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The Impact Of Indias Rural Employment Guarantee On Demand For Agricultural Technology
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Book Synopsis The Impact of India's Rural Employment Guarantee on Demand for Agricultural Technology by : Anil K. Bhargava
Download or read book The Impact of India's Rural Employment Guarantee on Demand for Agricultural Technology written by Anil K. Bhargava and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) is approaching eight years of implementation. Since 2006, it has offered up to 100 days per year of guaranteed public works employment to tens of millions of rural Indian households. It is intended to augment the purchasing power of the rural poor during droughts and slack agricultural production periods. Given its scale, it has the potential to generate additional ripples throughout the rural economy. Recent working papers have explored NREGA's effect of higher agricultural wages. This paper investigates whether this increase in the opportunity cost of agricultural labor incentivizes farm owners to adopt labor-saving agricultural technology. Using a regression discontinuity design and new Indian agricultural census data, this paper finds that NREGA causes a shift of roughly 20 percentage points away from labor-intensive technologies toward labor-saving ones, particularly for small farmers and low-powered technologies. This short-run result can lead to a variety of long-run outcomes in technology use, labor markets, and food security. A focus on education, skill development, and quality infrastructure alongside NREGA would augment the chances that the most positive long-run scenario occurs.
Book Synopsis Agriculture, Poverty, and Natural Resource Conservation in 21st Century India by : Anil Kumar Bhargava
Download or read book Agriculture, Poverty, and Natural Resource Conservation in 21st Century India written by Anil Kumar Bhargava and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation aims to contribute to the understanding of today's development challenges by shedding light on the constraints, linkages, and opportunities currently facing rural populations in the developing world. It examines two policies aimed at increasing incomes of India's rural poor and the many linkages at play in their unfolding. Although recent years in the country have been marked by high growth in the country, particularly in urban areas and the services sector, the country remains vastly rural and agricultural. Consequently, a primary focus of economic development policy---and this dissertation---is on agricultural productivity and efficiency, unskilled rural labor, and the role of natural resources in agriculture. Part I examines short-run outcomes of India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) on agricultural technology adoption. Since 2006, NREGA has offered up to 100 days per year of guaranteed public works employment to tens of millions of rural Indian households. Though it is intended to augment the purchasing power of the rural poor during droughts and slack agricultural production periods, given its scale, it has the potential to generate additional ripples throughout the rural economy, including on agricultural technology use. Using a regression discontinuity design and Indian agricultural census data, this paper finds that NREGA causes a shift of roughly 20 percentage points away from labor-intensive technologies toward labor-saving ones, particularly for small farmers and low-powered technologies. Farmers also use less water-related technologies, such as water-intensive diesel pumps and water-conserving irrigation systems. Part II explores the long-run potential of NREGA. Higher wages and increased technology adoption are short-run results that only partly give the full story. Most of India's rural sector is intricately tied to agricultural production. This essay explores the impact of the program on production by developing a household-farm model intended to address the highly-interdependent nature of India's rural sector. The model deviates from neoclassical assumptions that agents make production and consumption decisions independently, as is often assumed in more developed parts of the world. For small Indian farms, the household is both a producer and consumer of farm goods, and linkages may be strong between farm production and consumption decisions, including on the labor/leisure choice. A simple numerical exercise with new Indian household-farm data shows that potential impacts of NREGA's wage increase and infrastructure development can lead to 6--12% boosts in agricultural output and hired labor demand. Finally, Part III focuses on one a particular region of the country and its use of water-conserving agricultural technology (WCT). WCTs reduce the amount of irrigated water needed to grow the staple crops on which the poor depend, such as rice and wheat. While previous research has documented the benefits that accrue privately to farmers adopting this technology, who spend less on diesel needed to fuel their pumps, this study examines the spillover effects of adoption to the public via increased water availability to all farmers whether they adopt the technology or not. The study calibrates a hydro-economic model of groundwater supply using household-plot level data gathered in Maharajganj, Deoria, and Gorakhpur districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Preliminary results show that careful socio-economic and spatial distribution of water-conserving technology can lead to both decreases in poverty and increases in public water availability. This is a particularly important finding in light of consistently low uptake of productive agricultural technologies found in many developing countries.Overall, these three studies can contribute to the current policy debates in India on balancing agricultural development, growth of the unskilled agricultural worker population, poverty alleviation, and natural resource management, especially in the face of increasing climate volatility. Rural development policies focused on any one of these areas may take into account secondary impacts and linkages highlighted in this dissertation. For example, NREGA may increase rural incomes, incentivize technology adoption, and develop public infrastructure in the short run, but depending on its overall impact on agricultural production, impacts on long-run employment and rural productivity are uncertain. Meanwhile, direct intervention into select agricultural technology markets could lead to more nuanced policies that take advantage of the socio-economic and hydro-geological distribution of farmers in the country. There are many policies that can be introduced in a country as vast and complex as India. This research hopes to shed light on some of the key linkages that may be affected in today's rural sector.
Book Synopsis Farmers preferences for climate-smart agriculture by : Taneja, Garima
Download or read book Farmers preferences for climate-smart agriculture written by Taneja, Garima and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2014-04-02 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study was undertaken to assess farmers preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for various climate-smart interventions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The research outputs will be helpful in integrating farmers choices with government programs in the selected regions. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) was selected because it is highly vulnerable to climate change, which may adversely affect the sustainability of the rice-wheat production system and the food security of the region. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) can mitigate the negative impacts of climate change and improve the efficiency of the rice-wheat-based production system. CSA requires a complete package of practices to achieve the desired objectives, but adoption is largely dependent on farmers preferences and their capacity and WTP. To assess farmers choices and their WTP for the potential climate-smart technologies and other interventions, we used scoring and bidding protocols implemented through focus group meetings in two distinct regions of Eastern and Western IGP. We find that laser land leveling (LLL), crop insurance, and weather advisory services were the preferred interventions in Eastern IGP. Farmers preferred LLL, direct seeding, zero tillage, irrigation scheduling, and crop insurance in Western IGP. Through the bidding approach, farmers implicitly express their WTP for new technologies that could transform current agricultural practices into relatively low-carbon and more productive farming methods. But actual large-scale adoption of the preferred climate-smart technologies and other interventions would require access to funding as well as capacity building among technology promoters and users.
Book Synopsis Employment Guarantee Programme and Dynamics of Rural Transformation in India by : Madhusudan Bhattarai
Download or read book Employment Guarantee Programme and Dynamics of Rural Transformation in India written by Madhusudan Bhattarai and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-08 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an assessment of the performance, impact, and welfare implications of the world’s largest employment guarantee programme, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Launched by the Indian government, the programme covers entire rural area of the country. The book presents various micro-level analyses of the programme and its heterogeneous impacts at different scales, almost a decade after its implementation. While there are some doubts over the future of the scheme as well as its magnitude, nature and content, the central government appears committed to it, as a ‘convergence scheme’ of various other welfare and rural development programmes being implemented at both national and state level. The book discusses the outcomes of the programme and offers critical insights into the lessons learnt, not only in the context of India, but also for similar schemes in countries in South and South-East Asia as well as in Africa, and Latin America. Adopting inter-disciplinary perspectives in analysing these issues, this unique book uses a judicious mix of methods---integrating quantitative and qualitative tools---and will be an invaluable resource for analysts, NGOs, policymakers and academics alike.
Book Synopsis Short-Term Effects of India's Employment Guarantee Program on Labor Markets and Agricultural Productivity by : Klaus Deininger
Download or read book Short-Term Effects of India's Employment Guarantee Program on Labor Markets and Agricultural Productivity written by Klaus Deininger and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses a large national household panel from 1999/2000 and 2007/08 to analyze the short-term effects of India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme on wages, labor supply, agricultural labor use, and productivity. The scheme prompted a 10-point wage increase and higher labor supply to nonagricultural casual work and agricultural self-employment. Program-induced drops in hired labor demand were more than outweighed by more intensive use of family labor, machinery, fertilizer, and diversification to crops with higher risk-return profiles, especially by small farmers. Although the aggregate productivity effects were modest, total employment generated by the program (but not employment in irrigation-related activities) significantly increased productivity, suggesting alleviation of liquidity constraints and implicit insurance provision rather than quality of works undertaken as a main channel for program-induced productivity effects.
Book Synopsis Welfare and Poverty Impacts of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme by : Klaus Deininger
Download or read book Welfare and Poverty Impacts of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme written by Klaus Deininger and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses a three-round 4,000-household panel from Andhra Pradesh together with administrative data to explore short and medium-term poverty and welfare effects of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. Triple difference estimates suggest that participants significantly increase consumption (protein and energy intake) in the short run and accumulate more nonfinancial assets in the medium term. Direct benefits exceed program-related transfers and are most pronounced for scheduled castes and tribes and households supplying casual labor. Asset creation via program-induced land improvements is consistent with a medium-term increase in assets by nonparticipants and increases in wage income in excess of program cost.
Book Synopsis Agricultural Commercialization, Economic Development, and Nutrition by : Joachim Von Braun
Download or read book Agricultural Commercialization, Economic Development, and Nutrition written by Joachim Von Braun and published by International Food Policy Research Insitute. This book was released on 1994 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Subsistence production: a sign of market failure. Commercialization cannot be left to the market. Household effects of commercialization. Nutrition effects of commercialization. Policy action needed.
Book Synopsis An Evolving Paradigm of Agricultural Mechanization Development by : Xinshen Diao
Download or read book An Evolving Paradigm of Agricultural Mechanization Development written by Xinshen Diao and published by International Food Policy Research Insitute. This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural mechanization in Africa south of the Sahara - especially for small farms and businesses - requires a new paradigm to meet the needs of the continent's evolving farming systems. Can Asia, with its recent success in adopting mechanization, offer a model for Africa? An Evolving Paradigm of Agricultural Mechanization Development analyzes the experiences of eight Asian and five African countries. The authors explore crucial government roles in boosting and supporting mechanization, from import policies to promotion policies to public good policies. Potential approaches presented to facilitating mechanization in Africa include prioritizing market-led hiring services, eliminating distortions, and developing appropriate technologies for the African context. The role of agricultural mechanization within overall agricultural and rural transformation strategies in Africa is also discussed. The book's recommendations and insights should be useful to national policymakers and the development community, who can adapt this knowledge to local contexts and use it as a foundation for further research.
Book Synopsis Delving deeper into the agricultural transformation and youth employment nexus by : Adesugba, Margaret Abiodun
Download or read book Delving deeper into the agricultural transformation and youth employment nexus written by Adesugba, Margaret Abiodun and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Youth employment is not an entirely new topic for research and policy. Recent estimates from the International Labour Organisation (ILO) (2013a) suggest that high and rising unemployment rates among youth remain a key challenge to global development, especially in the developing world. This is particularly important in sub-Saharan Africa where about 85 percent of youth (defined by the ILO as all those between the ages of 15 and 24 years) are poor, 70 percent live in rural areas where agriculture is the main source for their income and subsistence, and 11 million youth are expected to enter the labor market every year for the next decade (World Bank 2014). These characteristics of youth in sub-Saharan Africa justify the centrality of the nexus between youth employment and agriculture in formulating development policy on the continent. At the same time, youth unemployment is currently one of the issues receiving attention at the top of the global development agenda.
Book Synopsis The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security by : Sergio Gomez y Paloma
Download or read book The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security written by Sergio Gomez y Paloma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book discusses the current role of smallholders in connection with food security and poverty reduction in developing countries. It addresses the opportunities they enjoy, and the constraints they face, by analysing the availability, access to and utilization of production factors. Due to the relevance of smallholder farms, enhancing their production capacities and economic and social resilience could produce positive impacts on food security and nutrition at a number of levels. In addition to the role of small farmers as food suppliers, the book considers their role as consumers and their level of nutrition security. It investigates the link between agriculture and nutrition in order to better understand how agriculture affects human health and dietary patterns. Given the importance of smallholdings, strategies to increase their productivity are essential to improving food and nutrition security, as well as food diversity.
Book Synopsis Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India by : Prabhu Pingali
Download or read book Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India written by Prabhu Pingali and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-14 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book examines the interactions between India’s economic development, agricultural production, and nutrition through the lens of a “Food Systems Approach (FSA).” The Indian growth story is a paradoxical one. Despite economic progress over the past two decades, regional inequality, food insecurity and malnutrition problems persist. Simultaneously, recent trends in obesity along with micro-nutrient deficiency portend to a future public health crisis. This book explores various challenges and opportunities to achieve a nutrition-secure future through diversified production systems, improved health and hygiene environment and greater individual capability to access a balanced diet contributing to an increase in overall productivity. The authors bring together the latest data and scientific evidence from the country to map out the current state of food systems and nutrition outcomes. They place India within the context of other developing country experiences and highlight India’s status as an outlier in terms of the persistence of high levels of stunting while following global trends in obesity. This book discusses the policy and institutional interventions needed for promoting a nutrition-sensitive food system and the multi-sectoral strategies needed for simultaneously addressing the triple burden of malnutrition in India.
Book Synopsis Agricultural R and D in the Developing World by : Philip G. Pardey
Download or read book Agricultural R and D in the Developing World written by Philip G. Pardey and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2006 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The world's agricultural economy was transformed remarkably during the 20th century. The agricultural productivity growth that fueled this change was generated primarily by agricultural R&D financed and conducted by a small group of rich countries-especially the United States, but also Japan, Germany, and France. In an increasingly interdependent world, both rich and poor countries have depended on agricultural research conducted in the private and public laboratories of these few countries, even if they have not contributed to financing the activity. But now the rich-country research agendas are shifting. In particular, they are no longer as interested in simple productivity enhancement. Dietary patterns and other priorities change as incomes increase. Food-security concerns are still pervasive among poor people, predominantly in poor countries. In rich countries we see a declining emphasis on enhancing the production of staple foods and an increasing emphasis on enhancing certain attributes of food (such as growing demand for processed and so-called functional foods) and on food production systems (such as organic farming, humane livestock production systems, localized food sources, and "fair trade" coffee). In addition to growing differences between rich and poor countries in consumer demand for innovation, research agendas may diverge because of differences in producer and processor demands. Farmers in rich countries are demanding high-technology inputs that often are not as relevant for subsistence agriculture (such as precision farming technology or other capital-intensive methods). As well as differences in value-adding processes to serve consumer demands, differences in farm production technologies are emerging to serve the evolving agribusiness demands for farm products with specific attributes for particular food, feed, energy, medical, or industrial applications.The purpose of this volume is to document the changing institutions and investments in agricultural R&D in less-developed countries, in part to form a companion volume to Paying for Agricultural Productivity by providing a more complete global picture of the issues."
Book Synopsis Sustainable Business Practices for Rural Development by : Hardeep Chahal
Download or read book Sustainable Business Practices for Rural Development written by Hardeep Chahal and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-29 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book includes empirical research papers and case studies embracing human capital, relational capital and structural capital in context to services and manufacturing sectors. It will highlight on the sustainable business practices manifested in the work culture, values and beliefs in context to rural regions. From a learning and managerial perspective, the book will identify effective business practices in varied service and manufacturing sectors significant for sustaining business performance and competitive advantage.
Book Synopsis Measuring Food Security Using Household Expenditure Surveys by : Lisa C. Smith
Download or read book Measuring Food Security Using Household Expenditure Surveys written by Lisa C. Smith and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The impact of India’s farm science centers (Krishi Vigyan Kendras) on farm households’ economic welfare: Evidence from a national farmers survey by : Kumar, Anjani
Download or read book The impact of India’s farm science centers (Krishi Vigyan Kendras) on farm households’ economic welfare: Evidence from a national farmers survey written by Kumar, Anjani and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper examines the impact of access to India’s farm science centers (Krishi Vigyan Kendras, or KVKs) on agricultural households’ welfare using household-level data from the nationally representative Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households conducted by India’s National Sample Survey Office in 2013. Employing different matching techniques and endogenous switching regression models, we find that the KVKs have a positive and statistically significant impact on agricultural households’ economic welfare, although that impact is heterogeneous. Further, the investments made in expansion of India’s network of KVKs have been quite remunerative, as the benefit-to-cost ratio of expenditure on KVKs ranges from 8 to 12. Moreover, our findings suggest that expanding rural formal credit markets and promoting literacy can maximize the potential impact of KVKs on agricultural households’ economic welfare.
Book Synopsis The Impact of India's Employment Guarantee Scheme on Rural Earnings by : Geeta Singh
Download or read book The Impact of India's Employment Guarantee Scheme on Rural Earnings written by Geeta Singh and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Importance of rice research and development in rice seed policies by : Takeshima, Hiroyuki
Download or read book Importance of rice research and development in rice seed policies written by Takeshima, Hiroyuki and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First, this paper shows that rice varietal development in Nigeria has been lagging behind that of other developing countries in Asia and Latin America, due partly to insufficient investment in domestic rice R&D. The paper then illustrates using a household model simulation that impacts of certain policies, such as the seed subsidy, may be greater (smaller) if they are applied to good (poor) varieties. The paper concludes by discussing key policy implications and future research needs.
