The Influence Of Metacommunity Size On Species Diversity Across Spatial Scales

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The Influence of Metacommunity Size on Species Diversity Across Spatial Scales

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Author : Lauren Michelle Woods
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (97 download)

Book Synopsis The Influence of Metacommunity Size on Species Diversity Across Spatial Scales by : Lauren Michelle Woods

Download or read book The Influence of Metacommunity Size on Species Diversity Across Spatial Scales written by Lauren Michelle Woods and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation explores the influence of metacommunity size and landscape level processes, such as dispersal, on species diversity. A metacommunity is a group of local communities, or patches, connected by dispersal, and metacommunity size can be defined as the number of discrete local patches within a metacommunity. In chapter 1, I developed a framework to predict the effects of habitat destruction, or a reduction in metacommunity size, on the species richness of local patches of different sizes by integrating metacommunity theory with the equilibrium theory of island biogeography. The effect of metacommunity size on species richness in small and large patches within a metacommunity depends on whether immigration rates or extinction rates are more affected by metacommunity size. Immigration effects result in a lower turnover in species between small and large patches with increasing metacommunity size, while extinction effects cause a higher turnover in species between small and large patches with increasing metacommunity size. The results of this model have implications for the effect of habitat destruction, or a reduction in metacommunity size, on species richness in both small and large patches within a metacommunity. In Chapter 2, I examined the effect of metacommunity size on species richness at local and regional spatial scales using a field survey of zooplankton species in replicate pond metacommunities. I found that metacommunity size has scale-dependent effects on zooplankton species richness. As the number of ponds in a metacommunity increase, the species richness of local ponds increases, but there is no change in richness at the regional spatial scale due to decreases in the turnover of species among communities. The results of this study provide one of the first examples of species richness patterns changing with metacommunity size in a non-experimental system. In Chapter 3, I conducted an experiment investigating the effect of a natural drought disturbance on species richness in aquatic plant communities, and the importance of dispersal for the recovery of species richness. I found that local species richness decreased in response to drought, and communities became more similar in their species composition. Species richness in communities with increased amounts of dispersal recovered to their pre drought conditions, suggesting that even low amounts of species dispersal can facilitate the recovery of species richness in aquatic plant communities. In summary, this dissertation demonstrates that metacommunity size can affect species diversity, and highlights the importance of considering how landscape processes, such as dispersal, can influence the recovery and maintenance of species diversity.

Metacommunities

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Author : Marcel Holyoak
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226350649
Total Pages : 527 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (263 download)

Book Synopsis Metacommunities by : Marcel Holyoak

Download or read book Metacommunities written by Marcel Holyoak and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2005-10 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Takes the hallmarks of metapopulation theory to the next level by considering a group of communities, each of which may contain numerous populations, connected by species interactions within communities and the movement of individuals between communities. This book seeks to understand how communities work in fragmented landscapes.

Metacommunity Ecology, Volume 59

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Author : Mathew A. Leibold
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691049165
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (91 download)

Book Synopsis Metacommunity Ecology, Volume 59 by : Mathew A. Leibold

Download or read book Metacommunity Ecology, Volume 59 written by Mathew A. Leibold and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metacommunity ecology links smaller-scale processes that have been the provenance of population and community ecology—such as birth-death processes, species interactions, selection, and stochasticity—with larger-scale issues such as dispersal and habitat heterogeneity. Until now, the field has focused on evaluating the relative importance of distinct processes, with niche-based environmental sorting on one side and neutral-based ecological drift and dispersal limitation on the other. This book moves beyond these artificial categorizations, showing how environmental sorting, dispersal, ecological drift, and other processes influence metacommunity structure simultaneously. Mathew Leibold and Jonathan Chase argue that the relative importance of these processes depends on the characteristics of the organisms, the strengths and types of their interactions, the degree of habitat heterogeneity, the rates of dispersal, and the scale at which the system is observed. Using this synthetic perspective, they explore metacommunity patterns in time and space, including patterns of coexistence, distribution, and diversity. Leibold and Chase demonstrate how these processes and patterns are altered by micro- and macroevolution, traits and phylogenetic relationships, and food web interactions. They then use this scale-explicit perspective to illustrate how metacommunity processes are essential for understanding macroecological and biogeographical patterns as well as ecosystem-level processes. Moving seamlessly across scales and subdisciplines, Metacommunity Ecology is an invaluable reference, one that offers a more integrated approach to ecological patterns and processes.

Explaining Species Diversity by Linking Local and Large Scale Processes

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Author : Marc William Cadotte
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 123 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (718 download)

Book Synopsis Explaining Species Diversity by Linking Local and Large Scale Processes by : Marc William Cadotte

Download or read book Explaining Species Diversity by Linking Local and Large Scale Processes written by Marc William Cadotte and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large-scale processes are known to be important for patterns of species richness, yet the ways in which local and larger scale processes interact is not clear. I first examined published experiments that manipulated dispersal among local communities using metaanalyses. I show that local communities often readily increase diversity, but that there may be declines at larger spatial scales. I then used metacommunities consisting of microbial aquatic communities to examine how processes at different scales affect local and metacommunity richness. Specifically, I manipulated the potential dispersal rate, whether dispersal was localized or global, and variation in initial community composition. I showed that a low dispersal rate and intermediate distance dispersal enhanced local richness. Initial assembly variation had no effect on local richness, while a lack of dispersal or global dispersal reduced local richness. I also show that predation undoes any diversity increases associated with dispersal. At the metacommunity scale, richness was enhanced throughout the time course of the experiment by initial compositional variation and was reduced by high or global dispersal. Also predation identically structured local communities, and thus reveals large impacts at the metacommunity scale. I further show that these organisms exhibit competition-colonization tradeoffs, and examine how local scale disturbances can structure species diversity. If species are evenly distributed along this tradeoff, then diversity is maximized at intermediate disturbance rates. However if the tradeoff is colonist-skewed then diversity increases with disturbance, and declines is the tradeoff is competitor-skewed. But patterns of diversity at scales larger than the local community always show that diversity is maximized at intermediate disturbances, regardless of the distribution of species along the competition-colonization tradeoff. These results indicate that the effects of dispersal on species richness have a complex relationship with scale and are not solely divisible in to "regional" versus "local" scales. Finally, predictions of how dispersal structures communities appear dependent on local-scale processes, species interactions and historical assembly and disturbance frequency.

Determinants of Species Diversity Across Spatial Scales

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Author : Dirk Nikolaus Karger
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 91 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (855 download)

Book Synopsis Determinants of Species Diversity Across Spatial Scales by : Dirk Nikolaus Karger

Download or read book Determinants of Species Diversity Across Spatial Scales written by Dirk Nikolaus Karger and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Theory of Ecological Communities (MPB-57)

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Author : Mark Vellend
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400883792
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

Book Synopsis The Theory of Ecological Communities (MPB-57) by : Mark Vellend

Download or read book The Theory of Ecological Communities (MPB-57) written by Mark Vellend and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A plethora of different theories, models, and concepts make up the field of community ecology. Amid this vast body of work, is it possible to build one general theory of ecological communities? What other scientific areas might serve as a guiding framework? As it turns out, the core focus of community ecology—understanding patterns of diversity and composition of biological variants across space and time—is shared by evolutionary biology and its very coherent conceptual framework, population genetics theory. The Theory of Ecological Communities takes this as a starting point to pull together community ecology's various perspectives into a more unified whole. Mark Vellend builds a theory of ecological communities based on four overarching processes: selection among species, drift, dispersal, and speciation. These are analogues of the four central processes in population genetics theory—selection within species, drift, gene flow, and mutation—and together they subsume almost all of the many dozens of more specific models built to describe the dynamics of communities of interacting species. The result is a theory that allows the effects of many low-level processes, such as competition, facilitation, predation, disturbance, stress, succession, colonization, and local extinction to be understood as the underpinnings of high-level processes with widely applicable consequences for ecological communities. Reframing the numerous existing ideas in community ecology, The Theory of Ecological Communities provides a new way for thinking about biological composition and diversity.

The Species-Area Relationship

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Author : Thomas J. Matthews
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108477070
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

Book Synopsis The Species-Area Relationship by : Thomas J. Matthews

Download or read book The Species-Area Relationship written by Thomas J. Matthews and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-18 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive synthesis of a fundamental phenomenon, the species-area relationship, addressing theory, evidence and application.

Species Diversity and Assembly History in Ecological Communities

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (531 download)

Book Synopsis Species Diversity and Assembly History in Ecological Communities by :

Download or read book Species Diversity and Assembly History in Ecological Communities written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite its academic and applied importance, it has proven difficult to understand patterns of species diversity. This is in large part because multiple processes operating at various scales interact to influence diversity patterns emerging at different scales. Here I examine how the history of community assembly may interact with other ecological variables to influence species diversity. I consider four variables: the level of productivity, the size of ecosystem, the rate of dispersal, and the size of species pool. These variables have received considerable attention as major determinants of species diversity. However, their joint effects with assembly history remain largely unexplored. In a laboratory experiment with bacteria, algae, protists, and rotifers, I show that assembly history can interact with productivity to create a remarkable variety of productivity-diversity patterns. In another experiment, I show that community assembly can interact with ecosystem size to affect diversity and that, through this interaction, assembly history can dictate when a significant size-diversity relationship is observed. Using computer simulations of community assembly, I also show that internal and external dispersal, though generally studied separately, reciprocally provide the context in which the other influences diversity at multiple spatial scales. I further show that assembly history and the size of the species pool can jointly affect diversity patterns and that their interaction has implications for determining the relative importance of local and regional processes governing diversity. One common theme that emerges from these studies is the presence of significant historical effects in the absence of alternative stable states. Overall, these studies suggest that it is promising, though rarely attempted, to incorporate the dynamics of community assembly into a conceptual framework for species diversity.

Scale, Heterogeneity, and the Structure and Diversity of Ecological Communities

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Author : Mark E. Ritchie
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400831687
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

Book Synopsis Scale, Heterogeneity, and the Structure and Diversity of Ecological Communities by : Mark E. Ritchie

Download or read book Scale, Heterogeneity, and the Structure and Diversity of Ecological Communities written by Mark E. Ritchie and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2009-09-28 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding and predicting species diversity in ecological communities is one of the great challenges in community ecology. Popular recent theory contends that the traits of species are "neutral" or unimportant to coexistence, yet abundant experimental evidence suggests that multiple species are able to coexist on the same limiting resource precisely because they differ in key traits, such as body size, diet, and resource demand. This book presents a new theory of coexistence that incorporates two important aspects of biodiversity in nature--scale and spatial variation in the supply of limiting resources. Introducing an innovative model that uses fractal geometry to describe the complex physical structure of nature, Mark Ritchie shows how species traits, particularly body size, lead to spatial patterns of resource use that allow species to coexist. He explains how this criterion for coexistence can be converted into a "rule" for how many species can be "packed" into an environment given the supply of resources and their spatial variability. He then demonstrates how this rule can be used to predict a range of patterns in ecological communities, such as body-size distributions, species-abundance distributions, and species-area relations. Ritchie illustrates how the predictions closely match data from many real communities, including those of mammalian herbivores, grasshoppers, dung beetles, and birds. This book offers a compelling alternative to "neutral" theory in community ecology, one that helps us better understand patterns of biodiversity across the Earth.

A Theory of Global Biodiversity

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Author : Boris Worm
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400890233
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

Book Synopsis A Theory of Global Biodiversity by : Boris Worm

Download or read book A Theory of Global Biodiversity written by Boris Worm and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The number of species found at a given point on the planet varies by orders of magnitude, yet large-scale gradients in biodiversity appear to follow some very general patterns. Little mechanistic theory has been formulated to explain the emergence of observed gradients of biodiversity both on land and in the oceans. Based on a comprehensive empirical synthesis of global patterns of species diversity and their drivers, A Theory of Global Biodiversity develops and applies a new theory that can predict such patterns from few underlying processes. The authors show that global patterns of biodiversity fall into four consistent categories, according to where species live: on land or in coastal, pelagic, and deep ocean habitats. The fact that most species groups, from bacteria to whales, appear to follow similar biogeographic patterns of richness within these habitats points toward some underlying structuring principles. Based on empirical analyses of environmental correlates across these habitats, the authors combine aspects of neutral, metabolic, and niche theory into one unifying framework. Applying it to model terrestrial and marine realms, the authors demonstrate that a relatively simple theory that incorporates temperature and community size as driving variables is able to explain divergent patterns of species richness at a global scale. Integrating ecological and evolutionary perspectives, A Theory of Global Biodiversity yields surprising insights into the fundamental mechanisms that shape the distribution of life on our planet.

Dispersal-diversity Relationships and Ecosystem Functioning in Pond Metacommunities

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Author : Jennifer Gail Howeth
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (262 download)

Book Synopsis Dispersal-diversity Relationships and Ecosystem Functioning in Pond Metacommunities by : Jennifer Gail Howeth

Download or read book Dispersal-diversity Relationships and Ecosystem Functioning in Pond Metacommunities written by Jennifer Gail Howeth and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insights gained from metapopulation and metacommunity biology indicate that the connectivity of subpopulations and communities by species dispersal can profoundly impact population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem attributes. Recent advancements in metacommunity theory further suggest that the rate of species dispersal among local communities can be important in altering local and regional species richness and ecosystem functioning. The role of species dispersal rates relative to patch-type heterogeneity and associated intrinsic community structuring mechanisms (competition, predation) in affecting diversity of multi-trophic communities, however, remains unknown. Here, I address the relative influence of regional and local processes in altering species richness and ecosystem functioning at multiple spatial scales in freshwater pond metacommunities. In a series of experiments, I employed pond mesocosm metacommunities to manipulate planktonic species dispersal rates and the incidence of top predators which differed in prey selectivity. The consequences of dispersal and predation to zooplankton species richness, trophic structure, ecosystem stability, and prey traits were evaluated. Generally, my findings support predictions from metacommunity models, and demonstrate that dispersal strongly affects community and ecosystem-level properties. In accord with dispersal-diversity theory, dispersal rate affected species richness and ecosystem stability at multiple spatial scales. The presence, but not the rate, of dispersal had strong effects on the partitioning of biomass amongst producers, grazers, and top predators. The relative influence of predation on local and metacommunity structure varied across experiments and largely depended upon predator identity and the degree of feeding specialization. The research presented herein is some of the first work to evaluate how species dispersal rates can affect dispersal-diversity relationships, diversity-stability relationships, trophic structure, and the distribution of prey traits in metacommunities. In addition to advancing ecological theory, the results have important implications for conservation as fragmented landscapes become increasingly prevalent, and local and regional biotas modified. Ultimately, it proves critical to identify drivers of local and regional species richness in order to maintain biotic integrity at the global scale.

Xishuangbanna Tropical Seasonal Rainforest Dynamics Plot

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Author : 曹敏
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9787541630705
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (37 download)

Book Synopsis Xishuangbanna Tropical Seasonal Rainforest Dynamics Plot by : 曹敏

Download or read book Xishuangbanna Tropical Seasonal Rainforest Dynamics Plot written by 曹敏 and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Maximum Entropy and Ecology

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Author : John Harte
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191621161
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

Book Synopsis Maximum Entropy and Ecology by : John Harte

Download or read book Maximum Entropy and Ecology written by John Harte and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2011-06-23 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This pioneering graduate textbook provides readers with the concepts and practical tools required to understand the maximum entropy principle, and apply it to an understanding of ecological patterns. Rather than building and combining mechanistic models of ecosystems, the approach is grounded in information theory and the logic of inference. Paralleling the derivation of thermodynamics from the maximum entropy principle, the state variable theory of ecology developed in this book predicts realistic forms for all metrics of ecology that describe patterns in the distribution, abundance, and energetics of species over multiple spatial scales, a wide range of habitats, and diverse taxonomic groups. The first part of the book is foundational, discussing the nature of theory, the relationship of ecology to other sciences, and the concept of the logic of inference. Subsequent sections present the fundamentals of macroecology and of maximum information entropy, starting from first principles. The core of the book integrates these fundamental principles, leading to the derivation and testing of the predictions of the maximum entropy theory of ecology (METE). A final section broadens the book's perspective by showing how METE can help clarify several major issues in conservation biology, placing it in context with other theories and highlighting avenues for future research.

Scaling Biodiversity

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Author : David Storch
Publisher : Ecological Reviews
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

Book Synopsis Scaling Biodiversity by : David Storch

Download or read book Scaling Biodiversity written by David Storch and published by Ecological Reviews. This book was released on 2007-07-12 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We know that there are tens of millions of plant and animal species, but we do not know enough to be able to describe the patterns and processes that characterise the distribution of species in space, time and taxonomic groups. Given that in practical terms it is impossible to expect to be able to document biodiversity with any degree of completeness other approaches must be used. Scaling rules offer one possible framework, and this book offers a synthesis of the ways in which scaling theory can be applied to the analysis of biodiversity. Scaling Biodiversity presents new views on quantitative patterns of the biological diversity on earth and the processes responsible for them. Written by a team of leading experts in ecology who present their most recent and innovative views, readers will be provided with what is the state of art in current ecology and biodiversity science.

Empirical and Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Diversity Patterns Across Multiple Spatial Scales

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Author : Brody Steven Sandel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (769 download)

Book Synopsis Empirical and Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Diversity Patterns Across Multiple Spatial Scales by : Brody Steven Sandel

Download or read book Empirical and Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Diversity Patterns Across Multiple Spatial Scales written by Brody Steven Sandel and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patterns of variation in species richness are some of the oldest known ecological phenomena. Centuries of research into their causes have revealed surprisingly few general insights, one of which is that the factors that control richness depend on spatial scale. At large spatial scales, processes such as dispersal, speciation and extinction are though to be most important, while biological interactions can be important at small spatial scales. The abiotic environment affects all of these processes. For example, high temperatures can promote speciation, while small-scale environmental heterogeneity can slow competitive exclusion. I am interested in controls on species richness across all spatial scales, and in understanding how processes at one scale impact processes at other scales. Accordingly, my research has spanned a vast range of scales, from field sampling plots as small as 0.016 m2 to maps of richness patterns across the entire New World. I have employed a correspondingly diverse range of approaches, as appropriate to each spatial scale. Through a combination of modeling and experimental research, my research has helped to illuminate the factors that control variation in richness, and, critically, to reveal how these controls change at different spatial scales.

Ecological and Evolutionary Connections Between Genetic and Species Diversity

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Author : Rachel Isabel Adams
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (719 download)

Book Synopsis Ecological and Evolutionary Connections Between Genetic and Species Diversity by : Rachel Isabel Adams

Download or read book Ecological and Evolutionary Connections Between Genetic and Species Diversity written by Rachel Isabel Adams and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the causes and consequences of biological diversity remains the unifying goal of ecology and evolutionary. One promising avenue to understand the causes and consequences of genetic diversity within populations is to consider correlations between that genetic diversity and species diversity of the community in which it resides. Both genetic and species diversity can respond to locality characteristics, or each level can influence and be influenced by the other. First, I investigate how area connectivity and gene flow affects the population genetic diversity patterns in the California vole (Microtus californicus). I show that migration across the landscape produces an identical genetic patterns at the local and regional spatial scales in this small mammal (Chapter 1). Next, I explored two ways in which genetic and species diversity influence each other. In one approach, I examine the effects of a species-rich competitor community on the genotypic diversity of a focal community when genetic diversity allows for differential strength of competition with different species. Using computer simulations, I show that species diversity of competitors can act as an important promoter of genotypic diversity within species (Chapter 2). Next, moving to a riparian community in northern Utah, I demonstrate that the genetic diversity of a foundation tree correlates positively with the species diversity of understory plants, including forbs, grasses, and vines (Chapter 3). Finally, I show that both genetic diversity and species richness across the globe show a similar pattern: genetic markers in over 70 vertebrate species show a significant trend of higher diversity at low latitudes than at higher latitudes (Chapter 4). By taking a broad approach to understanding the causes and consequences of intraspecific genetic diversity, with a particular focus on links to species diversity patterns, my dissertation finds general principles that operate across systems. The two levels of diversity can influence each other by creating spatially-varied selection regimes, but gene flow and mutation are two processes operating on the genetic level whose power to scale up to influence species-level patterns is highly contextual.

Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO

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Author : Jan Lepš
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521891080
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (91 download)

Book Synopsis Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO by : Jan Lepš

Download or read book Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO written by Jan Lepš and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-05-29 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Table of contents