The Franciscans In Colonial Mexico

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The Franciscans in Colonial Mexico

Author : Thomas Cohen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780806169255
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (692 download)

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Book Synopsis The Franciscans in Colonial Mexico by : Thomas Cohen

Download or read book The Franciscans in Colonial Mexico written by Thomas Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2021-07-22 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Generations of scholars have studied the multifaceted experiences of the Franciscans in Mexico and how the Franciscan order shaped New Spain and the early Mexican republic. Recent scholarship has given long-overdue attention to the evangelized natives. Most of these works focus on a specific region or period, or on a particular aspect of Franciscan ministries in New Spain. A comprehensive account of the Franciscans in Mexico over the long term has been missing, until now. This book analyzes the Franciscans' engagement with native peoples, creole populations, the viceregal authorities, and the Spanish empire as a whole in order to offer a broad picture of Catholic evangelization in North America while keeping the Franciscans at the center of the story. Published in 2021, during commemoration of the quincentenary of the Spanish--and thus the Franciscan--presence in Mexico, the book brings together the research of junior and senior scholars from Mexico, Spain, and the United States on the long-enduring and far-reaching Franciscan presence in Mexico.

Forgotten Franciscans

Author : Martin Austin Nesvig
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 0271048727
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Forgotten Franciscans by : Martin Austin Nesvig

Download or read book Forgotten Franciscans written by Martin Austin Nesvig and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Examines writings by three early modern Spanish Franciscans in Mexico. Alfonso de Castro, an inquisitional theorist, offers a defense of Indian education. Alonso Cabello, convicted of Erasmianism by the Mexican Inquisition, discusses Christ's humanity in a Nativity sermon. Diego Muñoz, an inquisitional deputy, investigates witchcraft in Celaya"--Provided by publisher.

Franciscan Spirituality and Mission in New Spain, 1524-1599

Author : Steven E. Turley
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317133277
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Franciscan Spirituality and Mission in New Spain, 1524-1599 by : Steven E. Turley

Download or read book Franciscan Spirituality and Mission in New Spain, 1524-1599 written by Steven E. Turley and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-15 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Franciscans in sixteenth-century New Spain were deeply ambivalent about their mission work. Fray Juan de Zumárraga, the first archbishop of Mexico, begged the king to find someone else to do his job so that he could go home. Fray Juan de Ribas, one of the original twelve 'apostles of Mexico' and a founding pillar of the church in New Spain, later fled with eleven other friars into the wilderness to escape the demands of building that church. Fray Jerónimo de Mendieta, having returned from an important preaching tour in New Spain, wrote to his superior that he did not want to enlist again, and that the only way he would return to the mission field was if God dragged him by the hair. This discontent was widespread, grew stronger with time, and carried important consequences for the friars' interactions with indigenous peoples, their Catholic co-laborers, and colonial society at large. This book examines that discontent and seeks to explain why the exhilaration of joining such a 'glorious' enterprise so often gave way to grinding discontent. The core argument is that, despite St. Francis's own longing to do mission work, his followers in New Spain found that effective evangelization in a frontier context was fundamentally incompatible with their core spirituality. Bringing together two streams of historiography that have rarely overlapped - spirituality and missions - this book marks a strong contribution to the history of spirituality in both Latin America and Europe, as well as to the growing fields of transatlantic and world history.

Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization

Author : Robert H. Jackson
Publisher : UNM Press
ISBN 13 : 9780826317537
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization by : Robert H. Jackson

Download or read book Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization written by Robert H. Jackson and published by UNM Press. This book was released on 1996-08 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A readable and succinct account of how Indians fared under their Spanish Franciscan colonizers.

Bonfires of Culture

Author : Patricia Lopes Don
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806185538
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Bonfires of Culture by : Patricia Lopes Don

Download or read book Bonfires of Culture written by Patricia Lopes Don and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2012-10-11 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In their efforts to convert indigenous peoples, Franciscan friars brought the Spanish Inquisition to early-sixteenth-century Mexico. Patricia Lopes Don now investigates these trials to offer an inside look at this brief but consequential episode of Spanish methods of colonization, providing a fresh interpretation of an early period that has remained too long understudied. Drawing on previously underutilized records of Inquisition proceedings, Don examines four of the most important trials of native leaders to uncover the Franciscans’ motivations for using the Inquisition and the indigenous response to it. She focuses on the consecutive impact of four trials—against nahualli Martín Ocelotl, an influential native priest; Andrés Mixcoatl, an advocate of open resistance to the Franciscans; Miguel Pochtecatl Tlaylotla, a guardian of native religious artifacts; and Don Carlos of Texcoco, a native chief burned at the stake for heresy. Don reveals the heart of Bishop Zumárraga’s methods of conducting the trials—including spectacular bonfires in which any native idols found in the possession of professed converts were destroyed. Don’s knowledge of the contemporary Spain that shaped the friars’ perspectives enables her to offer new understanding of the evolution of Franciscan attitudes toward evangelization. Bonfires of Culture reexamines important primary documents and offers a new perspective on a pivotal historical era.

To Sin No More

Author : David Rex Galindo
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 150360408X
Total Pages : 570 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis To Sin No More by : David Rex Galindo

Download or read book To Sin No More written by David Rex Galindo and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2018-02-27 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For 300 years, Franciscans were at the forefront of the spread of Catholicism in the New World. In the late seventeenth century, Franciscans developed a far-reaching, systematic missionary program in Spain and the Americas. After founding the first college of propaganda fide in the Mexican city of Querétaro, the Franciscan Order established six additional colleges in New Spain, ten in South America, and twelve in Spain. From these colleges Franciscans proselytized Indians in frontier territories as well as Catholics in rural and urban areas in eighteenth-century Spain and Spanish America. To Sin No More is the first book to study these colleges, their missionaries, and their multifaceted, sweeping missionary programs. By focusing on the recruitment of non-Catholics to Catholicism as well as the deepening of religious fervor among Catholics, David Rex Galindo shows how the Franciscan colleges expanded and shaped popular Catholicism in the eighteenth-century Spanish Atlantic world. This book explores the motivations driving Franciscan friars, their lives inside the colleges, their training, and their ministry among Catholics, an often-overlooked duty that paralleled missionary deployments. Rex Galindo argues that Franciscan missionaries aimed to reform or "reawaken" Catholic parishioners just as much as they sought to convert non-Christian Indians.

The Church in Colonial Latin America

Author : John F. Schwaller
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
ISBN 13 : 0742573427
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis The Church in Colonial Latin America by : John F. Schwaller

Download or read book The Church in Colonial Latin America written by John F. Schwaller and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2000-03-01 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Church in Colonial Latin America is a collection of essays that include classic articles and pieces based on more modern research. Containing essays that explore the Catholic Church's active social and political influence, this volume provides the background necessary for students to grasp the importance of the Catholic Church in Latin America. This text also presents a comprehensive, analytic, and descriptive history of the Church and its development during the colonial period. From the evangelization of the New World by Spanish missionaries to the active influence of the Catholic Church on Latin American culture, this book offers a complete picture of the Church in colonial Latin America. The Church in Colonial Latin America is ideal for courses in the colonial period in Latin American history, as well as courses in religion, church history, and missionary history.

The Pyramid under the Cross

Author : Viviana Díaz Balsera
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 0816550492
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

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Book Synopsis The Pyramid under the Cross by : Viviana Díaz Balsera

Download or read book The Pyramid under the Cross written by Viviana Díaz Balsera and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2022-08-23 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the driving force in early European expansionism, Spain was concerned not only with the political and economic subordination of the New World native but also with the need to possess his soul. In this book, Viviana Díaz Balsera tells the story of this zealous spiritual endeavor during its first one hundred years in Central Mexico and of how it transformed the European self and the indigenous other in ways sometimes unforeseen for both. The Pyramid under the Cross looks at the epic project of Christianization as well as the limits of the Spanish spiritual colonizers' power to accomplish it. The book focuses on activities of Franciscan missionaries who, as the first religious order to arrive, occupied the most important political and social centers in the Valley of Mexico and set the strategies of evangelization that others would follow. One such activity, the Nahua theater of evangelization, is represented as an exemplary case of the inevitable cultural negotiation involved in the missionary process. The author explores not only the imposition of a Eurocentric worldview upon the Nahua but also the hybridization of this view as the spiritual colonizer attempted to encompass a new non-Western constituency and the latter interpreted Christianity according to its own cultural paradigms. The book treats a wide range of texts—the Historia eclesiástica indiana, the Confessionario Mayor, the Coloquios de los Doce, and more—both by renowned Franciscan figures such as Gerónimo de Mendieta, Alonso de Molina, Bernardino de Sahagún, and by Nahua grammarians Antonio Valeriano de Azcapotzalco, Andrés Leonardo de Tlatelolco, and others. Díaz Balsera engages the cultural constraints of all the actors in the episodes she relates in order to show how the exchange between them resulted in the appropriation and/or alteration of the Spanish discourses of spiritual domination—sometimes even in their breakdown—and how it brought about the emergence of Nahua Christian subjects that would never fully leave behind their ancient ways of relating to the gods. The Pyramid under the Cross will be of interest to readers in the areas of Hispanic literatures, history, religion, anthropology, Latin American and cultural studies, and to those working in the field of colonial studies.

Pames, Jonaces, and Franciscans in the Sierra Gorda

Author : Robert H. Jackson
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443864889
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Pames, Jonaces, and Franciscans in the Sierra Gorda by : Robert H. Jackson

Download or read book Pames, Jonaces, and Franciscans in the Sierra Gorda written by Robert H. Jackson and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2017-01-06 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish faced a prolonged conflict in Mexico known as the Chichimeca War (1550–1600) beyond the porous cultural frontier between the sedentary indigenous populations of central Mexico and the bands of nomadic hunters and gatherers collectively known by the derogatory Náhuatl term “Chichimeca” or “Mecos”. Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian missionaries developed methods and an organizational scheme to evangelize the sedentary populations of central Mexico, but this did not work well beyond the Chichimeca frontier where missions often proved to be ephemeral. Moreover, the missionaries uncovered evidence of the persistence of pre-Hispanic religious beliefs as they also did in central Mexico. In many cases, the missionaries focused their attention on the colonies of sedentary indigenous peoples established beyond the frontier. This study outlines efforts over more than 200 years to evangelize the Pames and Jonaces in a huge territory known as the Sierra Gorda that covered parts of the modern states of Querétaro, Hidalgo, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi, and involved Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian, and Jesuit missionaries. It documents the last missionary impulse spurred by the project of José de Escandón and a new group of Franciscan missionaries to get the Pames and Jonaces to adopt a sedentary lifestyle after two centuries of failed efforts.

Brides of Christ

Author : Asunción Lavrin
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804752834
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Brides of Christ by : Asunción Lavrin

Download or read book Brides of Christ written by Asunción Lavrin and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2008-05-13 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brides of Christ is a study of professed nuns and life in the convents of colonial Mexico.

The Franciscan Invention of the New World

Author : Julia McClure
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319430238
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis The Franciscan Invention of the New World by : Julia McClure

Download or read book The Franciscan Invention of the New World written by Julia McClure and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-30 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the story of the ‘discovery of America’ through the prism of the history of the Franciscans, a socio-religious movement with a unique doctrine of voluntary poverty. The Franciscans rapidly developed global dimensions, but their often paradoxical relationships with poverty and power offer an alternate account of global history. Through this lens, Julia McClure offers a deeper history of colonialism, not only by extending its chronology, but also by exploring the powerful role of ambivalence in the emergence of colonial regimes. Other topics discussed include the legal history of property, the complexity and politics of global knowledge networks, the early (and neglected) history of the Near Atlantic, and the transatlantic inquisition, mysticism, apocalypticism, and religious imaginations of place.

Aztecs on Stage

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806185317
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Aztecs on Stage by :

Download or read book Aztecs on Stage written by and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2012-09-13 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nahuatl drama, one of the most surprising results of the Catholic presence in colonial Mexico, merges medieval European religious theater with the language and performance traditions of the Aztec (Nahua) people of central Mexico. Franciscan missionaries, seeking effective tools for evangelization, fostered this new form of theater after observing the Nahuas’ enthusiasm for elaborate performances. The plays became a controversial component of native Christianity, allowing Nahua performers to present Christian discourse in ways that sometimes effected subtle changes in meaning. The Indians’ enthusiastic embrace of alphabetic writing enabled the use of scripts, but the genre was so unorthodox that Spanish censors prevented the plays’ publication. As a result, colonial Nahuatl drama survives only in scattered manuscripts, most of them anonymous, some of them passed down and recopied over generations. Aztecs on Stage presents accessible English translations of six of these seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Nahuatl plays. All are based on European dramatic traditions, such as the morality and passion plays; indigenous actors played the roles of saints, angels, devils—and even the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ. Louise M. Burkhart’s engaging introduction places the plays in historical context, while stage directions and annotations in the works provide insight into the Nahuas’ production practices, which often incorporated elaborate sets, props, and special effects including fireworks and music. The translations facilitate classroom readings and performances while retaining significant artistic features of the Nahuatl originals.

The Stations of the Cross in Colonial Mexico

Author : John F. Schwaller
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780806176536
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (765 download)

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Book Synopsis The Stations of the Cross in Colonial Mexico by : John F. Schwaller

Download or read book The Stations of the Cross in Colonial Mexico written by John F. Schwaller and published by . This book was released on 2022-03-17 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Walking the Stations of the Cross, the Christian faithful re-create the Passion, following the sorrowful path of Jesus Christ from condemnation to crucifixion. While this devotion, now so popular in the Catholic Church and many Protestant denominations, first emerged in Jerusalem and began spreading through Western Europe in the fourteenth century, it did not assume its current form, and earn the Church's formal recognition, until almost three centuries later. It was at this time, in the last decades of the seventeenth century, that a Franciscan friar in colonial Mexico translated a devotional guide to the Stations of the Cross into the native Nahuatl. This little handbook, Fray Agustin de Vetancurt's Via crucis en mexicano, proved immensely popular, going through two editions, but survives today only in a copy made by a native scribe from Central Mexico. Reproduced here in Nahuatl and English, Vetancurt's handbook offers unique insight into the history, the practice, and the meaning of the Stations of the Cross in the New World and the Old. With the Via crucis en mexicano as a starting point, John F. Schwaller explores the history of the development and spread of the Stations of the Cross, placing the devotion in the context of the Catholic Reformation and the Baroque, the two trends that exalted this type of religious expression. He describes how the devotion, exported to New Spain in the sixteenth century, was embraced by Spanish and natives alike. For the native Americans, Schwaller suggests, the Via crucis resonated because of its performative aspects, reminiscent of rituals and observances from before the arrival of the Spanish. And for missionaries, the devotion offered a means of deepening the faith of the newly converted. In Schwaller's deft analysis--which extends from the origins of the devotion, to the processions and public rituals of the Mexica (Aztecs), to the text and illustrations of the Vetancurt manuscript--the Via crucis en mexicano opens a window on the practice and significance of the Stations of the Cross--and of private devotions generally--in Mexico, Hispanic America, and around the world.

Quill and Cross in the Borderlands

Author : Anna M. Nogar
Publisher : University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN 13 : 0268102163
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (681 download)

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Book Synopsis Quill and Cross in the Borderlands by : Anna M. Nogar

Download or read book Quill and Cross in the Borderlands written by Anna M. Nogar and published by University of Notre Dame Pess. This book was released on 2018-06-25 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quill and Cross in the Borderlands examines nearly four hundred years of history, folklore, literature, and art concerning the seventeenth-century Spanish nun and writer Sor María de Jesús de Ágreda, identified as the legendary “Lady in Blue” who miraculously appeared to tribes in colonial-era New Mexico and taught them the rudiments of the Catholic faith. Sor María, an author of mystical Marian works, became renowned not only for her alleged spiritual travel from her cloister in Spain to the New World, but also for her writing, studied and implemented by Franciscans on both sides of the ocean. Working from original historical accounts, archival research, and a wealth of literature on the legend and the historical figure alike, Anna M. Nogar meticulously examines how and why the legend and the person became intertwined in Catholic consciousness and social praxis. In addition to the influence of the narrative of the Lady in Blue in colonial Mexico, Nogar addresses Sor María’s importance as an author of spiritual texts that influenced many spheres of New Spanish and Spanish society. Quill and Cross in the Borderlands focuses on the reading and interpretation of her works, especially in New Spain, where they were widely printed and disseminated. Over time, in the developing folklore of the Indo-Hispano populations of the present-day U.S. Southwest and the borderlands, the historical Sor María and her writings virtually disappeared from view, and the Lady in Blue became a prominent folk figure, appearing in folk stories and popular histories. These folk accounts drew the Lady in Blue into the present day, where she appears in artwork, literature, theater, and public ritual. Nogar’s examination of these contemporary renderings leads to a reconsideration of the ambiguities that lie at the heart of the narrative. Quill and Cross in the Borderlands documents the material legacy of a legend that has survived and thrived for hundreds of years, and at the same time rediscovers the historical basis of a hidden writer. This book will interest scholars and researchers of colonial Latin American literature, early modern women writers, folklore and ethnopoetics, and Mexican American cultural studies.

Indigenous Elites and Creole Identity in Colonial Mexico, 1500–1800

Author : Peter B. Villella
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316679446
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis Indigenous Elites and Creole Identity in Colonial Mexico, 1500–1800 by : Peter B. Villella

Download or read book Indigenous Elites and Creole Identity in Colonial Mexico, 1500–1800 written by Peter B. Villella and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-01-25 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Mexico derives many of its richest symbols of national heritage and identity from the Aztec legacy, even as it remains a predominantly Spanish-speaking, Christian society. This volume argues that the composite, neo-Aztec flavor of Mexican identity was, in part, a consequence of active efforts by indigenous elites after the Spanish conquest to grandfather ancestral rights into the colonial era. By emphasizing the antiquity of their claims before Spanish officials, native leaders extended the historical awareness of the colonial regime into the pre-Hispanic past, and therefore also the themes, emotional contours, and beginning points of what we today understand as 'Mexican history'. This emphasis on ancient roots, moreover, resonated with the patriotic longings of many creoles, descendants of Spaniards born in Mexico. Alienated by Spanish scorn, creoles associated with indigenous elites and studied their histories, thereby reinventing themselves as Mexico's new 'native' leadership and the heirs to its prestigious antiquity.

Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis

Author : Steven W. Hackel
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 0807839019
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis by : Steven W. Hackel

Download or read book Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis written by Steven W. Hackel and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2017-01-15 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recovering lost voices and exploring issues intimate and institutional, this sweeping examination of Spanish California illuminates Indian struggles against a confining colonial order and amidst harrowing depopulation. To capture the enormous challenges Indians confronted, Steven W. Hackel integrates textual and quantitative sources and weaves together analyses of disease and depopulation, marriage and sexuality, crime and punishment, and religious, economic, and political change. As colonization reduced their numbers and remade California, Indians congregated in missions, where they forged communities under Franciscan oversight. Yet missions proved disastrously unhealthful and coercive, as Franciscans sought control over Indians' beliefs and instituted unfamiliar systems of labor and punishment. Even so, remnants of Indian groups still survived when Mexican officials ended Franciscan rule in the 1830s. Many regained land and found strength in ancestral cultures that predated the Spaniards' arrival. At this study's heart are the dynamic interactions in and around Mission San Carlos Borromeo between Monterey region Indians (the Children of Coyote) and Spanish missionaries, soldiers, and settlers. Hackel places these local developments in the context of the California mission system and draws comparisons between California and other areas of the Spanish Borderlands and colonial America. Concentrating on the experiences of the Costanoan and Esselen peoples during the colonial period, Children of Coyote concludes with an epilogue that carries the story of their survival to the present day.

Commitment Beyond Rules

Author : Arelis Rivero Cabrera
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780883820544
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (25 download)

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Book Synopsis Commitment Beyond Rules by : Arelis Rivero Cabrera

Download or read book Commitment Beyond Rules written by Arelis Rivero Cabrera and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Franciscans--also known as the order of Saint Francis--were the first friars to establish themselves in Cuban territory, subsequently creating the most extensive network of convents on the island. As members of the largest order in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, these friars were part of an attempt to bring faith to the native peoples of the New World. Author Arelis Cabrera uses primary sources to assess the role played by the Franciscans in Cuba's colonial past. Cabrera explores the expansion of the Seraphic order, which led to the presence of friars in every major town in Cuba, and how the socioeconomic health of the town impacted the establishment of its religious buildings. The evolution of the Seraphic order over three hundred years--from the joining of friars on Christopher Columbus' second voyage to the Americas up until Spain's Trienio Liberal government rule in the 1800s--is examined, showing the rise and decline of Franciscans in Cuba. The legacy these friars left on Cuba cannot be understated, as they helped in shaping the island's history and religion in the forms of pastoral care, funeral services, education and healthcare and more. Commitment Beyond Rules is the fascinating story of one religion's impact on part of the New World.