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The Impact Of Offering Free Coverage On Enrollment Choice And Risk Selection In An Hsa Eligible Health Plan
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Book Synopsis The Impact of Offering Free Coverage on Enrollment Choice and Risk Selection in an HSA-eligible Health Plan by : Paul Fronstin
Download or read book The Impact of Offering Free Coverage on Enrollment Choice and Risk Selection in an HSA-eligible Health Plan written by Paul Fronstin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines whether offering a health savings account (HSA)-eligible health plan for free, alongside other health plan options with a premium, alters employee enrollment choices; and if responders differ by health status. The data for this study come from two large employers and cover the years 2011 to 2014, spanning the 2013 intervention when one of the two employers eliminated employee premiums for the HSA-eligible health plan. As a result of eliminating premiums for the HSA-eligible health plan, enrollment increased by 21 percentage points among individuals with employee-only coverage and 25 percentage points among individuals with family coverage. After eliminating employee premiums for all coverage tiers, HSA-eligible health plan enrollment increased from 4 percent to 25 percent among individuals with employee-only coverage and from 3 percent to 28 percent among individuals with family coverage. Clearly, workers and their families are highly sensitive to health insurance premiums, a major driver of plan choice. Healthier-than-average employees are enticed by $0 premiums for HSA-eligible health plans. Offering coverage with no payroll deduction attracted individual enrollees who were marginally healthier than those who would have enrolled without this financial incentive in place; therefore, adverse selection was not mitigated as anticipated. The analysis did not find strong evidence that suggests the positive risk selection routinely reported in HSA-eligible health plan enrollment was moderated by eliminating the premium. While there is weak evidence that prior users of health care services were more likely to enroll in the HSA-eligible health plan as a result of the elimination of premiums, for the most part, the findings are to the contrary. In summary, the financial incentive drew new individuals and families into the HSA-eligible health plan who were on average healthier than those who would have enrolled without the incentive in place. For employers looking to drive more workers to sign up for HSA-eligible health plans, one of the biggest financial incentives they can offer is to reduce or even eliminate the annual premiums.
Book Synopsis Health Plan Switching by : Paul Fronstin
Download or read book Health Plan Switching written by Paul Fronstin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the experience of a particular large employer, and a subset of its employees, with respect to a recent increase in the number of health plans that employees could choose. In 2014, this employer offered employees a choice of four health plans -- an HSA-eligible health plan (HSA plan), an exclusive provider organization (EPO), a preferred provider organization (PPO), and a health maintenance organization (HMO) -- all with the same carrier. In 2015, it added six new health-plan choices -- HSA-eligible plans, EPOs, and PPOs -- from two additional carriers. As a result, employees saw their plan choices increase from four to 10. The case study in this paper addresses one set of questions: Which workers switch health plans when an employer introduces more choices? Does the introduction of more choices contribute to adverse selection? One-third of health plan participants enrolled in both 2014 and 2015 switched health plans between 2014 and 2015. Workers enrolled in the HSA plan in 2014 were more likely to switch plans than other workers. One-half of HSA plan enrollees switched plans, compared with 27 percent among EPO enrollees, 24 percent among PPO enrollees, and 13 percent among HMO enrollees. About 88 percent of HSA plan enrollees in 2014 who did switch plans for 2015 chose an HSA-plan with a different carrier. Sixty-three percent of EPO enrollees in 2014 who did switch plans for 2015 switched to an EPO with a different carrier, and 72 percent of PPO enrollees switched to a PPO with a different carrier. Because only one HMO was offered in 2014 and 2015, 100 percent of the HMO enrollees who switched chose a different plan type with a different carrier. EPO and PPO enrollees in 2014 who switched health plan types were more likely than HSA plan enrollees to switch carriers. Twenty-four percent of EPO enrollees and 21 percent of PPO enrollees in 2014 who switched plans for 2015 switched to a different type of health plan with a different carrier, while 13 percent of EPO enrollees and 7 percent of PPO enrollees switched to a different type of health plan with the same carrier. In attempting to explain plan switching, certain demographics and prior use of health care services appear to be predictors of plan switching, but health status is not a strong predictor. For this employer, it appears that older workers were less likely to switch health plans than younger workers; and more actual use of office visits for both primary care physicians and specialists was linked to less plan switching.
Book Synopsis Factors for Selecting a Consumer Directed Health Care Plan by : David William Jordan
Download or read book Factors for Selecting a Consumer Directed Health Care Plan written by David William Jordan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs) and Health Savings Account (HSA) eligible High Deductible Health Plans (HDHPs) emerged as a new health care insurance models referred to as Consumer Directed Health Plans (CDHPs) in the early 2000s. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between enrollees' prior financial experiences as they relate to health care access and use with plan choice when a Managed Care Preferred Provider Organization (PPO), HRA, and HSA eligible HDHP are offered concurrently in an ESI program. It is important to examine new health insurance structures, such as CDHPs, to better understand their impact on enrollees' choice of health plan. Factors that determine enrollees' plan choice can influence the distribution of socio-economic, health risk, and behavioral characteristics across plans. These factors in turn can affect the financial costs, risk pools, and long-term solvency of such plans. The theoretical framework used in this study is adapted from Andersen's behavioral model and suggests economic enabling resources, self-perceived need for health care, predisposing characteristics, and plan cost characteristics are significant factors in Managed Care verses CDHP choice. First, descriptive statistics are used to describe the enrollee population relative to available plans. Then, multivariate analyses are used to examine hypotheses developed to examine employee earnings, prior Flexible Spending Account (FSA) participation, prior total cost sharing and Relative Risk Scores (RRS). Findings suggest first that CDHPs benefit from favorable selection, however the type of CDHP is a critical factor in the dynamics of plan choice. It is important not to categorize different forms of HRAs and HSA eligible HDHPs generically as CDHPs, but treat them as unique based upon their cost and administrative characteristics. Second, enrollees appear to select a plan that minimizes their future financial exposure based on past ESI experiences. Finally, CDHP choice and enrollee earnings may not have a simple linear relationship as suggested by prior research. Plan choice may depend largely on the dynamics between factors of economic resources, perceived need, and plan cost characteristics.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :030946921X Total Pages :161 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-04-02 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two programs that provide benefits based on disability: the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. This report analyzes health care utilizations as they relate to impairment severity and SSA's definition of disability. Health Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination identifies types of utilizations that might be good proxies for "listing-level" severity; that is, what represents an impairment, or combination of impairments, that are severe enough to prevent a person from doing any gainful activity, regardless of age, education, or work experience.
Book Synopsis "Expanding Consumer Choice and Addressing 'adverse Selection' Concerns in Health Insurance" by : United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee
Download or read book "Expanding Consumer Choice and Addressing 'adverse Selection' Concerns in Health Insurance" written by United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Choose Your Best Health Insurance by : Lori-Ann Rickard
Download or read book Choose Your Best Health Insurance written by Lori-Ann Rickard and published by Expert Health Press. This book was released on 2017-11-17 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Impact of an HSA-Eligible Health Plan on Health Care Services Use and Spending by Worker Income by : Paul Fronstin
Download or read book The Impact of an HSA-Eligible Health Plan on Health Care Services Use and Spending by Worker Income written by Paul Fronstin and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines whether there is variation by worker income on how an HSA-eligible health plan affects health care services use and spending. Does the typically flat-dollar gap between a health plan's deductible and the employer contribution to a health savings account (HSA) have a bigger impact on the use of health care services among lower-income workers than it does for higher-income workers? The data for this study come from a large employer that offered an HSA-eligible health plan alongside a preferred provider organization (PPO), includes between 150,000 and 200,000 individuals, and covers health care services use and spending over the six-year period from 2009-2014. The HSA-eligible health plan was associated with a decline in (non-preventive) outpatient office visits for workers at all income levels, but the decline was over twice as large for workers and their dependents with incomes less than $50,000 as compared with those with incomes of at least $100,000. The decline in specialist visits accounted for most of the decline in outpatient office visits among the group of workers with less than $50,000 in income. There was an across-the-board decline in prescription drug fills regardless of worker income. However, unlike the results for outpatient physician office visits, there was not a clear relationship with income level. The HSA-eligible health plan was associated with a reduction in various preventive services by worker income. For example, lower-income workers reduced their use of influenza vaccinations more than higher-income workers. The usage of preventive office visits exhibited the same general pattern as influenza vaccinations. In contrast to the other findings, the HSA-eligible health plan was associated with an increase in emergency department visits and inpatient hospital admissions among lower-income individuals. The usage levels of certain health care services -- inpatient hospital days, avoidable emergency department visits, pneumonia vaccinations, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinations, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) testing for individuals with diabetes -- were unaffected by enrollment in the HSA-eligible health plan both overall and by worker income.
Book Synopsis The Health and Wealth of a Nation: Employer-Based Health Insurance and the Affordable Care Act by : Nan L. Maxwell
Download or read book The Health and Wealth of a Nation: Employer-Based Health Insurance and the Affordable Care Act written by Nan L. Maxwell and published by W.E. Upjohn Institute. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: And Discussion4: How Large Firms Might Respond to the ACA; The ACA and Increasing Costs; Large Firms' Behavior as a Response to Increasing Costs; Past Behavior and Potential Increased Health Care Costs; Summary and Discussion; 5: How Small Firms Might Respond to the ACA; The ACA and Small Firms; Small Firms That Did Not Offer ESI; Small Firms That Offered ESI; Summary and Discussion; 6: Health Policy and Firm Behavior; Analyzing Incentives for Firms to Offer ESI; Firms' Prereform Behavior; Three Characteristics of Employer-Sponsored Insurance in the Prereform Period
Book Synopsis Understanding Consumer Health Insurance Decision-Making Under the Affordable Care Act by : Petra Willis Rasmussen
Download or read book Understanding Consumer Health Insurance Decision-Making Under the Affordable Care Act written by Petra Willis Rasmussen and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), millions of Americans have gained coverage, many for the first time in their lives. The law has created more options for affordable coverage and put millions into the driver seat when it comes to selecting their coverage and enrolling in a health plan. The individual health insurance market has undergone significant changes under the ACA, including the creation of state-based and federally facilitated marketplaces where individuals in all states can go to shop for and enroll in potentially subsidized individual market coverage. This dissertation seeks to improve our understanding of consumer decision-making in this new health insurance landscape. Through three sets of analyses of consumer behavior during the insurance decision-making process, this dissertation will provide needed updates to the literature on this topic. It also highlights key considerations for policymakers and agencies to weigh when evaluating how consumers might respond to policies that change their available coverage options. The first paper examines two key components of health plans that individuals weigh when making enrollment decisions - cost and quality. The ACA requires both federally facilitated and state-based marketplaces to provide easy to understand plan quality information to customers shopping for coverage. Through two hypothetical choice experiments, this paper examines how consumers weighed health plan costs and quality in different choice environments and explored the consumer characteristics associated with a preference for high quality plans as well as with the selection of inferior plans. In each experiment, participants responded to a series of choice scenarios that asked them to choose between five health plans that differed only in their costs and quality ratings, represented by stars. Overall, between scenarios individuals were willing to pay more for higher quality plans when the quality ratings of all available plans were lower, when the higher quality plan's rating was two stars higher rather than one star higher than other plans, and when the price differential was lower. More risk averse participants had higher predicted probabilities of consistently choosing the higher quality, more expensive plan. However, a significant portion of the study population made poor decisions: more than a third of participants chose a dominated plan at least once. The less numerate, those with higher risk-seeking tendencies, and those with low health insurance literacy had the highest predicted probabilities of choosing poorly. The second experiment also found that individuals are more likely to choose a dominated plan when the quality star ratings are similar across plans. The second and third papers use data from California's health insurance marketplace, Covered California, to examine consumer behavior following the implementation of silver loading in 2018. Silver loading is a policy California and other states put into place after the cancellation of federal funding for a set of subsidies included in the ACA that reduce the amount of cost-sharing required by low-income enrollees in silver tier marketplace plans, known as cost-sharing reductions (CSRs). Silver loading placed the cost of providing CSRs in the absence of federal funding onto the premiums of silver plans, subsequently raising premium subsidies which are tied to the cost of silver coverage. The second paper focuses on enrollment in silver plans that became dominated because of silver loading. This paper looks at enrollment in these plans over time (both before and after they became dominated) and by enrollees' prior year enrollment decisions to examine differences in enrollment by pre-existing biases regarding metal tier labeling and the potential role of status quo bias. Overall, more than 60,000 Californians enrolled in a dominated plan in 2018 and, on average, households enrolled in dominated plans in 2018 spent an additional $38.87 per month in premiums. Households that were enrolled in silver coverage in the year before the examined silver plans became dominated had the highest predicted probability of enrolling in a dominated plan in 2018. The third paper examines Covered California consumers' decisions to switch health plans during open enrollment over the first four open enrollment periods where individuals could renew their coverage (2015-2018). Under the ACA, switching rates in the individual market have been much higher than those previously seen in other markets. Looking at re-enrollees in Covered California, this paper provides data on consumer switching behavior over time and identifies the consumer, plan, and choice environment characteristics associated with consumers' decisions to change their coverage during open enrollment. The percentage of re-enrollees in Covered California who made changes to their coverage steadily increased between the 2014-15 and 2017-18 open enrollment periods. Following the implementation of silver loading the proportion of consumers who moved into gold plans during the 2017-18 open enrollment period drastically increased, compared to previous years. Among bronze or silver plan enrollees who switched metal tiers during open enrollment, those who could enroll in gold plans that were no more than $49 per month more expensive than their initial bronze or silver plan had a significantly higher probability of switching into gold coverage than those who faced larger premium differences. The results of this dissertation identify several consumer, health plan, and choice environment characteristics that can influence consumer health insurance decision-making. Policymakers and marketplace regulators can use this work to help inform the decisions they make around marketplace choice architecture, policies aimed at retaining enrollees and recruiting new consumers, and decisions about re-enrollment for consumers who do not actively renew their coverage during annual re-enrollment periods.
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Health Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :132 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (319 download)
Book Synopsis Expanding Health Care Options by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Health
Download or read book Expanding Health Care Options written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Offering Health Plan Choice Within Employment-based Purchasing Groups by : M. Kate Bundorf
Download or read book The Effects of Offering Health Plan Choice Within Employment-based Purchasing Groups written by M. Kate Bundorf and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last two decades, employers have increasingly offered workers a choice of health plans. The availability of choice has the potentially beneficial effects of lowering the cost and increasing the quality of health care through greater competition among health plans for enrollees as well as allowing consumers to enroll in the type of coverage that most closely matches their preferences. On the other hand, concerns about the potential for adverse selection within employment-based purchasing in response to the availability of choice exist. In this paper, I examine the effects of offering choice in employment-based purchasing groups on access to and the cost of employer-sponsored coverage. I find that greater availability of choice was associated with a reduction in the premium of employer-sponsored coverage and an increase in the proportion of workers covered by the plans offered by employers. However, most of the premium reductions were due to a shift from family to single coverage within employment-based purchasing groups and a reduction in the generosity of the plans in which employees were enrolled. The results are not consistent with the availability of choice leading to lower premiums through greater competition among plans for workers
Book Synopsis Health Insurance is a Family Matter by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Health Insurance is a Family Matter written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-09-18 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health Insurance is a Family Matter is the third of a series of six reports on the problems of uninsurance in the United Sates and addresses the impact on the family of not having health insurance. The book demonstrates that having one or more uninsured members in a family can have adverse consequences for everyone in the household and that the financial, physical, and emotional well-being of all members of a family may be adversely affected if any family member lacks coverage. It concludes with the finding that uninsured children have worse access to and use fewer health care services than children with insurance, including important preventive services that can have beneficial long-term effects.
Book Synopsis Private Health Insurance Coverage: Expert Views on Approaches to Encourage Voluntary Enrollment by :
Download or read book Private Health Insurance Coverage: Expert Views on Approaches to Encourage Voluntary Enrollment written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Using Taxes to Reform Health Insurance by : Henry Aaron
Download or read book Using Taxes to Reform Health Insurance written by Henry Aaron and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2009-10-01 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few people realize that one of the nation's largest health programs runs through the tax system. Reformers of all stripes propose to modify current tax rules as part of larger programs to increase coverage and control costs. Is the current system working? Will tax-based reforms achieve their goals? Several of the nation's foremost experts on taxation and health policy address these questions in Using Taxes to Reform Health Insurance, a joint product of the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center and the American Tax Policy Institute. Led by respected economists Henry Aaron of the Brookings Institution and Leonard Burman of the Urban Institute, contributors examine the role taxes currently play, the likely effects of recently introduced health savings accounts, the challenges of administering major subsidies for health insurance through the tax system, and options for using the tax system to expand health insurance coverage. No taxpayer or consumer of health care services can afford to ignore these issues.
Book Synopsis Essential Health Benefits by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Essential Health Benefits written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-02-17 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2010, an estimated 50 million people were uninsured in the United States. A portion of the uninsured reflects unemployment rates; however, this rate is primarily a reflection of the fact that when most health plans meet an individual's needs, most times, those health plans are not affordable. Research shows that people without health insurance are more likely to experience financial burdens associated with the utilization of health care services. But even among the insured, underinsurance has emerged as a barrier to care. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has made the most comprehensive changes to the provision of health insurance since the development of Medicare and Medicaid by requiring all Americans to have health insurance by 2016. An estimated 30 million individuals who would otherwise be uninsured are expected to obtain insurance through the private health insurance market or state expansion of Medicaid programs. The success of the ACA depends on the design of the essential health benefits (EHB) package and its affordability. Essential Health Benefits recommends a process for defining, monitoring, and updating the EHB package. The book is of value to Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) and other U.S. Department of Health and Human Services agencies, state insurance agencies, Congress, state governors, health care providers, and consumer advocates.
Book Synopsis Hsa Owners Manual, Third Edition: What Every Accountholder, Employer and Benefits Consultant Needs to Know about Health Savings Accounts - And How to by : Todd Berkley
Download or read book Hsa Owners Manual, Third Edition: What Every Accountholder, Employer and Benefits Consultant Needs to Know about Health Savings Accounts - And How to written by Todd Berkley and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-03-06 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the owner's manual that did not come withyour HSA.Health Savings Accounts are becoming a more common partof average Americans' lives. Paired with HSA-qualified healthplans, they cover a growing number of Americans' health carecosts. And the trends indicate that they'll become an even moreimportant part of more people's health care in the future.This book is designed to help you understand HSAs andHSA-qualified health plans. When you enroll in these plans, youoften receive a mass of literature about the health plan, outliningwhat services are covered, your cost-sharing, exclusions, rules tofollow, and how to appeal a claim denial, among other topics.You probably received some information about the HSA itselffrom your trustee. It most likely came in the form of a glossytwelve-page brochure with pictures of smiling families and caringdoctors, plus some very basic information about how to set upyour account, how much you could contribute, and a partial listof expenses eligible for tax-free distribution.That level of information is simply inadequate for you tomanage your HSA. If you rely on that information alone, you'llprobably end up doing something inadvertently that runs afoulof HSA rules and regulations. Even if your HSA custodian isthe rare one that provides adequate and easy-to-understandinformation in its printed materials and online to keep you in compliance, you'll never learn how to maximize the benefit ofyour HSA. HSA trustees simply do not provide this information.So where do you turn for complete information on remainingcompliant with HSA rules and regulations and maximizingthe short-term and long-term tax advantages of your HSA?Right here, with this book. HSA Owner's Manual is the mostcomprehensive guide to HSAs available anywhere. This book isthe owner's manual that did not come with your HSA. If you followthe advice in this book, you'll keep your HSA in compliancewith current HSA rules and regulations. You'll also learn aboutsources of updated information as the IRS releases new rules andinterpretations and as the Department of Health and HumanServices issues health care reform regulations that impact HSAs.Your HSA trustee may offer similar information, but probablynot in an easy-to-understand format and certainly not in asingle volume.In addition, this book delivers information that no HSAtrustee offers-strategies to help you maximize your financialopportunity as an HSA accountholder. You'll learn how tointegrate your HSA into your short-term tax savings and longtermasset building strategies. You'll receive information thatwill help you determine when you should use your HSA as areimbursement account and when you'll benefit from utilizing itas a long-term financial asset.May your journey through the pages of this book reduce yourconfusion about your HSA and help you embrace it to unlock itshidden value for your long-term financial health.
Book Synopsis Perspectives on Essential Health Benefits by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Perspectives on Essential Health Benefits written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-02-10 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (herein known as the Affordable Care Act [ACA]) was signed into law on March 23, 2010. Several provisions of the law went into effect in 2010 (including requirements to cover children up to age 26 and to prohibit insurance companies from denying coverage based on preexisting conditions for children). Other provisions will go into effect during 2014, including the requirement for all individuals to purchase health insurance. In 2014, insurance purchasers will be allowed, but not obliged, to buy their coverage through newly established health insurance exchanges (HIEs)-marketplaces designed to make it easier for customers to comparison shop among plans and for low and moderate income individuals to obtain public subsidies to purchase private health insurance. The exchanges will offer a choice of private health plans, and all plans must include a standard core set of covered benefits, called essential health benefits (EHBs). The Department of Health and Human Services requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommend criteria and methods for determining and updating the EHBs. In response, the IOM convened two workshops in 2011 where experts from federal and state government, as well as employers, insurers, providers, consumers, and health care researchers were asked to identify current methods for determining medical necessity, and share decision-making approaches to determining which benefits would be covered and other benefit design practices. Essential Health Benefits summarizes the presentations in this workshop. The committee's recommendations will be released in a subsequent report.
