The History And Future Of Technology

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The History and Future of Technology

Author : Robert U. Ayres
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030713938
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis The History and Future of Technology by : Robert U. Ayres

Download or read book The History and Future of Technology written by Robert U. Ayres and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eminent physicist and economist, Robert Ayres, examines the history of technology as a change agent in society, focusing on societal roots rather than technology as an autonomous, self-perpetuating phenomenon. With rare exceptions, technology is developed in response to societal needs that have evolutionary roots and causes. In our genus Homo, language evolved in response to a need for our ancestors to communicate, both in the moment, and to posterity. A band of hunters had no chance in competition with predators that were larger and faster without this type of organization, which eventually gave birth to writing and music. The steam engine did not leap fully formed from the brain of James Watt. It evolved from a need to pump water out of coal mines, driven by a need to burn coal instead of firewood, in turn due to deforestation. Later, the steam engine made machines and mechanization possible. Even quite simple machines increased human productivity by a factor of hundreds, if not thousands. That was the Industrial Revolution. If we count electricity and the automobile as a second industrial revolution, and the digital computer as the beginning of a third, the world is now on the cusp of a fourth revolution led by microbiology. These industrial revolutions have benefited many in the short term, but devastated the Earths ecosystems. Can technology save the human race from the catastrophic consequences of its past success? That is the question this book will try to answer.

War Made New

Author : Max Boot
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101216832
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis War Made New by : Max Boot

Download or read book War Made New written by Max Boot and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2006-10-19 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A monumental, groundbreaking work, now in paperback, that shows how technological and strategic revolutions have transformed the battlefield Combining gripping narrative history with wide-ranging analysis, War Made New focuses on four "revolutions" in military affairs and describes how inventions ranging from gunpowder to GPS-guided air strikes have remade the field of battle—and shaped the rise and fall of empires. War Made New begins with the Gunpowder Revolution and explains warfare's evolution from ritualistic, drawn-out engagements to much deadlier events, precipitating the rise of the modern nation-state. He next explores the triumph of steel and steam during the Industrial Revolution, showing how it powered the spread of European colonial empires. Moving into the twentieth century and the Second Industrial Revolution, Boot examines three critical clashes of World War II to illustrate how new technology such as the tank, radio, and airplane ushered in terrifying new forms of warfare and the rise of centralized, and even totalitarian, world powers. Finally, Boot focuses on the Gulf War, the invasion of Afghanistan, and the Iraq War—arguing that even as cutting-edge technologies have made America the greatest military power in world history, advanced communications systems have allowed decentralized, "irregular" forces to become an increasingly significant threat.

The Future of Technology

Author : Tom Standage
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9781861979711
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (797 download)

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Book Synopsis The Future of Technology by : Tom Standage

Download or read book The Future of Technology written by Tom Standage and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-08-01 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the industrial revolution to the railway age, through the era of electrification, the advent of mass production, and finally to the information age, the same pattern keeps repeating itself. An exciting, vibrant phase of innovation and financial speculation is followed by a crash, after which begins a longer, more stately period during which the technology is actually deployed properly. This collection of surveys and articles from The Economist examines how far technology has come and where it is heading. Part one looks at topics such as the “greying” (maturing) of IT, the growing importance of security, the rise of outsourcing, and the challenge of complexity, all of which have more to do with implementation than innovation. Part two looks at the shift from corporate computing towards consumer technology, whereby new technologies now appear first in consumer gadgets such as mobile phones. Topics covered will include the emergence of the mobile phone as the “digital Swiss Army knife”; the rise of digital cameras, which now outsell film-based ones; the growing size and importance of the games industry and its ever-closer links with other more traditional parts of the entertainment industry; and the social impact of technologies such as text messaging, Wi-Fi, and camera phones. Part three considers which technology will lead the next great phase of technological disruption and focuses on biotechnology, energy technology, and nanotechnology.

The Story of Technology

Author : Daniel M. Gerstein
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1633885798
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (338 download)

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Book Synopsis The Story of Technology by : Daniel M. Gerstein

Download or read book The Story of Technology written by Daniel M. Gerstein and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A leading technology expert examines ways to manage the rapid proliferation of technology and come to grips with its pervasive influence. Technology--always a key driver of historical change--is transforming society as never before and at a far more rapid pace. This book takes the reader on a journey into what the author identifies as the central organizing construct for the future of civilization, the continued proliferation of technology. And he challenges us to consider how to think about technology to ensure that we humans, and not the products of our invention, remain in control of our destinies? In this informative and insightful examination, Dr. Daniel M. Gerstein--who brings vast operational, research, and academic experience to the subject--proposes a method for gaining a better understanding of how technology is likely to evolve in the future. He identifies the attributes that a future successful technology should seek to emulate and the pitfalls that a technology developer should try to avoid. The aim is to bring greater clarity to the impact of technology on individuals and society. In particular, he considers three technologies now converging that will shape the future: biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and the "internet of things." He asks: Will we continue to develop new technologies in these fields merely because basic research shows that we can, or should we first consider the likely effects of these technologies on the quality of life at the individual, societal, and global levels? Dr. Gerstein makes a compelling case that rational and informed evolution of our technological options is the best course for ensuring a brighter future.

The History and Future of Medical Technology

Author : Ira S. Brodsky
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780980038316
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (383 download)

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Book Synopsis The History and Future of Medical Technology by : Ira S. Brodsky

Download or read book The History and Future of Medical Technology written by Ira S. Brodsky and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The History and Future of Medical Technology tells the story behind today's advanced medical technologies: how they were developed, how they work their magic, and how they are likely to evolve over the next several years. The book gives readers a front row view of the discoveries and inventions that transformed medicine into an exact science. It demystifies the technologies found in modern hospitals and clinics showing how they satisfy real and pressing needs. And it covers the latest advances in areas including robotic surgery, brain-computer interface chips, artificial retinas, and nanomedicine.

Engineering the Future, Understanding the Past

Author : Erik van der Vleuten
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789462985407
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (854 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineering the Future, Understanding the Past by : Erik van der Vleuten

Download or read book Engineering the Future, Understanding the Past written by Erik van der Vleuten and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is in turmoil: we are witnessing steep social and environmental challenges. Technology is identified as both cause of and solution to these challenges. How can we use technology to solve problems - without creating new ones?Engineering the Future, Understanding the Past discusses the role of engineering in our age of grand challenges - by drawing lessons from the past. Since the birth of modern engineering roughly two centuries ago, technology has helped to reshape our modern world. At the same time, social challenges have shaped engineering science and practice. This book examines why and how engineers have engaged in solving social challenges -challenges for society, for business, and for users. It alsoasks why some technological solutions have unexpectedly created new problems. And it studies how engineers have coped with technology's puzzling ability to both help and harm.

Future Histories

Author : Lizzie O'Shea
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1788734319
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (887 download)

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Book Synopsis Future Histories by : Lizzie O'Shea

Download or read book Future Histories written by Lizzie O'Shea and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2021-08-17 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A highly engaging tour through progressive history in the service of emancipating our digital tomorrow Shortlisted for the Victorian Premier’s Literary Award, Australia When we talk about technology we always talk about tomorrow and the future—which makes it hard to figure out how to even get there. In Future Histories, public interest lawyer and digital specialist Lizzie O'Shea argues that we need to stop looking forward and start looking backwards. Weaving together histories of computing and progressive social movements with modern theories of the mind, society, and self, O'Shea constructs a “usable past” that can help us determine our digital future. What, she asks, can the Paris Commune tell us about earlier experiments in sharing resources—like the Internet—in common? How can Frantz Fanon's theories of anti colonial self-determination help us build digital world in which everyone can participate equally? Can debates over equal digital access be helped by American revolutionary Tom Paine's theories of democratic, economic redistribution? What can indigenous land struggles teach us about stewarding our digital climate? And, how is Elon Musk not a future visionary but a steampunk throwback to Victorian-era technological utopians? In engaging, sparkling prose, O'Shea shows us how very human our understanding of technology is, and how when we draw on the resources of the past, we can see the potential for struggle, for liberation, for art and poetry in our technological present. Future Histories is for all of us—makers, coders, hacktivists, Facebook-users, self-styled Luddites—who find ourselves in a brave new world.

Technology and the Future

Author : Albert H. Teich
Publisher : Wadsworth Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9780534604264
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Technology and the Future by : Albert H. Teich

Download or read book Technology and the Future written by Albert H. Teich and published by Wadsworth Publishing Company. This book was released on 2003 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining how technology shapes society while itself being shaped by social trends, this text presents a balanced view, including critics of technology as well as technological enthusiasts.

The Future of Change

Author : Ray Brescia
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501748130
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Future of Change by : Ray Brescia

Download or read book The Future of Change written by Ray Brescia and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Future of Change, Ray Brescia identifies a series of "social innovation moments" in American history. Through these moments—during which social movements have embraced advances in communications technologies—he illuminates the complicated, dangerous, innovative, and exciting relationship between these technologies, social movements, and social change. Brescia shows that, almost without fail, developments in how we communicate shape social movements, just as those movements change the very technologies themselves. From the printing press to the television, social movements have leveraged communications technologies to advance change. In this moment of rapidly evolving communications, it's imperative to assess the role that the Internet, mobile devices, and social media can play in promoting social justice. But first we must look to the past, to examples of movements throughout American history that successfully harnessed communications technology, thus facilitating positive social change. Such movements embraced new communications technologies to help organize their communities; to form grassroots networks in order to facilitate face-to-face interactions; and to promote positive, inclusive messaging that stressed their participants' shared dignity and humanity. Using the past as prologue, The Future of Change provides effective lessons in the use of communications technology so that we can have the best communicative tools at our disposal—both now and in the future.

Tools for Thought

Author : Howard Rheingold
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262681155
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (811 download)

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Book Synopsis Tools for Thought by : Howard Rheingold

Download or read book Tools for Thought written by Howard Rheingold and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2000-04-13 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a highly engaging style, Rheingold tells the story of what he calls the patriarchs, pioneers, and infonauts of the computer, focusing in particular on such pioneers as J. C. R. Licklider, Doug Engelbart, Bob Taylor, and Alan Kay. The digital revolution did not begin with the teenage millionaires of Silicon Valley, claims Howard Rheingold, but with such early intellectual giants as Charles Babbage, George Boole, and John von Neumann. In a highly engaging style, Rheingold tells the story of what he calls the patriarchs, pioneers, and infonauts of the computer, focusing in particular on such pioneers as J. C. R. Licklider, Doug Engelbart, Bob Taylor, and Alan Kay. Taking the reader step by step from nineteenth-century mathematics to contemporary computing, he introduces a fascinating collection of eccentrics, mavericks, geniuses, and visionaries. The book was originally published in 1985, and Rheingold's attempt to envision computing in the 1990s turns out to have been remarkably prescient. This edition contains an afterword, in which Rheingold interviews some of the pioneers discussed in the book. As an exercise in what he calls "retrospective futurism," Rheingold also looks back at how he looked forward.

The History, Present State, and Future of Information Technology

Author : Andrew Targowski
Publisher : Informing Science
ISBN 13 : 1681100029
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (811 download)

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Book Synopsis The History, Present State, and Future of Information Technology by : Andrew Targowski

Download or read book The History, Present State, and Future of Information Technology written by Andrew Targowski and published by Informing Science. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Part I, Prof. Targowski takes us through the evolution of modern computing and information systems. While much of this material is familiar to those of us who have lived through these developments, it would definitely not be familiar to our children or our students. He also introduces a perspective that I found both refreshing and useful: looking at the evolution on a country by country basis. For those of us who live in the U.S., it is all too easy to imagine that evolution to be a purely local phenomenon. I found my appreciation of the truly global nature of computing expanding as he walked me through each country’s contributions. In Parts II and III, constituting nearly half of the book, Targowski provides what I would describe as an in-depth case study of the challenges and successes of informatics in Poland. As he tells each story—many of which involved him personally—the reader cannot help but better understand the close relationship between the freedoms that we in the west take for granted and the ability to produce innovations in IT. Even after Poland left the orbit of the former Soviet Union, the remaining vestiges of the old way of thinking remained a major impediment to progress. Being right and being rigorous were far less important than being in tune with the “approved” ways of thinking. There are important lessons to be learned here, particularly as we try to project how IT will evolve in rapidly developing economies such as China. But, from my experience, they apply equally well to western academia, where moving outside of preferred values and patterns of research can lead a scholar to be ignored or even disparaged. In Part IV, Targowski presents a bold, forward-looking synthesis of informatics and informing science in the future. Building upon articles recently published in Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline, he presents a conceptual scheme of historical informing waves that builds upon historians such as Toynbee. He then considers how these trends will necessarily force us to rethink how we develop and apply IT. He does not steer away from the controversial. But he also provides cogent arguments for all his predictions and recommendations.

The Evolution of Untethered Communications

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309059466
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (594 download)

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Book Synopsis The Evolution of Untethered Communications by : National Research Council

Download or read book The Evolution of Untethered Communications written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to a request from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the committee studied a range of issues to help identify what strategies the Department of Defense might follow to meet its need for flexible, rapidly deployable communications systems. Taking into account the military's particular requirements for security, interoperability, and other capabilities as well as the extent to which commercial technology development can be expected to support these and related needs, the book recommends systems and component research as well as organizational changes to help the DOD field state-of-the-art, cost-effective untethered communications systems. In addition to advising DARPA on where its investment in information technology for mobile wireless communications systems can have the greatest impact, the book explores the evolution of wireless technology, the often fruitful synergy between commercial and military research and development efforts, and the technical challenges still to be overcome in making the dream of "anytime, anywhere" communications a reality.

Rocketing Into the Future

Author : Michel van Pelt
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461432006
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Rocketing Into the Future by : Michel van Pelt

Download or read book Rocketing Into the Future written by Michel van Pelt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-05-30 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the technology, history, and future of rocket planes. Michel van Pelt journies into this exciting world, examining the exotic concepts and actual flying vehicles that have been devised over the last hundred years. He recounts the history of rocket airplanes, from the early pioneers who attached simple rockets onto their wooden glider airplanes to the modern world of high-tech research vehicles. The author visits museums where rare examples of early rocket planes are kept and modern laboratories where future spaceplanes are being developed. He explains the technology in an easily understandable way, describing the various types of rocket airplanes and looking at the possibilities for the future. Michel van Pelt considers future spaceplanes, presenting various modern concepts and developments. He describes the development from cutting edge research via demonstrator vehicles to operational use. He also evaluates the replacement of the Space Shuttle with a seemingly old-fashioned capsule system, the parallel developments in suborbital spaceplanes such as SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo, piloted versus automatic flight, and related developments in airliners and military aircraft.

The Last Digital Frontier

Author : Brian ASINGIA
Publisher : The Pearl Dream, Inc.
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Last Digital Frontier by : Brian ASINGIA

Download or read book The Last Digital Frontier written by Brian ASINGIA and published by The Pearl Dream, Inc.. This book was released on 2019-07-01 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Last Digital Frontier: The History and Future of Science and Technology in Africa. This book tells a long overdue and timeless story of the rise of mankind in Africa, uncovers inventions and innovations across the continent throughout time, and paints a forecast of its digital revolution in the 21st century and beyond.The book provides a compelling historic and forward-looking exploration of “the last digital frontier” of access and inclusion, Africa, and its potential to lead, host, and create the innovation breakthroughs of the future. Pre-order now: www.brianasingia.com About the Author: Brian ASINGIA “Technology is a tool for progress towards a better society.” - ASINGIA, @brianasingia ASINGIA, CEO DreamGalaxy Platform and DreamAfrica Consulting, has over 10 years involvement in the intersection of economy, business development, environment, technology and the arts, with a focus on Africa. He began his career at Wall Street’s The New York Stock Exchange where he started as a Business Analyst in Enterprise Architecture’s CORE Technology group and left as an Associate in the Product Management group. Through his work with startups and consulting, he has engaged governments, diplomats, educational institutions, and programs like Creative Lab Paris, Traction Camp by the World Bank, TED Residency by TED, and Entrepreneurs for Impact MBA by ALTIS, Milan (Tangaza University Business Model Winner 2016). He has spoken at or attended trainings and conferences such as African Billionaire Tony Elumelu Entrepreneur Network (TEF), Africa Trade and Investment Summit (ATIGS), Concordia, Ivy Business Schools, and alma mater networks including: Lafayette College, International House NYC (as a Shelby Davis Scholar) and the United World College (UWC) alumni community. ASINGIA believes Africans must seize this moment to capture and document the truth of their past, so as to learn and grow from it. He publishes The Last Digital Frontier and writes books and scripts for film and tv. Join him at www.brianasingia.com @brianasingia #AskAsingia

WTF?

Author : Tim O'Reilly
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0062565729
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis WTF? by : Tim O'Reilly

Download or read book WTF? written by Tim O'Reilly and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WTF? can be an expression of amazement or an expression of dismay. In today’s economy, we have far too much dismay along with our amazement, and technology bears some of the blame. In this combination of memoir, business strategy guide, and call to action, Tim O'Reilly, Silicon Valley’s leading intellectual and the founder of O’Reilly Media, explores the upside and the potential downsides of today's WTF? technologies. What is the future when an increasing number of jobs can be performed by intelligent machines instead of people, or done only by people in partnership with those machines? What happens to our consumer based societies—to workers and to the companies that depend on their purchasing power? Is income inequality and unemployment an inevitable consequence of technological advancement, or are there paths to a better future? What will happen to business when technology-enabled networks and marketplaces are better at deploying talent than traditional companies? How should companies organize themselves to take advantage of these new tools? What’s the future of education when on-demand learning outperforms traditional institutions? How can individuals continue to adapt and retrain? Will the fundamental social safety nets of the developed world survive the transition, and if not, what will replace them? O'Reilly is "the man who can really can make a whole industry happen," according to Eric Schmidt, Executive Chairman of Alphabet (Google.) His genius over the past four decades has been to identify and to help shape our response to emerging technologies with world shaking potential—the World Wide Web, Open Source Software, Web 2.0, Open Government data, the Maker Movement, Big Data, and now AI. O’Reilly shares the techniques he's used at O’Reilly Media to make sense of and predict past innovation waves and applies those same techniques to provide a framework for thinking about how today’s world-spanning platforms and networks, on-demand services, and artificial intelligence are changing the nature of business, education, government, financial markets, and the economy as a whole. He provides tools for understanding how all the parts of modern digital businesses work together to create marketplace advantage and customer value, and why ultimately, they cannot succeed unless their ecosystem succeeds along with them. The core of the book's call to action is an exhortation to businesses to DO MORE with technology rather than just using it to cut costs and enrich their shareholders. Robots are going to take our jobs, they say. O'Reilly replies, “Only if that’s what we ask them to do! Technology is the solution to human problems, and we won’t run out of work till we run out of problems." Entrepreneurs need to set their sights on how they can use big data, sensors, and AI to create amazing human experiences and the economy of the future, making us all richer in the same way the tools of the first industrial revolution did. Yes, technology can eliminate labor and make things cheaper, but at its best, we use it to do things that were previously unimaginable! What is our poverty of imagination? What are the entrepreneurial leaps that will allow us to use the technology of today to build a better future, not just a more efficient one? Whether technology brings the WTF? of wonder or the WTF? of dismay isn't inevitable. It's up to us!

Imagining Tomorrow

Author : Joseph J. Corn
Publisher : Mit Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262031158
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis Imagining Tomorrow by : Joseph J. Corn

Download or read book Imagining Tomorrow written by Joseph J. Corn and published by Mit Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looks at past predictions of the future, discusses how x-rays, radio, nuclear energy, and plastic were expected to change the future, and considers the impact of skyscrapers, computers, and electricity

Technology and Society

Author : Deborah G. Johnson
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262303388
Total Pages : 853 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Technology and Society by : Deborah G. Johnson

Download or read book Technology and Society written by Deborah G. Johnson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008-10-17 with total page 853 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An anthology of writings by thinkers ranging from Freeman Dyson to Bruno Latour that focuses on the interconnections of technology, society, and values and how these may affect the future. Technological change does not happen in a vacuum; decisions about which technologies to develop, fund, market, and use engage ideas about values as well as calculations of costs and benefits. This anthology focuses on the interconnections of technology, society, and values. It offers writings by authorities as varied as Freeman Dyson, Laurence Lessig, Bruno Latour, and Judy Wajcman that will introduce readers to recent thinking about technology and provide them with conceptual tools, a theoretical framework, and knowledge to help understand how technology shapes society and how society shapes technology. It offers readers a new perspective on such current issues as globalization, the balance between security and privacy, environmental justice, and poverty in the developing world. The careful ordering of the selections and the editors' introductions give Technology and Society a coherence and flow that is unusual in anthologies. The book is suitable for use in undergraduate courses in STS and other disciplines. The selections begin with predictions of the future that range from forecasts of technological utopia to cautionary tales. These are followed by writings that explore the complexity of sociotechnical systems, presenting a picture of how technology and society work in step, shaping and being shaped by one another. Finally, the book goes back to considerations of the future, discussing twenty-first-century challenges that include nanotechnology, the role of citizens in technological decisions, and the technologies of human enhancement.