The Genetics And Epigenetics Of Sex Differences In The Brain

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The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Differences in the Brain

Author : Negar Montakhab Ghahramani
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (847 download)

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Book Synopsis The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Differences in the Brain by : Negar Montakhab Ghahramani

Download or read book The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Differences in the Brain written by Negar Montakhab Ghahramani and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The major drivers underlying sexually dimorphic brain development are gonadal hormones, namely testosterone (T). During the perinatal sensitive period, a time when the embryonic brain is maximally sensitive to changes in the levels of gonadal hormones, exposure to T has permanent organizing effects on the brain, the molecular basis of which is not known. One potential mechanism for the long term permanence may be DNA methylation. To examine the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to both the establishment and maintenance of sex differences, I compared the methylomes of male, female, and female mice treated with testosterone. Methylation maps were generated for sexually dimorphic brain regions such as the striatum at postnatal day 4 (PN4) during the sensitive period and PN60 during adulthood using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. I found that testosterone altered the methylation of a few genes during the sensitive period but a much greater number in adulthood. I next investigated whether administration of a single dose of testosterone to females on the day of birth could induce a shift in DNA methylation from a female-typical to a more male-typical pattern. The results demonstrated that the masculinizing effect of testosterone was mostly evident at PN60 but not at PN4. This observation provided a new perspective on the mechanisms underlying organizational effects of testosterone because contrary to the expectation that testosterone leaves a strong, stable imprint shortly after exposure, testosterone effects on DNA methylation were not immediately evident but emerged later. Based on these data, I concluded that sex differences in methylation are not the result of the immediate early actions of testosterone on the brain. Rather, the neural molecular patterns found in adults are conditioned by early hormonal exposures, the effects of which might emerge over a period of time. Gene Ontology analysis on the set of genes whose methylation was altered by testosterone revealed a significant enrichment of genes belonging to signaling components associated with dopamine modulation as well as movement disorders that display a male-bias. These data are consistent with striatum's role in regulation of movement. In addition to assessing the contribution of hormones to brain sexual differentiation, I also investigated the impact of sex chromosomes on sex differences in brain and behavior. To test for sex chromosome effects, I used the four core genotypes mouse model and found sex differences in expression of a subset of striatal genes caused by XX vs. XY differences in mice with the same gonadal type. Moreover, comparison of animals with different numbers of sex chromosomes in a novel mouse model of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS), the Sex Chromosome Trisomy Model, indicated that presence of an additional X chromosome and/or its interaction with the Y in XXY male mice can contribute to some of the behavioral and molecular phenotypes observed in KS. Interestingly, analysis of striatal transcriptome in KS mice revealed a feminized molecular signature in the brain of KS male mice. Such information is crucial knowledge in elucidating not only the pathophysiology of KS, but also the origin of sex differences in brain and behavior. Altogether, my work demonstrates the significance of genetics and epigenetics in the process of brain development as it relates to sex. The results presented in this dissertation suggest that (1) the sex chromosomes carry genes that could influence brain function and behavior; and (2) the long lasting effects of steroid hormones on the brain could be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation.

Sex Differences in the Brain

Author : Jill B. Becker
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198042558
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex Differences in the Brain by : Jill B. Becker

Download or read book Sex Differences in the Brain written by Jill B. Becker and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-12-04 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the basic and clinical biomedical research community, there is increasing recognition that differences between males and females across the lifespan affect an individual's health, his/her development of disease, signs and symptoms of pathophysiology, and response to therapy. This book is intended as a resource for scientists, clinicians, and students of the nervous system and behavior- a trove of practical information about how to study sex differences in the brain as well as a discussion of what is already known on the topic.

Beyond Sex Differences

Author : Eric B. Keverne
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108267955
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (82 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond Sex Differences by : Eric B. Keverne

Download or read book Beyond Sex Differences written by Eric B. Keverne and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-09-07 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in behavioural neuroscience and genomics are providing exciting new tools for understanding mammalian evolution. Drawing on a range of disciplines including genomic reprogramming, immunology, genomic imprinting, placentation and brain development, this book examines the leading role played by the mother's genome and epigenome in the successful evolutionary progression of humans from ancestral mammals. Keverne begins by discussing the historic context of the perceived dominance of males and the patriline, before arguing that it is instead the matriline that exerts the dominant influence in shaping the evolution of our brain development and behaviour, especially the co-adaptive development of brain and placenta. Presenting a balanced outlook on the development of sex differences and an alternative to traditional views, Beyond Sex Differences will be of interest to anyone studying and researching mother and infant development.

Sex and the Developing Brain

Author : Margaret M. McCarthy
Publisher : Biota Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1615047298
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex and the Developing Brain by : Margaret M. McCarthy

Download or read book Sex and the Developing Brain written by Margaret M. McCarthy and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2017-08-31 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brains of males and females, men and women, are different, that is a fact. What is debated is how different and how important are those differences. Sex differences in the brain are determined by genetics, hormones, and experience, which in humans includes culture, society, and parental and peer expectations. The importance of nonbiological variables to sex differences in humans is paramount, making it difficult if not impossible to parse out those contributions that are truly biological. The study of animals provides us the opportunity to understand the magnitude and scope of biologically based sex differences in the brain, and understanding the cellular mechanisms provides us insight into novel sources of brain plasticity. Many sex differences are established during a developmental sensitive window by differences in the hormonal milieu of males versus females. The neonatal testis produces large amounts of testosterone which gains access to the brain and is further metabolized into active androgens and estrogens which modify brain development. Major parameters that are influenced by hormones include neurogenesis, cell death, neurochemical phenotype, axonal and dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis. Variance in these parameters results in sex differences in the size of particular brain regions, the projections between brain regions, and the number and type of synapses within particular brain regions. The cellular mechanisms are both region and endpoint specific and invoke many surprising systems such as prostaglandins, endocannabinoids, and cell death proteins. Epigenetic modifications to the genome both establish and maintain sex differences in the brain and behavior. By understanding when, why, and how sex differences in the brain are established, we may also learn the source of strong gender biases in the relative risk and severity of numerous neurological diseases and disorders of mental health. Boys are much more likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum or attention and hyperactivity disorders, as well as speech and language deficits, compared to girls. By contrast, women are more likely to suffer from affective disorders, such as depression, anxiety, compulsion, and eating disorders and more likely to experience autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Schizophrenia with an early onset is more common in males but a late-onset version is markedly more frequent in females. Male biased disorders have origins in development while female biased disorders are almost exclusively post-puberty. This remarkable shift in disease risk demands our attention. Novel insights into the biological origins of disease are also gained by comparing and contrasting the same processes in different sexes.

Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444536310
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications by :

Download or read book Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-12-03 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Progress in Brain Research documents recent developments and research findings in relation to sex and how the brain’s function and behavior differs from men to women. Specific areas include cerebral function, morphology and organization, sexual dimorphism, neural origins,and genetics and epigenetics, as well as potential causes/affects of stress, pain, sexual orientation and identity and other social issues such as distribution of disorders across the sexes and autism. Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field Highlights areas for future research Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts

Beyond Sex Differences

Author : Barry Keverne
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781108403351
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond Sex Differences by : Barry Keverne

Download or read book Beyond Sex Differences written by Barry Keverne and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in behavioural neuroscience and genomics are providing exciting new tools for understanding mammalian evolution. Drawing on a range of disciplines including genomic reprogramming, immunology, genomic imprinting, placentation and brain development, this book examines the leading role played by the mother's genome and epigenome in the successful evolutionary progression of humans from ancestral mammals. Keverne begins by discussing the historic context of the perceived dominance of males and the patriline, before arguing that it is instead the matriline that exerts the dominant influence in shaping the evolution of our brain development and behaviour, especially the co-adaptive development of brain and placenta. Presenting a balanced outlook on the development of sex differences and an alternative to traditional views, Beyond Sex Differences will be of interest to anyone studying and researching mother and infant development

Brain, Behavior and Epigenetics

Author : Arturas Petronis
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642174264
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Brain, Behavior and Epigenetics by : Arturas Petronis

Download or read book Brain, Behavior and Epigenetics written by Arturas Petronis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-19 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomedical research in the first decade of the 21st century has been marked by a rapidly growing interest in epigenetics. The reasons for this are numerous, but primarily it stems from the mounting realization that research programs focused solely on DNA sequence variation, despite their breadth and depth, are unlikely to address all fundamental aspects of human biology. Some questions are evident even to non-biologists. How does a single zygote develop into a complex multicellular organism composed of dozens of different tissues and hundreds of cell types, all genetically identical but performing very different functions? Why do monozygotic twins, despite their stunning external similarities, often exhibit significant differences in personality and predisposition to disease? If environmental factors are solely the cause of such variation, why are similar differences also observed between genetically identical animals housed in a uniform environment? Over the last couple of decades, epigenetics has undergone a significant metamorphosis from an abstract developmental theory to a very dynamic and rapidly developing branch of molecular biology. This volume represents a compilation of our current understanding about the key aspects of epigenetic processes in the brain and their role in behavior. The chapters in this book bring together some of the leading researchers in the field of behavioral epigenetics. They explore many of the epigenetic processes which operate or may be operating to mediate neurobiological functions in the brain and describe how perturbations to these systems may play a key role in mediating behavior and the origin of brain diseases.

Sex Differences in Neurology and Psychiatry

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444641246
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex Differences in Neurology and Psychiatry by :

Download or read book Sex Differences in Neurology and Psychiatry written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-09-30 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sex Differences in Neurology and Psychiatry, Volume 175, addresses this important issue by viewing major neurological and psychiatric conditions through the lens of sexual dimorphism, providing an entirely novel approach to understanding vulnerability factors, as well as potential new treatment strategies in several common neuropsychiatric disorders. The handbook comprises four major sections: (1) Introduction to sex differences in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, (2) Description of the impact of genetic, epigenetic, sex hormonal and other environmental effects on cerebral sex dimorphism, (3) Review of sex differences in neurologic disorders, and (4) Review of sex differences in psychiatric disorders. Explores sex differences in human neuroanatomy and neurophysiology Offers a pathway toward a gender-specific treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders Provides an overview of the genetics of sex hormones, human brain structure, and function, as well as the epigenetics, environment and social context

Sexual Differentiation of the Brain

Author : Robert W. Goy
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
ISBN 13 : 9780262572071
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Sexual Differentiation of the Brain by : Robert W. Goy

Download or read book Sexual Differentiation of the Brain written by Robert W. Goy and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 1979-12-01 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigating the relative importance of genes, hormones, and environment in the formation of sexual behavior.

The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 1

Author : Philip David Zelazo
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199958459
Total Pages : 1049 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 1 by : Philip David Zelazo

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 1 written by Philip David Zelazo and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-21 with total page 1049 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a comprehensive survey of what is now known about psychological development, from birth to biological maturity, and it highlights how cultural, social, cognitive, neural, and molecular processes work together to yield human behavior and changes in human behavior.

Sex, Gender, and Epigenetics

Author : Marianne Legato J
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128239379
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex, Gender, and Epigenetics by : Marianne Legato J

Download or read book Sex, Gender, and Epigenetics written by Marianne Legato J and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-06 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sex, Gender, and Epigenetics: From Molecule to Bedside explores our expanding knowledge of the science of epigenetics in which gene expression is modified as a consequence of small chemical additions to various components of the genome. The book provides an overview of the field, describing the epigenetic phenomena that unite biological sex and environmental experience to create the unique phenome of each individual. The book also analyzes the impact of ancestors' environmental experience on subsequent generations through the sex-specific transmission of environmentally induced epigenetic modifications. Here, international leaders in the field discuss both sex-specific normal physiology and the experience of disease, with chapters dedicated to fetal programming, the microbiome, cancer, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, embryogenesis, and oocyte aging, among other topics.

Sex Control in Aquaculture

Author : Hanping Wang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119127270
Total Pages : 1810 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex Control in Aquaculture by : Hanping Wang

Download or read book Sex Control in Aquaculture written by Hanping Wang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-08 with total page 1810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Awarded Bookauthority's "Best Aquaculture Books of all Time" A comprehensive resource that covers all the aspects of sex control in aquaculture written by internationally-acclaimed scientists Comprehensive in scope, Sex Control in Aquaculture first explains the concepts and rationale for sex control in aquaculture, which serves different purposes. The most important are: to produce monosex stocks to rear only the fastest-growing sex in some species, to prevent precocious or uncontrolled reproduction in other species and to aid in broodstock management. The application of sex ratio manipulation for population control and invasive species management is also included. Next, this book provides detailed and updated information on the underlying genetic, epigenetic, endocrine and environmental mechanisms responsible for the establishment of the sexes, and explains chromosome set manipulation techniques, hybridization and the latest gene knockout approaches. Furthermore, the book offers detailed protocols and key summarizing information on how sex control is practiced worldwide in 35 major aquaculture species or groups, including fish and crustaceans, and puts the focus on its application in the aquaculture industry. With contributions from an international panel of leading scientists, Sex Control in Aquaculture will appeal to a large audience: aquaculture/fisheries professionals and students, scientists or biologists working with basic aspects of fish/shrimp biology, growth and reproductive endocrinology, genetics, molecular biology, evolutionary biology, and R&D managers and administrators. This text explores sex control technologies and monosex production of commercially-farmed fish and crustacean species that are highly in demand for aquaculture, to improve feed utilization efficiency, reduce energy consumption for reproduction and eliminate a series of problems caused by mixed sex rearing. Thus, this book: Contains contributions from an international panel of leading scientists and professionals in the field Provides comprehensive coverage of both established and new technologies to control sex ratios that are becoming more necessary to increase productivity in aquaculture Includes detailed coverage of the most effective sex control techniques used in the world's most important commercially-farmed species Sex Control in Aquaculture is the comprehensive resource for understanding the biological rationale, scientific principles and real-world practices in this exciting and expanding field.

Genetic Dissection of Sex Differences in Human Brain and Behaviour

Author : G. C.-Y. Tan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (829 download)

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Book Synopsis Genetic Dissection of Sex Differences in Human Brain and Behaviour by : G. C.-Y. Tan

Download or read book Genetic Dissection of Sex Differences in Human Brain and Behaviour written by G. C.-Y. Tan and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of sex differences in the brain and behaviour is indisputable. It forms the basis for differences in risk across a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, as well as gender roles within society. The classical approach to investigating sex differences primarily involves comparisons between males and females. While informative for characterizing the wide array of sexually dimorphic traits, straight comparisons are insufficient to elucidate specific molecular contributions due to the multiplicity of confounding factors. Discrete genetic polymorphisms can be used to investigate variance in these traits due to sex-related molecular factors independent of confounds of sex. This thesis applies candidate genetics to understand the specific contributions of molecular components of the sex hormone pathways to sexual dimorphism in brain structure, personality and cognition. A cohort of 384 individuals were recruited to undergo MRI brain scans, cognitive and personality testing. They also provided blood samples for candidate genotyping in polymorphisms in genes for the androgen receptor, oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptor and aromatase enzyme that converts testosterone to oestrogen. Voxel-based morphometry was used to characterise regional differences in brain volume accounted for by these polymorphisms and the relationship to sex differences in brain volume. Diffusion tensor imaging was then used to determine variation in white matter integrity and structural connectivity due to these polymorphisms. Sex differences in personality and cognition are further investigated in terms of correlations with the polymorphisms and brain structure. Finally an endophenotype approach was used to investigate differential risk for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and depression between sexes through related brain and personality-based traits. The neural and molecular genetic mechanisms underlying this risk are inferred from correlations with brain-based measures and genotype. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach and the scientific implications of this work to gender research are discussed.

Environmental Epigenetics

Author : L. Joseph Su
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1447166787
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Epigenetics by : L. Joseph Su

Download or read book Environmental Epigenetics written by L. Joseph Su and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-18 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the toxicological and health implications of environmental epigenetics and provides knowledge through an interdisciplinary approach. Included in this volume are chapters outlining various environmental risk factors such as phthalates and dietary components, life states such as pregnancy and ageing, hormonal and metabolic considerations and specific disease risks such as cancer cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Brain Behavior

Author : Tuck Cheong Ngun
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (847 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Brain Behavior by : Tuck Cheong Ngun

Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Brain Behavior written by Tuck Cheong Ngun and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brains of males and females are different anatomically and chemically. There are also sex differences in neurological disease, cognition and behavior that are presumed to be downstream consequences. Two main factors have been implicated in sexual differentiation of the brain: gonadal hormones and direct genetic effects. Here, we explore the role of sex chromosomes in the brain and behavior and the molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of these factors. We investigated the contribution of sex chromosomes to sex differences in brain and behavior by studying a novel mouse model of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) termed the Sex Chromosome Trisomy (SCT) model. KS is characterized by the presence of an additional X chromosome in men. We investigated the extent of feminization in XXY male mice. We found that partner preference in XXY males is feminized and that these differences are likely due to interactions of the additional X chromosome with the Y. We also found that expression of a small but highly significant proportion of genes is feminized in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis/preoptic area (BNST/POA) of XXY males, which represent strong candidates for dissecting the molecular pathways responsible for KS-specific phenotypes. We also investigated whether DNA methylation could be one of the molecular mechanisms that mediate the long-lasting, irreversible effects of perinatal testosterone in the BNST/POA. Using a genome-wide approach, we found that methylation at 45 genes was affected three days after the exposure. This number ballooned to 740 in adult animals. There was also a shift to a more masculine pattern of DNA methylation during adulthood in females that had seen perinatal testosterone. These results strongly suggest that perinatal testosterone confers an initial imprint that is amplified over postnatal development. We also observed sex differences in methylation at numerous genes. The interplay between gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes is a complex one. Collectively, our results provide further support for the theory of direct genetic effects in brain sexual differentiation and suggest that DNA methylation may be one mechanism that mediates not only the effects of gonadal hormones but also direct genetic effects.

Neuroscience in the 21st Century

Author : Donald W. Pfaff
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781493934737
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroscience in the 21st Century by : Donald W. Pfaff

Download or read book Neuroscience in the 21st Century written by Donald W. Pfaff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Vertebrates

Author : Nicole Valenzuela
Publisher : Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Vertebrates by : Nicole Valenzuela

Download or read book Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Vertebrates written by Nicole Valenzuela and published by Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited by the world's foremost authorities on the subject, with essays by leading scholars in the field, this work shows how the sex of reptiles and many fish is determined not by the chromosomes they inherit but by the temperature at which incubation takes place.