The Influence Of Changing Environmental Conditions On Biological Contributions To Elevation In Brackish Marshes Threatened By Sea Level Rise

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The Influence of Changing Environmental Conditions on Biological Contributions to Elevation in Brackish Marshes Threatened by Sea-level Rise

Author : Joshua Jones
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (922 download)

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Book Synopsis The Influence of Changing Environmental Conditions on Biological Contributions to Elevation in Brackish Marshes Threatened by Sea-level Rise by : Joshua Jones

Download or read book The Influence of Changing Environmental Conditions on Biological Contributions to Elevation in Brackish Marshes Threatened by Sea-level Rise written by Joshua Jones and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coastal wetlands provide human populations with a multitude of ecosystem services, but they are increasingly threatened by sea-level rise and other simultaneously changing environmental conditions. To avoid drowning as water levels rise, coastal wetlands must maintain their surface elevations relative to mean sea level through feedbacks between physical and biological processes. Environmental changes that alter biological processes of production and decomposition will likely affect the capacity of these ecosystems to regulate their elevation and keep pace with sea-level rise. Changing environmental conditions such as elevated CO2, eutrophication, and hurricane sediment deposition have the potential to change production - decomposition dynamics by changing patterns of primary production, biomass allocation, community composition, or litter chemistry. To investigate the effects of climate change and nutrient enrichment on biological contributions to elevation maintenance, I conducted a series of multi-factor experiments, in both the field and greenhouse, which were designed to elucidate mechanistic pathways involved in elevation maintenance. The first study revealed that the biological response to storm sediment deposition was largely dependent on the position of the soil surface relative to sea level, and that elevated CO2 may help stabilize the new sediment addition in the long-term. Additionally, species-specific responses to flooding largely dictated the extent to which experimental wetland sods gained elevation over time. The second and third studies demonstrated that elevated CO2 may indirectly alter rates of decomposition of plant organic matter by driving shifts in biomass allocation to belowground organs or by altering community composition to favor the C3 species. Furthermore, the last study revealed that microbial decomposition was less than expected given the strong influences of plant species, tissue type and nutrient growth conditions on litter quality, suggesting that macrodetritivores also play an important role in litter processing, especially for shoot material. Collectively, these findings suggest that the capacity for biological contributions to elevation are largely determined by species-specific responses to changing environmental conditions, including CO2, storm-sediment inputs, sea-level rise, and nutrient enrichment. Thus, environmental changes that alter plant community composition or biomass allocation may have important consequences for biological feedbacks to elevation through their effects on plant production and organic matter decomposition.

The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

Author : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781009157971
Total Pages : 755 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (579 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Biological Contributions to Elevation Differ Within Natural and Constructed Tidal Marshes Exposed to Nutrient Enrichment

Author : Abigail Griffin Wood
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Biological Contributions to Elevation Differ Within Natural and Constructed Tidal Marshes Exposed to Nutrient Enrichment by : Abigail Griffin Wood

Download or read book Biological Contributions to Elevation Differ Within Natural and Constructed Tidal Marshes Exposed to Nutrient Enrichment written by Abigail Griffin Wood and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Restoration and construction of tidal marshes has been encouraged to recover ecosystem structure and function in response to wetland loss. While natural and restored marshes often achieve similar structure, they may not function similarly. Further, the effects of nutrient loading on ecological functions may vary between natural and restored or constructed marshes, with consequences for marsh resilience to sea-level rise. As coastal restoration and creation projects become more common, it is important to understand the similarities and differences in tidal marsh responses to environmental changes, including nutrient enrichment, and their impacts on ecosystem functions and resilience. To test the effects of nutrients on marsh responses, I conducted a controlled, nutrient-enrichment mesocosm experiment (none: no nutrients added; low: 20 g N m-2 yr-1 and 1.25 g P m-2 yr-1 added; high: 40 g N m-2 yr-1 /2.5 g P m-2 yr-1 added) utilizing intact, vegetated sods of Juncus roemerianus collected from natural and constructed tidal marshes along the Fowl River in Alabama. During the 8-month experiment, I measured hydro-edaphic conditions, above- and belowground biomass, primary production, organic matter decomposition, nitrate reduction potentials, and surface elevation change. Above- and belowground biomass was significantly higher in the natural than the constructed marsh, and belowground biomass responded positively to high nutrient additions. As a result, biomass allocation tended to shift belowground with increasing nutrients. Both marsh type and nutrient treatment significantly affected decomposition of J. roemerianus shoot litter, but not of belowground litter. However, given the lower belowground biomass in the constructed marsh, decomposition could have a greater overall impact on elevation in the constructed marsh compared to the natural marsh. Nitrate reduction potentials also differed between marshes and in response to nutrient enrichment. Denitrification (DN) was greater in the natural marsh and increased in response to nutrient additions in both marshes, representing nitrogen removal from the system. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) did not differ between marshes or among nutrient treatments in the absence of carbon amendments, but it increased significantly in the natural marsh with carbon amendments, representing nitrogen retention in the system. These biological responses were insufficient to stimulate elevation gains, however, as all mesocosms lost elevation over time. While there were no significant differences in elevation change between marshes or among nutrient treatments, the none treatment retained the most elevation in the natural marsh while the high nutrient treatment retained the most elevation in the constructed marsh. Such differences between marsh types have important implications for coastal restoration success under increasingly eutrophic conditions, and collectively, indicate that nutrient additions may contribute differently to resilience to sea-level rise in natural and constructed tidal marshes.

Past Responses to Climate Change

Author : Rebecca Marie Cripps
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Past Responses to Climate Change by : Rebecca Marie Cripps

Download or read book Past Responses to Climate Change written by Rebecca Marie Cripps and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long-term persistence of coastal wetlands depends on maintenance of surface elevations relative to sea-level rise also in the presence of other natural and anthropogenic stressors. To predict coastal marsh response to future sea-level rise, it is important to understand how marshes responded to past sea-level rise. The objective of this study was to reconstruct vegetation histories from sediment cores collected in Big Branch NWR, Louisiana, USA, Pearl River WMA, Louisiana, USA, and Grand Bay NERR, Mississippi, USA. A dichotomous key was created using characteristics of modern plant species common in coastal marshes of the northern Gulf of Mexico, which was used to identify vegetative fragments preserved in cores. Cores were radiocarbon dated and also examined for soil characteristics (bulk density, organic content). Vegetation and soil characteristic data were processed using SiZer to determine significant shifts or changes of vegetative community and soil characteristics over time. Several significant shifts in the vegetative communities were detected at all sites (Big Branch: six shifts; Pearl River: four shifts; Grand Bay: four shifts) in addition to multiple significant shifts in bulk density (Big Branch: five shifts; Pearl River: three shifts; Grand Bay: two shifts). Results indicate that these brackish marshes have maintained surface elevations relative to sea-level through both physical and biological processes. Extended periods of organic matter accumulation (demonstrated by presence of preserved vegetation) were interrupted by periods/pulses of sediment deposition (demonstrated by increases in bulk density and decreases in organic matter content). The approach developed in this project will aid in identifying and interpreting past changes in coastal wetlands in response to sea-level rise and other global change factors.

Rising Sea Levels

Author : Hunt Janin
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 0786459565
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)

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Book Synopsis Rising Sea Levels by : Hunt Janin

Download or read book Rising Sea Levels written by Hunt Janin and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2012-10-25 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fundamental point of this book is that, in the past, the world's political, economic, military and social development took place during a time of relatively stable sea level. That time, however, is now over: The world must begin to cope with rising seas. This book is a wide-ranging introductory survey. It addresses global warming, the hydrologic cycle, why we should care about the rise of the oceans, storm surges and other extreme events, the changing seas and their shorelines, cities and countries of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian ocean basins, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the Greenland Ice Sheet, case studies on how the Netherlands and the U.S. plan to cope with sea level rise, the likely impacts of this rise, getting to know the experts on sea level rise, and very long term prospects for the world's shorelines.

Predicting Plant Zonation in the Salt and Brackish Marshes of Georgia

Author : Zane Cress
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Predicting Plant Zonation in the Salt and Brackish Marshes of Georgia by : Zane Cress

Download or read book Predicting Plant Zonation in the Salt and Brackish Marshes of Georgia written by Zane Cress and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: Tidal marshes provide important economic and environmental functions. There are 1,745 km2 of tidal marsh habitat along the Georgia coast that can be separated into three distinct marsh types based on salinity levels. Tidal fresh, brackish, and salt marshes occur along a gradient that is maintained by tidal forces pushing inland and freshwater sources flowing towards the ocean. The edaphic environment associated with plant distributions in salt and brackish marshes is expected to change in response to rising sea levels and changing inundation patterns. My objective was to classify tidal marsh plants based on edaphic variables thought to influence plant distributions and elevation. Using classification and regression trees (CART), two statistical models were built. When all observations were combined the overall accuracy was 66%. Salinity was the most important variable in classifying observations as either salt or brackish. Elevation did not increase accuracy significantly (68%). When observations were separated into habitat specific models, overall accuracy of edaphic models increased to 80% for salt and brackish marshes. Elevation did not significantly increase accuracy, in the brackish and salt models, 81% and 78% respectively. Water content was the most important predictor variable in salt marshes and percent organic matter was most important in brackish marshes. Overall, CART models had higher accuracies when salt and brackish marsh observations were separated, indicating that habitat-specific analysis is preferable. This study showed that salt and brackish marshes differ significantly in edaphic environments and elevation. However, species-specific differences were complicated by overlapping habitat conditions for the majority of species examined. Edaphic conditions are an important factor driving plant zonation patterns, but can vary significantly over the course of hours. Geomorphic variables, like elevation, provide a stable alternative but may not correlate well over large coastal areas. Understanding how tidal marshes will change as sea levels rise will require a better understanding of these variables and how they influence tidal marshes. Several improvements are discussed that could enhance the accuracy and sampling protocol of this study.

Texas Chenier Plain National Wildlife Refuge Complex

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 680 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Texas Chenier Plain National Wildlife Refuge Complex by :

Download or read book Texas Chenier Plain National Wildlife Refuge Complex written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2006: Justification of the budget estimates: U.S. Geological Survey, Minerals management Service

Download Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2006: Justification of the budget estimates: U.S. Geological Survey, Minerals management Service PDF Online Free

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2424 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2006: Justification of the budget estimates: U.S. Geological Survey, Minerals management Service by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies

Download or read book Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2006: Justification of the budget estimates: U.S. Geological Survey, Minerals management Service written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 2424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2006, Part 2, 2005, 109-1 Hearings, *

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1328 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2006, Part 2, 2005, 109-1 Hearings, * by :

Download or read book Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2006, Part 2, 2005, 109-1 Hearings, * written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 1328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Blue Carbon

Author : C. Nellemann
Publisher : UNEP/Earthprint
ISBN 13 : 9788277010601
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Blue Carbon by : C. Nellemann

Download or read book Blue Carbon written by C. Nellemann and published by UNEP/Earthprint. This book was released on 2009 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report explores the potential for mitigating the impacts of climate change by improved management and protection of marine ecosystems and especially the vegetated coastal habitat, or blue carbon sinks. The objective of this report is to highlight the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems in maintaining our climate and in assisting policy makers to mainstream an oceans agenda into national and international climate change initiatives. While emissions' reductions are currently at the centre of the climate change discussions, the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems has been vastly overlooked.

Interactive Effects of Sediment and Nitrate Subsidies on Surface Elevation Dynamics in a Brackish Marsh

Author : Mollie Alice Nugent
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 67 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Interactive Effects of Sediment and Nitrate Subsidies on Surface Elevation Dynamics in a Brackish Marsh by : Mollie Alice Nugent

Download or read book Interactive Effects of Sediment and Nitrate Subsidies on Surface Elevation Dynamics in a Brackish Marsh written by Mollie Alice Nugent and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sediment subsidies to coastal marshes, whether delivered during storm and flood events or via restoration activities (e.g., sediment pumping, dredging or diversions), are critical for marsh elevation maintenance and persistence in the face of sea-level rise. Nitrate concentrations associated with sediment pulses are increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities, thereby altering biological processes that regulate plant health and feedbacks to surface elevation. To examine potential interactive effects of sediment and nitrate additions on marsh elevation dynamics, we conducted a controlled, full-factorial greenhouse experiment using intact marsh sods exposed to one of three nitrate subsidies (+ 0.01, 0.021, 0.079 mg L-1 KNO3) and one of five sediment additions (0, 13, 35, 50, 75 mm). We measured surface elevation change, plant biomass, plant health, and organic matter decomposition throughout the growing season in all experimental mesocosms. Sediment additions initially provided direct elevation capital, but subsequently, all mesocosms experienced elevation declines via rapid compaction and compression, presumably from consolidation, the weight of added sediment, and the lack of immediate biological feedbacks. However, sediment subsidies positively influenced key components of surface elevation dynamics over the growing season. Mesocosms that received the most sediment had higher sustained elevation, and those that received the least experienced the highest rate of decline, despite the fact that above- and belowground plant production was higher when sediment subsides were applied at low to intermediate levels (13 mm - 35 mm). In addition, average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was higher in the spring and summer immediately following treatment application, but tended to return to pre-treatment levels by the end of the growing season. While sediment addition stimulated plant growth, it also promoted organic matter decomposition, which occurred at higher rates when sediment was added than in the control. For all of these variables, nitrate subsidies had minimal influence, suggesting sediment addition is the primary driver of biological and elevation responses over the first growing season. Evaluating how nitrate and sediment additions interact to influence marsh elevation responses is timely as reintroduction of nutrient-enriched sediment is increasingly utilized as a management tool to promote land-building and as its delivery during flood and storm surge events become more frequent with climate change.

Salinas Valley Water Project

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 702 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Salinas Valley Water Project by :

Download or read book Salinas Valley Water Project written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309255945
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington by : National Research Council

Download or read book Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tide gauges show that global sea level has risen about 7 inches during the 20th century, and recent satellite data show that the rate of sea-level rise is accelerating. As Earth warms, sea levels are rising mainly because ocean water expands as it warms; and water from melting glaciers and ice sheets is flowing into the ocean. Sea-level rise poses enormous risks to the valuable infrastructure, development, and wetlands that line much of the 1,600 mile shoreline of California, Oregon, and Washington. As those states seek to incorporate projections of sea-level rise into coastal planning, they asked the National Research Council to make independent projections of sea-level rise along their coasts for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100, taking into account regional factors that affect sea level. Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future explains that sea level along the U.S. west coast is affected by a number of factors. These include: climate patterns such as the El Niño, effects from the melting of modern and ancient ice sheets, and geologic processes, such as plate tectonics. Regional projections for California, Oregon, and Washington show a sharp distinction at Cape Mendocino in northern California. South of that point, sea-level rise is expected to be very close to global projections. However, projections are lower north of Cape Mendocino because the land is being pushed upward as the ocean plate moves under the continental plate along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. However, an earthquake magnitude 8 or larger, which occurs in the region every few hundred to 1,000 years, would cause the land to drop and sea level to suddenly rise.

Estuarine Variability

Author : Douglas Arthur Wolfe
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Estuarine Variability by : Douglas Arthur Wolfe

Download or read book Estuarine Variability written by Douglas Arthur Wolfe and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Regional Impacts of Climate Change

Author : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II.
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521634557
Total Pages : 532 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (345 download)

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Book Synopsis The Regional Impacts of Climate Change by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II.

Download or read book The Regional Impacts of Climate Change written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II. and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States

Author : William H. Conner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 140205095X
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States by : William H. Conner

Download or read book Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States written by William H. Conner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-06-24 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book draws together the latest findings on the hydrological processes, community organization, and stress physiology of freshwater, tidally influenced land-margin forests of the southeastern United States. It describes the land use history that led to the restricted distribution of these wetlands, and provides descriptions of the hydrology, soils, biogeochemistry, and physiological ecology of these systems, highlighting the similarities shared among tidal freshwater forested wetlands.

Plant-habitat Interactions in Brackish Marshes

Author : Jana Carus
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Plant-habitat Interactions in Brackish Marshes by : Jana Carus

Download or read book Plant-habitat Interactions in Brackish Marshes written by Jana Carus and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Estuarine marshes are ecosystems that are situated at the transition zone between land and water and are thus controlled by physical and biological interactions. Marsh vegetation offers important ecosystem services by filtrating solid and dissolved substances from the water and providing habitat. By buffering a large part of the arriving flow velocity, attenuating wave energy and serving as erosion control for riverbanks, tidal marshes furthermore reduce the destructive effects of storm surges and storm waves and thus contribute to ecosystem-based shore protection. However, in many estuaries, extensive embankments, artificial bank protection, river dredging and agriculture threaten tidal marshes. Global warming might entail additional risks, such as changes in water levels, an increase of the tidal amplitude and a resulting shift of the salinity zones. This can affect the dynamics of the shore and foreland vegetation, and vegetation belts can be narrowed or fragmented. Against this background, it is crucial to gain a better...