar circumstances are assessed in similar ways, while allowing the depth and emphasis of this discussion to vary depending on country conditions and needs
Author : Wendell A. Samuel
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)
Download or read book Optimal Reserves in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union written by Wendell A. Samuel and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2009-04 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We identify structural breaks in economic growth in 140 countries and use these to define "growth spells: " periods of high growth preceded by an upbreak and ending either with a downbreak or with the end of the sample. Growth spells tend to be shorter in African and Latin American countries than elsewhere. We find that growth duration is positively related to: the degree of equality of the income distribution; democratic institutions; export orientation (with higher propensities to export manufactures, greater openness to FDI, and avoidance of exchange rate overvaluation favorable for duration); and macroeconomic stability (with even moderate instability curtailing growth duration)
Author : Matias Vernengo
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1847200257
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (472 download)
Download or read book Monetary Integration and Dollarization written by Matias Vernengo and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together an impressive and diverse group of authors to discuss its central theme: whether or not the dollarized international monetary system is sustainable in the context of the global economy it helped create. In addition to its uniquely well-rounded and comprehensive coverage of the issues, this lively and highly readable volume provides an accurate assessment of the lack of consensus in the current debate. A must read for anyone interested in currency crises and the increasing vulnerability of the dollar. Jane D Arista, Director of Progams, Financial Markets Center, US This book deals with the economic consequences of monetary integration, which has long been dominated by the Optimal Currency Area (OCA) paradigm. In this model, money is perceived as having developed from a private sector cost minimization process to facilitate transactions. Not surprisingly, the book argues, the main advantage of monetary integration in the OCA context is the reduction of transaction costs, yet the validity of OCA to analyze processes of monetary integration seems to be limited at best. The contributors in this volume try to go beyond the OCA model and understand the political economy of monetary integration by comparing the European Monetary Union with the dollarization (formal and informal) process in Latin America. The contributors, many of whom are leading lights, reflect the disagreements and the changing views on the proper monetary arrangements in a globalized world and suggest that monetary integration and dollarization are not the solution for the great majority of countries around the world. Monetary Integration and Dollarization brings together mainstream and heterodox views of monetary integration and uses the European and North American experiences as a guide for the discussion of dollarization in developing countries. It will appeal to scholars, researchers and policy makers in the fields of financial and international economics.
Author : Marco Piñon
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book Macroeconomic Implications of Financial Dollarization written by Marco Piñon and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2008-07-25 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uruguay has experienced a remarkable recovery since the 2002 crisis, with the help of sound policies and favorable external conditions. This book covers the efforts to move toward a fully fledged inflation-targeting regime, and to develop interest rates as monetary instruments. Uruguay has experienced a remarkable recovery since the 2002 crisis, with the help of sound policies and favorable external conditions. Uruguay abandoned an exchange rate peg in favor of a free float, adopted a monetary regime initially based on money targets, improved financial prudential norms and supervision, and accumulated significant central bank reserves. Uruguay now faces new challenges in stabilizing its economy through postcrisis monetary and financial reforms. The analysis in this Occasional Paper bears directly on the ongoing efforts to move toward a fully fledged inflation-targeting regime, to develop interest rates as monetary instruments, to improve the preparedness of the financial system to deal with shocks, and to ensure the adequacy of current central bank reserves.
Author : Alina C. Luca
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Financial Dollarization in Emerging Market and Transition Economies written by Alina C. Luca and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484350162
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)
Download or read book International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity written by International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-01-07 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This update of the guidelines published in 2001 sets forth the underlying framework for the Reserves Data Template and provides operational advice for its use. The updated version also includes three new appendices aimed at assisting member countries in reporting the required data.
Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book Guidelines for Foreign Exchange Reserve Management written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2005-04-15 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of country practices -- Country case studies -- Appendixes.
Author : Olivier Jeanne
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book The optimal level of international reserves for emerging market countries written by Olivier Jeanne and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
