The Geopolitics Of Energy

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Energy and Geopolitics

Author : Per Högselius
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351710281
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy and Geopolitics by : Per Högselius

Download or read book Energy and Geopolitics written by Per Högselius and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea that energy shapes and is shaped by geopolitics is firmly rooted in the popular imagination – and not without reason. Very few countries have the means to secure their energy needs through locally available supplies; instead, enduring dependencies upon other countries have developed. Given energy’s strategic significance, supply systems for fuels and electricity are now seamlessly interwoven with foreign policy and global politics. Energy and Geopolitics enables students to enhance their understanding and sharpen their analytical skills with respect to the complex relations between energy supply, energy markets and international politics. Per Högselius guides us through the complexities of world energy and international energy relations, examining a wide spectrum of fossil fuels, alongside nuclear and renewable energies. Uniquely, the book also shows how the geopolitics of energy is not merely a matter for the great powers and reveals how actors in the world’s smaller nations are as active in their quest for power and control. Encouraging students to apply a number of central concepts and theoretical ideas to different energy sources within a multitude of geographical, political and historical contexts, this book will be a vital resource to students and scholars of geopolitics, energy security and international environmental policy and politics.

The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition

Author : Manfred Hafner
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030390667
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition by : Manfred Hafner

Download or read book The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition written by Manfred Hafner and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is currently undergoing an historic energy transition, driven by increasingly stringent decarbonisation policies and rapid advances in low-carbon technologies. The large-scale shift to low-carbon energy is disrupting the global energy system, impacting whole economies, and changing the political dynamics within and between countries. This open access book, written by leading energy scholars, examines the economic and geopolitical implications of the global energy transition, from both regional and thematic perspectives. The first part of the book addresses the geopolitical implications in the world’s main energy-producing and energy-consuming regions, while the second presents in-depth case studies on selected issues, ranging from the geopolitics of renewable energy, to the mineral foundations of the global energy transformation, to governance issues in connection with the changing global energy order. Given its scope, the book will appeal to researchers in energy, climate change and international relations, as well as to professionals working in the energy industry.

Energy Security

Author : Carlos Pascual
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0815701918
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Security by : Carlos Pascual

Download or read book Energy Security written by Carlos Pascual and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2010-03-01 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy security has become a top priority issue for the United States and countries around the globe, but what does the term "energy security" really mean? For many it is assuring the safe supply and transport of energy as a matter of national security. For others it is developing and moving toward sustainable and low-carbon energy sources to avoid environmental catastrophe, while still others prioritize affordability and abundance of supply. The demand for energy has ramifications in every part of the globe—from growing demand in Asia, to the pursuit of reserves in Latin America and Africa, to the increased clout of energy-producing states such as Russia and Iran. Yet the fact remains that the vast majority of global energy production still comes from fossil fuels, and it will take a thorough understanding of the interrelationships of complex challenges—finite supply, environmental concerns, political and religious conflict, and economic volatility—to develop policies that will lead to true energy security. In E nergy Security, Brookings scholars present a realistic, cross-disciplinary look at the American and global quests for energy security within the context of these geopolitical, economic, and environmental challenges. For example, political analysts Pietro Nivola and Erin Carter wrap their arms around just what is means to be "energy independent" and whether that is an advisable or even feasible goal. Suzanne Maloney addresses "Energy Security in the Persian Gulf: Opportunities and Challenges," while economist Jason Bordoff and energy analyst Bryan Mignone trace the links between climate policies and energy-access policies. Carlos Pascual and his colleagues examine delicate geopolitical issues. Assuring long-term energy security remains one of the industrialized world's most pressing priorities, but steps in that direction have been controversial and often dangerous, and results thus far have been tenuous. In this insightful volume, Brookings

The Geopolitics of Renewables

Author : Daniel Scholten
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319678558
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis The Geopolitics of Renewables by : Daniel Scholten

Download or read book The Geopolitics of Renewables written by Daniel Scholten and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-11 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewables are a game changer for interstate energy relations. Their abundance and intermittency, possibilities for decentral generation and use of rare earth materials, and generally electric nature of transportation make them very different from fossil fuels. What do these geographic and technical characteristics of renewable energy systems imply for infrastructure topology and operations, business models, and energy markets? What are the consequences for the strategic realities and policy considerations of producer, consumer, and transit countries and energy-related patterns of cooperation and conflict between them? Who are the winners and losers? The Geopolitics of Renewables is the first in-depth exploration of the implications for interstate energy relations of a transition towards renewable energy. Fifteen international scholars combine insights from several disciplines - international relations, geopolitics, energy security, renewable energy technology, economics, sustainability transitions, and energy policy - to establish a comprehensive overview and understanding of the emerging energy game. Focus is on contemporary developments and how they may shape the coming decades on three levels of analysis: · The emerging global energy game; winners and losers · Regional and bilateral energy relations of established and rising powers · Infrastructure developments and governance responses The book is recommended for academics and policy makers. It offers a novel analytical framework that moves from geography and technology to economics and politics to investigate the geopolitical implications of renewable energy and provides practical illustrations and policy recommendations related to specific countries and regions such as the US, EU, China, India, OPEC, and Russia

The Geopolitics of Energy

Author : Jean-Pierre Favennec
Publisher : Editions TECHNIP
ISBN 13 : 9782710809708
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (97 download)

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Book Synopsis The Geopolitics of Energy by : Jean-Pierre Favennec

Download or read book The Geopolitics of Energy written by Jean-Pierre Favennec and published by Editions TECHNIP. This book was released on 2011 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rarely has the world's energy sector known such a complicated and fragile environment as that being experienced in 2011. Energy demand is increasing rapidly because of growth in the developing countries. It is largely met by fossil fuels : oil, natural gas and coal, and also by hydraulic and nuclear power. The use of all these forms of energy now gives rise to controversy. A year after the uncontrollable oil leaks from the Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico, the consequences of the accident are still being debated. The development of shale gas, currently the source of half natural gas production in the United States, meets strong opposition in a number of European countries. Even more serious, the accident at Fukushima has put into question the future development of nuclear power, particularly in Europe but also in the USA. There is considerable criticism of the use of coal, which is the source for most of the energy needs in China and a number of developing countries, because of its emissions of CO2 and other pollutants. Even traditional biomass, whose use leads to deforestation and to respiratory diseases, and the development of hydraulic power are the subject of debate. How should one judge between these different energies ? How can decisions be taken between reducing consumption and increasing production ? What is the future for new renewable energies ? These are the issues at stake on the energy sector. This book appears just at the right time to provide clear and well documented replies to the questions that all of us, as energy users, are posing. How are the different forms of energy produced ? What does the future hold for them ? Who are the players active in the energy scene ? What are the supply constraints ? What is the impact of the strong growth in India and China on energy resources ? The book is in two parts. The first sets out the major characteristics of the energy sector. The second provides an analysis of the global energy issues region by region and details the geopolitical aspects. This work is well illustrated and accessible to all, as it does not require any specific prior knowledge. It will particularly interest readers seeking a global perspective of a sector that is fundamental both to our economy and also for our international policies.

Energy and Geopolitics, Volume 1

Author : Samuele Furfari
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527572927
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy and Geopolitics, Volume 1 by : Samuele Furfari

Download or read book Energy and Geopolitics, Volume 1 written by Samuele Furfari and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2021-07-23 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy and its corollary, energy geopolitics, is a more popular issue than ever before in today’s world. After being threatened for 40 years by fears of an oil shortage, we have now entered an era of abundant fossil fuels combined with an increase in global energy demand. However, new fears of sustainable development are now at the heart of energy policy. This book lays the foundation for an understanding of what energy is and the challenges ahead. The book opens with the fundamental principles of energy, reviewing the essential principles of physics that are based on universal laws that never change. It then examines the basics of data analysis and the importance of sustainable development. With this knowledge, it is then possible to review the different energy sources (oil, gas, coal, nuclear, renewable energy, electricity and energy efficiency), explaining how they are produced, the importance of their reserves, their specific markets and the main industrial actors, and the countries that produce them. These notions are essential to understand energy policy and geopolitics. As these are closely linked to its past evolution, many references are provided to historical events that put the current situation in perspective. This educational book is full of graphs, diagrams and boxes to help the reader gradually progress in their understanding of the highly complex geopolitical nature of energy.

The Geopolitics of Global Energy

Author : Timothy C. Lehmann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781626374331
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (743 download)

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Book Synopsis The Geopolitics of Global Energy by : Timothy C. Lehmann

Download or read book The Geopolitics of Global Energy written by Timothy C. Lehmann and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A superb collection of provocative new perspectives on the contemporary energy order. --David S. Painter, Georgetown University In the all-encompassing energy realm, powerful state and private actors determine which of the world¿s many energy resources are developed ... and how societies are molded to accommodate those decisions. The authors of The Geopolitics of Global Energy Resources delve into the energy realm, identifying the infrastructure investments of today that are shaping the use patterns and political dependencies of tomorrow. They explore as well, the prospects for change to more sustainable and democratically accountable forms of energy. Ted Lehmann is faculty director for the social sciences at Excelsior College.

Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet

Author : Michael T. Klare
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9780805089219
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet by : Michael T. Klare

Download or read book Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet written by Michael T. Klare and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2009-03-31 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Now in paperback, Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet surveys the energy driven dynamic that is reconfiguring the international landscape: Russia, the battered Cold War loser, is now the arrogant broker of Eurasian energy, and the United States, once the world's superpower, must now compete with the emerging "chindia" juggernaut for finite resources. Forecasting a future of surprising new alliances and explosive danger, Klare, the preeminent expert on resource geopolitics, argues that the only route to surival in our radically altered world lies through international cooperation"--Book cover

Global Energy Politics

Author : Thijs Van de Graaf
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509530517
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Energy Politics by : Thijs Van de Graaf

Download or read book Global Energy Politics written by Thijs Van de Graaf and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-05-07 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ever since the Industrial Revolution energy has been a key driver of world politics. From the oil crises of the 1970s to today’s rapid expansion of renewable energy sources, every shift in global energy patterns has important repercussions for international relations. In this new book, Thijs Van de Graaf and Benjamin Sovacool uncover the intricate ways in which our energy systems have shaped global outcomes in four key areas of world politics: security, the economy, the environment and global justice. Moving beyond the narrow geopolitical focus that has dominated much of the discussion on global energy politics, they also deftly trace the connections between energy, environmental politics, and community activism. The authors argue that we are on the cusp of a global energy shift that promises to be no less transformative for the pursuit of wealth and power in world politics than the historical shifts from wood to coal and from coal to oil. This ongoing energy transformation will not only upend the global balance of power; it could also fundamentally transfer political authority away from the nation state, empowering citizens, regions and local communities. Global Energy Politics will be an essential resource for students of the social sciences grappling with the major energy issues of our times.

The Geopolitics of Energy in South Asia

Author : Chowdhury Ishrak Ahmed Siddiky
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000417654
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis The Geopolitics of Energy in South Asia by : Chowdhury Ishrak Ahmed Siddiky

Download or read book The Geopolitics of Energy in South Asia written by Chowdhury Ishrak Ahmed Siddiky and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-07-29 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the relation between energy and politics in South Asia and explores the geopolitics surrounding energy security in the region. Analyzing energy security and the scramble for resources in South Asia, the book highlights the important role of energy in light of the rapid economic growth of South Asian countries. The book analyzes the current energy security status of the countries in South Asia, their strengths and weaknesses, and the policies that need to be implemented in order to ensure their energy security. Focusing on Bangladesh as a case study, the author argues that the country is geographically important both in respect to its energy resources and as an energy hub. The author applies a novel analytical framework to measure the energy security of the region and examines the role of the US and China in this geopolitical scenario. A new assessment of energy security issues and the geopolitical aspect of energy security, this book will be of interest to researchers in the fields of energy studies and security, International Relations, South Asian Studies and Asian Politics.

Energy, Economic Growth, and Geopolitical Futures

Author : Evan Hillebrand
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262028891
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy, Economic Growth, and Geopolitical Futures by : Evan Hillebrand

Download or read book Energy, Economic Growth, and Geopolitical Futures written by Evan Hillebrand and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2015-03-27 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Top-drawer scenario builders map a unique array of 'big picture' global outcomes shaped by energy prices, economic growth, and global harmony. Better still, they give the reader tools to build her own scenarios. An essential reference for experts concerned with geopolitical and geoeconomic futures. -- Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Reginald Jones Senior Fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics The way the authors have integrated the International Futures model into scenario analysis is very instructive and amounts to a useful methodological contribution to the literature on scenario analysis. As an energy economist, I also appreciate that the book adds to the usual energy market forecasting exercises that take economic growth as exogenous to the energy markets and ignore political factors. -- Peter Hartley, Mitchell Professor of Economics and Rice Scholar in Energy Studies at the Baker Institute, Rice University Evan Hillebrand and Stacy Closson have written an interesting and original book in which they analyze several different scenarios for economic growth, energy prices, and international conflict over the next forty years in an engaging and accessible style. I recommend this book to anyone who wishes to understand the range of possible futures. -- James Morrow, Professor of Political Science, University of Michigan

The New Geopolitics of Natural Gas

Author : Agnia Grigas
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780674978065
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Geopolitics of Natural Gas by : Agnia Grigas

Download or read book The New Geopolitics of Natural Gas written by Agnia Grigas and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover -- Title page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Introduction: A New Era of Gas -- 1. The Changing Global Gas Sector -- 2. The Politics and Commerce of American LNG Exports -- 3. The Politics of Supply: Russiaand Gazprom -- 4. The Politics of Dependence Transformed: Europe -- 5. The Politics of Transit: Ukraine and Belarus -- 6. The Politics of Isolated Suppliers: The Caucasus and Central Asia -- 7. The Politics of Demand: China and Beyond -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- Index

Geopolitics of Energy in Central Asia

Author : Ramakrushna Pradhan
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000335577
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Geopolitics of Energy in Central Asia by : Ramakrushna Pradhan

Download or read book Geopolitics of Energy in Central Asia written by Ramakrushna Pradhan and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2020-12-23 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the geopolitics of Central Asia which has emerged as the new fertile ground for oil and energy resources. It analyses the scramble for energy and control over the region by many nations and their diplomatic manoeuvrings to ensure energy sufficiency and economic growth. The book provides a quantitative analysis of the Central Asian energy potential and offers an understanding of the unique position that each country occupies in the geopolitics of oil and energy in the region. It looks at aggressive foreign policies by countries like the US, China, the European Union, Japan, Israel, Iran and Pakistan, focusing primarily on India’s position and strategies in the region within the new great game. The book further examines the dynamics between Central Asia and India and India’s policies for geopolitical engagement and diversification of energy sources. This volume will be of interest to researchers and students of political studies, international relations, economics, sociology, and Asian studies. It will also be useful for policymakers and professionals working in the field of energy security and geo-economics.

The Geopolitics Of Energy

Author : Melvin A Conant
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000301818
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis The Geopolitics Of Energy by : Melvin A Conant

Download or read book The Geopolitics Of Energy written by Melvin A Conant and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-16 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can the industrialized countries reduce their vulnerability to supply disruptions caused by continued dependence on foreign sources of oil? How can access to Middle East oil be made more secure? These are the core questions that arise from a new worldwide energy situation in which the industrialized countries have remained dependent on oil and oil imports for their economic, political, and military well-being, while control of these resources has passed to an increasingly small number of less-developed countries whose interests do not automatically or necessarily coincide with those of the consuming, industrialized countries. With a focus on these questions, The Geopolitics of Energy analyzes the present worldwide energy situation and its likely evolution over the remainder of the century. The authors consider likely developments in coal, gas, and nuclear energy; the outlook for oil, which will remain the dominant energy source at least through the 1990s; and the implications of this energy outlook for U.S. foreign policy, intra-Western alliance relations, and North-South and East-West relations. Identifying the issues that will concern governments as long as the need for oil is pervasive-until alternative energy sources begin contributing significantly to world energy supply-the authors conclude with policy recommendations for the United States based on their analysis of the energy situation and its consequences. This book is based on a report prepared for the U.S. Department of Defense.

The New Map

Author : Daniel Yergin
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698191056
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (981 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Map by : Daniel Yergin

Download or read book The New Map written by Daniel Yergin and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-09-15 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Wall Street Journal besteller and a USA Today Best Book of 2020 Named Energy Writer of the Year for The New Map by the American Energy Society “A master class on how the world works.” —NPR Pulitzer Prize-winning author and global energy expert, Daniel Yergin offers a revelatory new account of how energy revolutions, climate battles, and geopolitics are mapping our future The world is being shaken by the collision of energy, climate change, and the clashing power of nations in a time of global crisis. Out of this tumult is emerging a new map of energy and geopolitics. The “shale revolution” in oil and gas has transformed the American economy, ending the “era of shortage” but introducing a turbulent new era. Almost overnight, the United States has become the world's number one energy powerhouse. Yet concern about energy's role in climate change is challenging the global economy and way of life, accelerating a second energy revolution in the search for a low-carbon future. All of this has been made starker and more urgent by the coronavirus pandemic and the economic dark age that it has wrought. World politics is being upended, as a new cold war develops between the United States and China, and the rivalry grows more dangerous with Russia, which is pivoting east toward Beijing. Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping are converging both on energy and on challenging American leadership, as China projects its power and influence in all directions. The South China Sea, claimed by China and the world's most critical trade route, could become the arena where the United States and China directly collide. The map of the Middle East, which was laid down after World War I, is being challenged by jihadists, revolutionary Iran, ethnic and religious clashes, and restive populations. But the region has also been shocked by the two recent oil price collapses--and by the very question of oil's future in the rest of this century. A master storyteller and global energy expert, Daniel Yergin takes the reader on an utterly riveting and timely journey across the world's new map. He illuminates the great energy and geopolitical questions in an era of rising political turbulence and points to the profound challenges that lie ahead.

Windfall

Author : Meghan L. O'Sullivan
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 150110795X
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Windfall by : Meghan L. O'Sullivan

Download or read book Windfall written by Meghan L. O'Sullivan and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2017-09-12 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Windfall is the boldest profile of the world’s energy resources since Daniel Yergin’s The Quest, asserting that the new energy abundance—due to oil and gas resources once deemed too expensive—is transforming the geo-political order and is boosting American power. “Riveting and comprehensive...a smart, deeply researched primer on the subject.” —The New York Times Book Review As a new administration focuses on driving American energy production, O’Sullivan’s “refreshing and illuminating” (Foreign Policy) Windfall describes how new energy realities have profoundly affected the world of international relations and security. New technologies led to oversupplied oil markets and an emerging natural gas glut. This did more than drive down prices—it changed the structure of markets and altered the way many countries wield power and influence. America’s new energy prowess has global implications. It transforms politics in Russia, Europe, China, and the Middle East. O’Sullivan considers the landscape, offering insights and presenting consequences for each region’s domestic stability as energy abundance upends traditional partnerships, creating opportunities for cooperation. The advantages of this new abundance are greater than its downside for the US: it strengthens American hard and soft power. This is “a powerful argument for how America should capitalise on the ‘New Energy Abundance’” (The Financial Times) and an explanation of how new energy realities create a strategic environment to America’s advantage.

The Geopolitics of Energy

Author : Frank A. Verrastro
Publisher : Center for Strategic & International Studies
ISBN 13 : 9780892065929
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (659 download)

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Book Synopsis The Geopolitics of Energy by : Frank A. Verrastro

Download or read book The Geopolitics of Energy written by Frank A. Verrastro and published by Center for Strategic & International Studies. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a variety of reasons -- population growth, development, economics, investment and infrastructure needs, geopolitics, policy/governance, and the expected impacts of climate change, to name but a few -- the current global energy system is unsustainable in its present form. But in the absence of replacement technologies and clean energy forms that are both scalable and affordable, conventional sources of energy and related infrastructure need to remain robust for decades to come, even as policymakers undertake efforts to transform the energy system. This book identifies and examines the relevant drivers that are likely to dictate future trends in energy consumption and fuel choices in the context of a shifting geopolitical landscape, taking into account the attendant economic, foreign policy, energy security, and environmental consequences and priorities. Projecting out to 2035, the report looks at petroleum, coal, renewables, nuclear energy, and natural gas, plus what the authors term the "game changer"--Climate change. The authors believe that managing the transition to a new energy future will be one of the greatest challenges that the global community will face in the coming decades. Contrary to fashionable political rhetoric, such a transformation is likely to be irregular, costly, and at times painful, but inevitably it will and must be done.