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The Justification Of Induction
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Download or read book Hume's Problem written by Colin Howson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a solution to one of the central, unsolved problems of Western philosophy, that of induction. It explores the implications of Hume's argument that successful prediction tells us nothing about the truth of the predicting theory.
Book Synopsis Hume's Problem Solved by : Gerhard Schurz
Download or read book Hume's Problem Solved written by Gerhard Schurz and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new approach to Hume's problem of induction that justifies the optimality of induction at the level of meta-induction. Hume's problem of justifying induction has been among epistemology's greatest challenges for centuries. In this book, Gerhard Schurz proposes a new approach to Hume's problem. Acknowledging the force of Hume's arguments against the possibility of a noncircular justification of the reliability of induction, Schurz demonstrates instead the possibility of a noncircular justification of the optimality of induction, or, more precisely, of meta-induction (the application of induction to competing prediction models). Drawing on discoveries in computational learning theory, Schurz demonstrates that a regret-based learning strategy, attractivity-weighted meta-induction, is predictively optimal in all possible worlds among all prediction methods accessible to the epistemic agent. Moreover, the a priori justification of meta-induction generates a noncircular a posteriori justification of object induction. Taken together, these two results provide a noncircular solution to Hume's problem. Schurz discusses the philosophical debate on the problem of induction, addressing all major attempts at a solution to Hume's problem and describing their shortcomings; presents a series of theorems, accompanied by a description of computer simulations illustrating the content of these theorems (with proofs presented in a mathematical appendix); and defends, refines, and applies core insights regarding the optimality of meta-induction, explaining applications in neighboring disciplines including forecasting sciences, cognitive science, social epistemology, and generalized evolution theory. Finally, Schurz generalizes the method of optimality-based justification to a new strategy of justification in epistemology, arguing that optimality justifications can avoid the problems of justificatory circularity and regress.
Book Synopsis The Justification of Induction by : Richard Swinburne
Download or read book The Justification of Induction written by Richard Swinburne and published by [London ; New York] : Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1974 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Philosophy Gym written by Stephen Law and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2003-12-16 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unique and accessible explanations to some of life's biggest questions, obtained through a series of irresistable mental challenges
Book Synopsis Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine by : Derek Doyle
Download or read book Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine written by Derek Doyle and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2005-01 with total page 1244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine has firmly established itself as the definitive book on the subject and is used in more than 8,000 palliative care services in over 100 countries. This new edition has been completely rewritten and revised to reflect the rapid growth of the specialty. Two world-famous doctors, Sir Kenneth Calman and Nathan Cherny, bring vast experience to the book and have joined Derek Doyle and Geoffrey Hanks on the editorial team. There are authoritative, international contributions from over 150 renowned experts. The book provides comprehensive coverage of ethical issues, communication, research, patient evaluation and outcome measures, the principles of drug use, symptom management, and the management of pain. Nutrition, paediatric palliative medicine, palliative medicine in non-malignant disease, cultural and spiritual issues, social, and work related issues, rehabilitation, complementary therapies, palliative medicine in the home, bereavement, and education and training are also covered in detail. The new edition includes sixty-six completely new chapters and contributors. New sections and chapters devoted exclusively to such non-malignant conditions as cardiac disease, non-malignant respiratory disease, non-malignant neurological disease and AIDS have been added as well as new chapters on palliative medicine in intensive care and geriatric care, and complementary and alternative therapies in palliative medicine. There is a brand new section on the contributions to palliative care of occupational therapists, physiotherapists, music- , art- and speech- therapists, stoma therapists, clinical pharmacists and clinical psychologists. Every chapter used in the first two editions has been radically reviewed and brought up to date. A striking new page and cover design reflects the significant changes made in this edition. Like its predecessors, OTPM3 will be the trusted and ultimate reference which no palliative care service or medical library can afford to be without.
Book Synopsis Justification of Induction by Inference to Lesser Coincidence by : Daniel Jonathan Elstein
Download or read book Justification of Induction by Inference to Lesser Coincidence written by Daniel Jonathan Elstein and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I begin by identifying David Hume's problem of induction. Hume argues that induction cannot be justified by a priori reasoning, because the failure of induction does not imply contradiction, or by a posteriori reasoning, because reasoning that the unobserved will resemble the observed based on observation would be circular. Hume concludes that induction cannot be justified by any reasoning. The principle that nature is uniform cannot be established without assuming that nature is uniform. But many paradigmatic instances of induction can be justified in terms of something weaker than the principle that nature is uniform, namely a form of reasoning I call "inference to lesser coincidence". This form of reasoning is meant to incorporate traditional formulations of the justification of induction expressed in terms of inference to the best explanation, statistical sampling, and Bayesian reasoning. My version of the argument is as follows: The conditional, time-invariant proposition that vast regularities in progress are likely to continue somewhat further is either true or false. If false, then the regularities we have observed are colossally coincidental. If true, they are far less coincidental. Therefore the proposition is probably true. If, in fact, vast regularities in progress are likely to continue, this has application to specific cases, such as the possibility that the Sun will rise again. I respond to three objections, which claim that time-restricted laws lessen the coincidence of observed regularities without making it likely that the Sun will rise again, that the "sample" of observed events might be biased, and that a zero prior probability assignment for dependence might be justified. I conclude by discussing the meaning of 'cause'.
Download or read book Induction written by Nicholas Rescher and published by Pittsburgh, Pa. : University of Pittsburgh Press. This book was released on 1980 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Material Theory of Induction by : John D. Norton
Download or read book The Material Theory of Induction written by John D. Norton and published by Bsps Open. This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The inaugural title in the new, Open Access series BSPS Open, The Material Theory of Induction will initiate a new tradition in the analysis of inductive inference. The fundamental burden of a theory of inductive inference is to determine which are the good inductive inferences or relations of inductive support and why it is that they are so. The traditional approach is modeled on that taken in accounts of deductive inference. It seeks universally applicable schemas or rules or a single formal device, such as the probability calculus. After millennia of halting efforts, none of these approaches has been unequivocally successful and debates between approaches persist. The Material Theory of Induction identifies the source of these enduring problems in the assumption taken at the outset: that inductive inference can be accommodated by a single formal account with universal applicability. Instead, it argues that that there is no single, universally applicable formal account. Rather, each domain has an inductive logic native to it. Which that is, and its extent, is determined by the facts prevailing in that domain. Paying close attention to how inductive inference is conducted in science and copiously illustrated with real-world examples, The Material Theory of Induction will initiate a new tradition in the analysis of inductive inference."--
Book Synopsis Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits by : Bertrand Russell
Download or read book Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits written by Bertrand Russell and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2009-03-04 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do we know what we "know"? How did we –as individuals and as a society – come to accept certain knowledge as fact? In Human Knowledge, Bertrand Russell questions the reliability of our assumptions on knowledge. This brilliant and controversial work investigates the relationship between ‘individual’ and ‘scientific’ knowledge. First published in 1948, this provocative work contributed significantly to an explosive intellectual discourse that continues to this day.
Book Synopsis Reason and Prediction by : Simon Blackburn
Download or read book Reason and Prediction written by Simon Blackburn and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1973-02-08 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An original study of the philosophical problems associated with inductive reasoning. Like most of the main questions in epistemology, the classical problem of induction arises from doubts about a mode of inference used to justify some of our most familiar and pervasive beliefs. The experience of each individual is limited and fragmentary, yet the scope of our beliefs is much wider; and it is the relation between belief and experience, in particular the belief that the future will in some respects resemble the past and the unobserved the observed, which forms the subject of this book. Dr Blackburn's first aim is to state the problem of induction properly, to show that there does exist a genuine problem immune to the solutions in vogue at present, yet no tin principle insoluble. He gives an extended and original account of the concept of a reason and goes on to discuss prediction. In the end Dr Blackburn produces a rationale for belief in certain short-term predictions based on his reinterpretation of the classical principle of indifference. He claims that a justification for induction can be found along the lines he has suggested and must indeed be found there if anywhere.
Book Synopsis Classical Indian Philosophy of Induction by : Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti
Download or read book Classical Indian Philosophy of Induction written by Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2010-05-06 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Induction is a basic method of scientific and philosophical inquiry. The work seeks to show against the skeptical tide that the method is secure and reliable. The problem of induction has been a hotly debated issue in modern and contemporary philosophy since David Hume. However, long before the modern era Indian philosophers have addressed this problem for about two thousand years. This work examines some major Indian viewpoints including those of Jayarasi (7th century), Dharmakirti (7th century), Prabhakara (8th century), Udayana (11th century) and Prabhacandra (14th century). It also discusses some influential contemporary positions including those of Russell, Strawson, Popper, Reichenbach, Carnap, Goodman and Quine. The main focus is on the Nyaya view developed by Gangesa (13th century). A substantial part of the work is devoted to annotated translation of selected chapters from Gangesa's work dealing with the problem of induction with copious references to the later Nyaya philosophers including Raghunatha (15th century), Mathuranatha (16th century), Jagadisa (17th century) and Gadadhara (17th century). An annotated translation of selections from Sriharsa (12th century) of the Vedanta school, Prabhacandra of the Jaina school and Dharmakirti of the Buddhist school is also included. A solution is presented to the classical problem of induction and the Grue paradox based on the Nyaya perspective. The solution includes an argument from counterfactual reasoning, arguments in defense of causality, analyses of circularity and logical economy, arguments for objective universals and an argument from belief-behavior contradiction.
Book Synopsis Induction and Deduction in the Sciences by : Friedrich Stadler
Download or read book Induction and Deduction in the Sciences written by Friedrich Stadler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-04-30 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The articles in this volume deal with the main inferential methods that can be applied to different kinds of experimental evidence. These contributions - accompanied with critical comments - by renowned scholars in the field of philosophy of science aim at removing the traditional opposition between inductivists and deductivists. They explore the different methods of explanation and justification in the sciences in different contexts and with different objectives. The volume contains contributions on methods of the sciences, especially on induction, deduction, abduction, laws, probability and explanation, ranging from logic, mathematics, natural to the social sciences. They present a highly topical pluralist re-evaluation of methodological and foundational procedures and reasoning, e.g. focusing in Bayesianism and Artificial Intelligence. They document the second international conference in Vienna on "Induction and Deduction in the Sciences" as part of the Scientific Network on "Historical and Contemporary Perspectives of Philosophy of Science in Europe", funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF).
Download or read book Choice and Chance written by Brian Skyrms and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Induction written by Nicholas Rescher and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 1980-01-01 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Epistemic Justification by : Richard Swinburne
Download or read book Epistemic Justification written by Richard Swinburne and published by Clarendon Press. This book was released on 2001-06-21 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Richard Swinburne offers an original treatment of a question at the heart of epistemology: what makes a belief a rational one, or one which the believer is justified in holding? He maps the various totally different and purportedly rival accounts that philosophers give of epistemic justification ('internalist' and 'externalist'), and argues that they are really accounts of different concepts. He distinguishes (as most epistemologists do not) between synchronic justification (justification at a time) and diachronic justification (synchronic justification resulting from adequate investigation) — both internalist and externalist. He argus that most kinds of justification are worth having because (for different reasons) indicative of truth. However, it is only justification of intermalist kinds that can guide a believer's actions. Swinburne goes on to show the usefulness of the probability calculus in elucidating how empirical evidence makes beliefs probably true: every proposition has an intrinsic probability (an a priori probability independent of empirical evidence) which may be increased or decreased by empirical evidence. This innovative and challenging book will refresh epistemology and rewrite its agenda.
Book Synopsis Righting Epistemology by : Bredo Johnsen
Download or read book Righting Epistemology written by Bredo Johnsen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Righting Epistemology defends an unrecognized Humean conception of epistemic justification, showing that he is no skeptic, and an argument of his that refutes all extant alternative conceptions. It goes on to trace the development of his thought in Sir Karl Popper, Nelson Goodman, W. V. Quine and Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Book Synopsis The Justification of Induction by : Max Black
Download or read book The Justification of Induction written by Max Black and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
