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The Hiv Care Continuum
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Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) by : King K. Holmes
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Book Synopsis Biopsychosocial Perspectives and Practices for Addressing Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases by : Simon George Taukeni
Download or read book Biopsychosocial Perspectives and Practices for Addressing Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases written by Simon George Taukeni and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book addresses the psychological/mental, emotional, social, and spiritual factors that influence communicable and non-communicable diseases"--
Book Synopsis The HIV Care Continuum in New Jersey by : Debbie Ysmin Mohammed
Download or read book The HIV Care Continuum in New Jersey written by Debbie Ysmin Mohammed and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gaps in Medical Care were identified in 2010 among HIV-infected persons in the United States. Linkage to medical care occurred for 77%, of whom 51% were were retained in medical care. Of those recieving anti-retroviral medications, 77% had a suppressed viral load (SVL). New jersey requires baseline evaluation of these measures to identify gaps that may exist in linking and retaining HIV-infected persons in medical care and viral load measures among population groups. We obtained data from the New Jersey Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (eHARS) that included 7289 newly diagnosed persons from 2007-2011 and 36,763 living HIV-infectedpersons; diagnosed at aged greater than or equal to 13 years and by 12/31/2009. ROutine measures reported by medical providers and laboratories included positive test results, CD4+ counts and HIV viral loads in addition to demographic variables. Time to linkage to medical care was evaluated by survival analysis. The relative risks (RR) and adjusted RR (ARR) were calculated for retention in care and SVL by exponentiating the coefficients from a generalized linear model with a log link and binomial outcome distribution. The mean monitored viral load (MMVL) was calculated using methods recommended by the Centers for Disease COntrol and Prevention. In 2007-2011, 71.6% of newly diagnosed persons were linked to medical care in less than or equal to 90 days. Amng HIV-infected persons tested in non-clinical sites, a higher percentage tested by rapid were linked to medical care (62.3%vs. 54.0%) and in a shorter time (32 vs. 60 days), compared to EIA-WB. Among HIV-infected persons diagnosed by 2009, 47.6% were engaged in medical care during 2010-2011. The 2010 MMVL was 316 copies/ml and was higher among HIV-infected persons in the following high prevalence cities: Irvington, Newark, East Orange, Elizabeth, Atlantic City, and Camden. Overall, the SVL was 57.7% and slightly higher in Jersey City, a high prevalence city (60.4%). The findings in this evaluation provide baseline measures for linkage to, retention in medical care and viral suppression. Continued support in prevention and healthcare efforts in New Jersey is needed so that improvements towards the National HIV/AIDS strategy goals may be achieved.
Book Synopsis Motivational Interviewing in HIV Care by : Antoine Douaihy
Download or read book Motivational Interviewing in HIV Care written by Antoine Douaihy and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "MI is a practical, brief, and evidence-based approach that takes into consideration how difficult it is to make behavioral changes. Ambivalence represents a patient's experience of simultaneously feeling conflicted (two ways) about changing one's behavior; for example, concurrently wanting to make a change while also feeling reluctant to do so"--
Book Synopsis Understanding the HIV Care Continuum by :
Download or read book Understanding the HIV Care Continuum written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The HIV Care Continuum by : Ivy Mushamiri
Download or read book The HIV Care Continuum written by Ivy Mushamiri and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The analysis also involved an assessment of the mediational pathway from the potential barriers to care to viral load suppression that goes through retention in care. Only perceived HIV stigma was related to any step of the care continuum, with low perceived stigma being marginally associated with less viral load suppression. Retention in care did not mediate the relationship between perceived stigma and viral load suppression. More psychometric studies are needed to standardize the measurement of underlying factors affecting engagement in HIV care. This dissertation demonstrated their utility by measuring latent enablers of engagement in care, assessing the downstream effects of the latent enablers and corresponding barriers, and assessing the mechanisms by which the barriers affect viral load suppression.
Book Synopsis Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection by : World Health Organization
Download or read book Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.
Book Synopsis Optimization of Behavioral, Biobehavioral, and Biomedical Interventions by : Linda M. Collins
Download or read book Optimization of Behavioral, Biobehavioral, and Biomedical Interventions written by Linda M. Collins and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a framework for development, optimization, and evaluation of behavioral, biobehavioral, and biomedical interventions. Behavioral, biobehavioral, and biomedical interventions are programs with the objective of improving and maintaining human health and well-being, broadly defined, in individuals, families, schools, organizations, or communities. These interventions may be aimed at, for example, preventing or treating disease, promoting physical and mental health, preventing violence, or improving academic achievement. This volume introduces the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST), pioneered at The Methodology Center at the Pennsylvania State University, as an alternative to the classical approach of relying solely on the randomized controlled trial (RCT). MOST borrows heavily from perspectives taken and approaches used in engineering, and also integrates concepts from statistics and behavioral science, including the RCT. As described in detail in this book, MOST consists of three phases: preparation, in which the conceptual model underlying the intervention is articulated; optimization, in which experimentation is used to gather the information necessary to identify the optimized intervention; and evaluation, in which the optimized intervention is evaluated in a standard RCT. Through numerous examples, the book demonstrates that MOST can be used to develop interventions that are more effective, efficient, economical, and scalable. Optimization of Behavioral, Biobehavioral, and Biomedical Interventions: The Multiphase Optimization Strategy is the first book to present a comprehensive introduction to MOST. It will be an essential resource for behavioral, biobehavioral, and biomedical scientists; statisticians, biostatisticians, and analysts working in epidemiology and public health; and graduate-level courses in development and evaluation of interventions.
Download or read book HIV Care Continuum in Oregon written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Massachusetts HIV Care Continuum by :
Download or read book Massachusetts HIV Care Continuum written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis HIV Screening and Access to Care by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book HIV Screening and Access to Care written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-04-21 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased HIV screening may help identify more people with the disease, but there may not be enough resources to provide them with the care they need. The Institute of Medicine's Committee on HIV Screening and Access to Care concludes that more practitioners must be trained in HIV/AIDS care and treatment and their hospitals, clinics, and health departments must receive sufficient funding to meet a growing demand for care.
Book Synopsis National HIV/AIDS Strategy by : Office of Office of National AIDS Policy
Download or read book National HIV/AIDS Strategy written by Office of Office of National AIDS Policy and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-03 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since President Obama released the nation's first comprehensive National HIV/AIDS Strategy in July 2010, a seismic shift in how the nation conducts HIV research, prevention, care, and treatment has occurred. Central to the Strategy is the unifying vision that "the United States will become a place where new HIV infections are rare and when they do occur, every person, regardless of age, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity or socio-economic circumstance, will have unfettered access to high quality, life-extending care, free from stigma and discrimination." Implementation of the Affordable Care Act, which has now extended health care coverage to millions of Americans, has a dynamic and evolving relationship with the Strategy that in coordination addresses the public health imperative to stop AIDS in the United States. In the nearly five years since passage of the Affordable Care Act and release of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, the knowledge, tools and infrastructure at our disposal to prevent new infections and deliver care and services have changed dramatically (Figure 1). The Strategy's goals are to reduce new HIV infections, increase access to care and improve outcomes for people living with HIV, and reduce HIV-related health disparities. Last year, President Obama launched the HIV Care Continuum Initiative to further the goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy and galvanize the national response to HIV. The initiative directs Federal agencies to step up their efforts to improve outcomes by accelerating HIV diagnosis, linkage to and engagement in medical care, initiation of antiretroviral treatment, and sustainability of viral suppression. Federal agencies have responded to this call, and this report highlights some of the progress that has been made toward achieving HIV Care Continuum goals. These successes include introducing new population-specific awareness campaigns, developing innovative care delivery models, tackling stigma, discrimination, and other barriers to care, strengthening data collection and its use to improve outcomes and monitor resource deployment, prioritizing new health research, and building capacity to improve service-delivery, particularly at the state and local levels. Even with these advances, it remains clear that achieving our national goals requires further action: First, it requires enhancing our effectiveness in reaching those disproportionately impacted by the epidemic and improving their health outcomes. Data from Federal, state, and local sources suggest that less than a third of people with HIV achieve viral load suppression and accrue the full benefit of effective HIV medical care, which has the capacity not only to preserve health and extend life but also to reduce HIV transmission. In order to reduce the number of HIV infections in our country, we must focus and seize every opportunity to reduce geographic and demographic disparities in HIV care outcomes, especially among gay and bisexual men of all races and ethnicities, women and men of color, young people, transgender people, and persons living in southern states. Second, achieving our national goals requires sustained effort in every sector. Developing and maintaining effective partnerships among Federal, state, local, and tribal governments and private-sector partners is critical to accelerating our collective progress. This report highlights several successes in these areas including improved Federal collaboration, innovative demonstration projects that have ushered in new ways of working across agencies and sectors, listening sessions held in American communities, and meetings that have brought the voices of those working in the field to the White House, leading to exciting new public-private partnerships.
Book Synopsis Factors Associated with Progression Towards HIV Viral Suppression and Sexual Behavior Change Among the Framework of the HIV Care Continuum by : Michael Chien
Download or read book Factors Associated with Progression Towards HIV Viral Suppression and Sexual Behavior Change Among the Framework of the HIV Care Continuum written by Michael Chien and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, the most effective method to reduce further transmission and optimize the well-being of those with HIV is to achieve and maintain viral suppression. The HIV Care Continuum is commonly used as a framework to monitor progress towards this end goal. As such, it is important to understand the dynamics of progressing through each stage of the continuum in order to implement effective targeted interventions. This study was, to the best of our knowledge, the first to evaluate a cohort of HIV-positive individuals through the entire course of the HIV care continuum: from diagnosis through viral suppression. Thus, factors associated with overall viral suppression and progression to each intermediate continuum stage could be evaluated within the same population, allowing for a more standardized comparison of the relevant determinants between the stages. This type of comparison was lacking in the current literature, in which information about the continuum stages must be derived from different studies based on different study populations. As such, our study (Chapter 2) was able to evaluate associations at each continuum stage and provide insight into the consistency of these associations throughout the continuum. We observed that certain factors associated with overall viral suppression were not always significant at every stage. Conversely, some factors that were associated with a certain intermediate stage were not associated with overall viral suppression. For example, race/ethnicity was significantly associated with viral suppression among everyone diagnosed. However, there was no difference between the ethnic groups with regards to linkage and retention. Therefore, within this population, interventions and policies aimed towards increasing linkage/retention in these ethnic groups in hopes of improving viral suppression rate would be misdirected and ineffectual. Our results demonstrate the importance of understanding the continuum as a whole in any given population to best direct public health resources. Another aspect relevant to the appropriateness of the HIV care continuum is the designated definitions of the intermediate stages. The intermediate stage with the most variation in definition is retention in care. For any given population, any retention measure used must be significantly associated with increased viral suppression (among the retained). However, another perhaps more clinically practical perspective in deciding the most appropriate retention measure definition would be determining the measure that best predicts viral suppression. This study (Chapter 3) was also the first to evaluate eight different measures of retention, with measures involving kept visits, missed visits, and HIV laboratory tests, among a single population. Further, our study was among the few to apply a non-traditional statistical-learning method (k-folds cross validation) to estimate the accuracy of the retention measures in predicting viral suppression among new patients. The results demonstrated that although no gold standard retention measure may exist, each retention measure evaluated was significantly associated with increased viral suppression as well as positive predictor of viral suppression. However, the difference between the ranking of strength of association (odd ratio) and predictive accuracy (from cross-validation) indicates that traditional statistical methods alone may not best determine prognostic ability of the measures. Methods such as those in statistical learning can be utilized in evaluating the most appropriate measure for each population. Aside from viral suppression, another goal of HIV counseling and care is to reduce the sexual behaviors that promote transmission. The literature is mixed with regards to the direction of change in high-risk sexual behaviors at different points after HIV diagnosis: 1) following linkage to care; and 2) following initial viral suppression. Our analyses (Chapter 4) also evaluated the direction of any change in sexual behavior at these two time points using STD incidence as a proxy. The results provided more support for an attenuation in high-risk behavior possibly related to treatment adherence than for an increase due to "HAART complacency". In addition, the findings were more consistent with a reduction in high-risk behaviors observed following HIV diagnosis. Ethnicity was also associated with reduction in STD incidence. Further sub-analysis based on the association with ethnicity revealed a subgroup of clients that were at potentially high-risk for HIV transmission (no reduction in high-risk sexual behavior, concurrent STD infection, and less likely to be virally suppressed). Future studies and programs should focus on identifying these high-risk subgroups in addition to the broader analyses on sexual behavior change.
Book Synopsis Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act of 1990 by : United States
Download or read book Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act of 1990 written by United States and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis HIV Care Continuum in Prison: Initiation, Adherence and Outcomes of Antiretroviral Therapy Amongst Prisoners in South Ethiopia by : Terefe Fuge
Download or read book HIV Care Continuum in Prison: Initiation, Adherence and Outcomes of Antiretroviral Therapy Amongst Prisoners in South Ethiopia written by Terefe Fuge and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: Incarcerated people bear a disproportionately high burden of HIV infection relative to general populations. However, they often have sub-optimal outcomes across the HIV care continuum (HCC) (i.e., timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), adherence and viral suppression) and little is known about the contributing factors to this particularly in low-and middle-income countries. The aim of this thesis was to identify and explore circumstances affecting the HCC in the South Ethiopian prison system relative to the local community-based settings and prison systems at an international level. -- Methods: A mixed methods approach was employed involving both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative arm encompassed meta-analysis of 17 eligible international studies and a prospective cohort study involving 76 incarcerated and 319 non-incarcerated people living with HIV (PLWH). The qualitative arm involved in-depth interviewing of 11 inmates living with HIV (ILWH) and 11 relevant service providers. Various univariate and multivariate regression models were used to analyse cohort data and a phenomenological approach to abstract meanings attributed to the lived experiences of in-depth interview participants. -- Results: The meta-analysis identified a lower likelihood of ART initiation in ILWH who had a higher baseline CD4 count, lacked belief in ART and in those with more recent diagnosis. The odds of adherence were lower in ILWH who experienced depression, lacked self-efficacy to consistently use ART and in those who lacked social support. Male ILWH were significantly less likely to have viral suppression compared to female ILWH. -- The prevalence of delay in ART initiation in prisoners (20%) was comparable to non-incarcerated people. However, a significantly low number of prisoners (19%) were able to initiate ART on the test date relative to their non-incarcerated counterparts (50%). Rural residence, being a daily labourer, failure to disclose HIV status and missing a pre-ART appointment were significantly associated with lower odds of ART initiation independent of imprisonment. Female gender, perceived social stigma and having HIV diagnosis due to ill-health independently predicted failure to commence ART on the test date in both incarcerated and non-incarcerated people. The qualitative study revealed four main themes as barriers to early ART initiation in prisoners: a lack of access to HIV testing, poor linkage to care due to insufficient health staff training, uncooperativeness of prison officers and loss of privacy regarding HIV status. Nonetheless, peer education and support, and an opportunity created by the prison environment to gain vicarious experiences, and to easily access HIV-infected individuals appeared to facilitate early initiation of ART in prisoners. -- While ILWH had a significantly higher pharmacy refill adherence compared to non-incarcerated PLWH (89% vs 75%), they had a slightly lower dose adherence (81% vs 83%). The prevalence of viral failure was also slightly higher (6%) in ILWH compared to non-incarcerated PLWH (4.4%). The overall dose non-adherence was significantly associated with missing ART appointments, level of satisfaction with ART services, patient ability to comply with a medication schedule and the types of methods used to monitor the schedule. In ILWH specifically, accessing ART services from a hospital compared to a health centre, inability to always attend clinic appointments, experience of depression and a lack of social support predicted non-adherence. Viral failure was significantly higher in males, people aged 31 to 35 years and in those who experienced social stigma, regardless of their incarceration status. -- Several themes emerged in the qualitative study in relation to barriers of adherence amongst prisoners, some of which are essentially akin to those influencing ART initiation; limited access to ART services, insufficient health care provider support, uncooperative security system, loss of patient privacy, a lack of status disclosure due to social stigma, depression related to imprisonment and food supply insufficiency negatively influenced adherence. Themes that emerged as facilitators of adherence included: ILWH's self-efficacy to disclose their HIV status and cope with the negative influences of social stigma, the presence of peer support and a unique environment created by imprisonment for some ILWH to refrain from health damaging behaviours. -- Conclusions: The prevalence of sub-optimal HCC outcomes in the South Ethiopian prison system is generally high, representing lower achievements with regard to reaching international targets. A multitude of interrelated factors including: structural, inter-institutional, institutional, interpersonal and intrapersonal circumstances influenced the HCC in this HIV key population requiring multilevel interventional approaches as suggested in this thesis.
Book Synopsis Re-linkage to HIV Care Among Persons Living with HIV (PLWH) with a Gap in Care of Six Months Or More by : Jamie Lynn Mignano
Download or read book Re-linkage to HIV Care Among Persons Living with HIV (PLWH) with a Gap in Care of Six Months Or More written by Jamie Lynn Mignano and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite widespread attention to the HIV care continuum over the past several years, little attention has focused on the 45% of PLWH that are not retained in care who are responsible for more than 60% of new HIV infections. The gaps in the HIV care continuum are further compounded by the disproportionate burden of HIV among individuals affected by social and economic disparities. The purpose of the study was to identify potential community level and individual level characteristics of re-linkage to HIV care among out of care people living with HIV (PLWH). Andersen's Behavioral Model (ABM), a health services research model that describes access and use of health care in vulnerable populations, was the theoretical framework applied in the study. A two-level generalized linear model was used to test the constructs of ABM and their association with re-linkage to outpatient HIV care after a gap in care of six months or more among out of care, hospitalized PLWH. A total of 328 hospitalized PLWH encountered at two urban hospitals from 2013-2016 nested in 12 zip codes were included in the study. Community data at the zip code level was obtained from the American Community Survey (2010-2014) and the Maryland HIV Epidemiologic Report (2013). Composite scores for socioeconomic disadvantage were created based on the mean of five tested measures using regression methodology. Zip code level HIV prevalence was also tested. The intraclass correlation coefficient, derived from the unconditional model was 0, indicating no significant clustering by zip code. However, the multi-level framework was maintained for the bivariate and multivariate analyses based on the study's theoretical model. The final model indicated that participants with a non-IDU associated risk factor, without a substance use history and with stable housing are more likely to re-link to HIV care after hospitalization (intercept = -0.7139) than individuals with these characteristics and re-linking based on the unconditional model (intercept = -0.1834). The predicted probably of re-linkage to care was 0.70 in the conditional model, versus 0.54 in the unconditional model. The deviance test between two models indicated a better fit in the conditional model (X2diff = 16.26). This study identified characteristics of re-linkage to HIV care after hospitalization among PLWH who are out of care in Baltimore, Maryland. Some findings are consistent with research pertaining to other parts of the HIV care continuum, however, the results of this study indicate that re-linkage is its own concept and perhaps its own stage of the HIV care continuum. Future research that covers a broader geographic base is needed to determine if there is zip-code level effects on re-linkage to HIV care. Furthermore, future research should examine longitudinal HIV care continuum outcomes (i.e. retention, viral suppression) after re-linkage to care. Other measures should be considered as part of the ABM framework, in order to better understand the concept of re-linkage to HIV care. Finally, operations research is needed to test interventions in this population based on research findings.
Book Synopsis Evaluating HIV/AIDS Treatment Programs by : George J Huba
Download or read book Evaluating HIV/AIDS Treatment Programs written by George J Huba and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-04-03 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Create effective community-based programs for substance abusers with HIV/AIDS! Substance abusers are the fastest-growing population of people with HIV/AIDS in the US--and one of the hardest to reach and treat. Evaluating HIV/AIDS Treatment Programs offers new strategies for providing care for this vulnerable population. The programs evaluated and discussed in this volume were funded as part of the DHHS Health Resources and Services Administration through its Special Projects of National Significance Program. Collectively known as the SPNS Cooperative Agreement, these 27 projects represent a diverse group of organizations with a common goal: to improve the health, quality of life, and access to health care for traditionally underserved populations living with HIV/AIDS. Evaluating HIV/AIDS Treatment Programs reports in detail the efforts of several community-based HIV/AIDS organizations in the SPNS program. You will learn how these organizations provide high-quality care for persons with HIV who are unlikely to obtain it in the traditional hospital-based service system. This volume offers specific, proven strategies designed to overcome the linguistic, cultural, racial, and economic barriers that make it difficult for some sick people to get the health care they need. It also offers specialized medical care models that work within the context of a continuum of services in a medical clinic. Evaluating HIV/AIDS Treatment Programs also highlights other aspects of the Cooperative Agreement projects, including: a study of end-stage AIDS care an overview of the HRSA HIV/AIDS Bureau SPNS Cooperative Agreement grant initiative a study of conceptual issues in implementing program evaluation in real-world community organizations discussion of the online Knowledge Base that summarizes and disseminates information from the Cooperative Agreement projects studies of ways to reach and care for specific populations with HIV/AIDS, including women, Latinos, Haitians, adolescents, and rural people This valuable volume offers solid data on treating people who are all too often neglected by the medical community even before they contract HIV/AIDS. The programs and ideas presented in Evaluating HIV/AIDS Treatment Programs can be applied to other community-based health initiatives and clinics offering medical care to underserved and vulnerable populations. This essential resource deserves a permanent place on their bookshelf of any physician, administrator, or policymaker working in the fields of HIBV/AIDS, epidemiology, public health, or substance abuse. Visit the book's website at http://www.TheMeasurementGroup.com/drugs_and_society.htm
