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Author : Michael Argyle
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 14 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (142 download)
Download or read book The Explanation of the Formation of Social Norms in Small Groups written by Michael Argyle and published by . This book was released on 1953 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Michael Hechter
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610442806
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Social Norms written by Michael Hechter and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2001-03-15 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social norms are rules that prescribe what people should and should not do given their social surroundings and circumstances. Norms instruct people to keep their promises, to drive on the right, or to abide by the golden rule. They are useful explanatory tools, employed to analyze phenomena as grand as international diplomacy and as mundane as the rules of the road. But our knowledge of norms is scattered across disciplines and research traditions, with no clear consensus on how the term should be used. Research on norms has focused on the content and the consequences of norms, without paying enough attention to their causes. Social Norms reaches across the disciplines of sociology, economics, game theory, and legal studies to provide a well-integrated theoretical and empirical account of how norms emerge, change, persist, or die out. Social Norms opens with a critical review of the many outstanding issues in the research on norms: When are norms simply devices to ease cooperation, and when do they carry intrinsic moral weight? Do norms evolve gradually over time or spring up spontaneously as circumstances change? The volume then turns to case studies on the birth and death of norms in a variety of contexts, from protest movements, to marriage, to mushroom collecting. The authors detail the concrete social processes, such as repeated interactions, social learning, threats and sanctions, that produce, sustain, and enforce norms. One case study explains how it can become normative for citizens to participate in political protests in times of social upheaval. Another case study examines how the norm of objectivity in American journalism emerged: Did it arise by consensus as the professional creed of the press corps, or was it imposed upon journalists by their employers? A third case study examines the emergence of the norm of national self-determination: has it diffused as an element of global culture, or was it imposed by the actions of powerful states? The book concludes with an examination of what we know of norm emergence, highlighting areas of agreement and points of contradiction between the disciplines. Norms may be useful in explaining other phenomena in society, but until we have a coherent theory of their origins we have not truly explained norms themselves. Social Norms moves us closer to a true understanding of this ubiquitous feature of social life.
Author : Jean Ensminger
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610448405
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Experimenting with Social Norms written by Jean Ensminger and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2014-10-22 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Questions about the origins of human cooperation have long puzzled and divided scientists. Social norms that foster fair-minded behavior, altruism and collective action undergird the foundations of large-scale human societies, but we know little about how these norms develop or spread, or why the intensity and breadth of human cooperation varies among different populations. What is the connection between social norms that encourage fair dealing and economic growth? How are these social norms related to the emergence of centralized institutions? Informed by a pioneering set of cross-cultural data, Experimenting with Social Norms advances our understanding of the evolution of human cooperation and the expansion of complex societies. Editors Jean Ensminger and Joseph Henrich present evidence from an exciting collaboration between anthropologists and economists. Using experimental economics games, researchers examined levels of fairness, cooperation, and norms for punishing those who violate expectations of equality across a diverse swath of societies, from hunter-gatherers in Tanzania to a small town in rural Missouri. These experiments tested individuals’ willingness to conduct mutually beneficial transactions with strangers that reap rewards only at the expense of taking a risk on the cooperation of others. The results show a robust relationship between exposure to market economies and social norms that benefit the group over narrow economic self-interest. Levels of fairness and generosity are generally higher among individuals in communities with more integrated markets. Religion also plays a powerful role. Individuals practicing either Islam or Christianity exhibited a stronger sense of fairness, possibly because religions with high moralizing deities, equipped with ample powers to reward and punish, encourage greater prosociality. The size of the settlement also had an impact. People in larger communities were more willing to punish unfairness compared to those in smaller societies. Taken together, the volume supports the hypothesis that social norms evolved over thousands of years to allow strangers in more complex and large settlements to coexist, trade and prosper. Innovative and ambitious, Experimenting with Social Norms synthesizes an unprecedented analysis of social behavior from an immense range of human societies. The fifteen case studies analyzed in this volume, which include field experiments in Africa, South America, New Guinea, Siberia and the United States, are available for free download on the Foundation’s website:www.russellsage.org.
Author : Ayfer Dost-Gozkan
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351502867
Total Pages : 579 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)
Download or read book Norms, Groups, Conflict, and Social Change written by Ayfer Dost-Gozkan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about the life and work of a Turkish-American social scientist, Muzafer Sherif (1905?1988). He was known for his seminal work on norm and group formations, social judgment, and intergroup conflicts and cooperation. Although Sherif is identified as one of the founders of social psychology, his contribution to the science of psychology goes beyond the limits of social psychology as it is generally defined today.This volume aims to rediscover the theory and research of its subject in the socio-historical context of his time, as well as his relevance for contemporary psychology. Chapters cover a range of topics: an in-depth portrayal of Sherif's life and intellectual struggle in Turkey and in the United States; his metatheoretical considerations on the science of psychology; his theory and research on group and intergroup relationships, social norms and social change; formation and change of frames of reference, ego-involvements and identity; and psychology of slogans.Sherif had profound life experiences in different cultural contexts from the Ottoman Empire and World War I to American universities, which enabled him to see the essentiality of the historico-cultural context in the formation of human phenomena. Sherif's psychology is an elegant exemplar of an integrative science of psychology that is worth rediscovering.
Author : John M. Levine
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135471401
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (354 download)
Download or read book Small Groups written by John M. Levine and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2008-02-19 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on small groups is highly diverse because investigators who study such groups vary in their disciplinary identifications, theoretical interests, and methodological preferences. The goal of this volume is to capture that diversity, and thereby convey the breadth and excitement of small group research by acquainting students with work on five fundamental aspects of groups. The volume also includes an introductory chapter by the editors which provides an overview of the history of and current state-of-the-art in the field. Together with introductions to each section, discussion questions and suggestions for further reading, make the volume ideal reading for senior undergraduate and graduate students interested in group dynamics.
Author : Owen Hargie
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134588178
Total Pages : 566 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (345 download)
Download or read book Skilled Interpersonal Communication written by Owen Hargie and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-06-01 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous editions ('Social Skills in Interpersonal Communication') have established this work as the standard textbook on communication. Directly relevant to a multiplicity of research areas and professions, this thoroughly revised and updated edition has been expanded to include the latest research as well as a new chapter on negotiating. Key examples and summaries have been augmented to help contextualise the theory of skilled interpersonal communication in terms of its practical applications. Combining both clarity and a deep understanding of the subject matter, the authors have succeeded in creating a new edition which will be essential to anyone studying or working in the field of interpersonal communication.
Author : Ian McCulloh
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118644689
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)
Download or read book Social Network Analysis with Applications written by Ian McCulloh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-07-01 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive introduction to social network analysis that hones in on basic centrality measures, social links, subgroup analysis, data sources, and more Written by military, industry, and business professionals, this book introduces readers to social network analysis, the new and emerging topic that has recently become of significant use for industry, management, law enforcement, and military practitioners for identifying both vulnerabilities and opportunities in collaborative networked organizations. Focusing on models and methods for the analysis of organizational risk, Social Network Analysis with Applications provides easily accessible, yet comprehensive coverage of network basics, centrality measures, social link theory, subgroup analysis, relational algebra, data sources, and more. Examples of mathematical calculations and formulas for social network measures are also included. Along with practice problems and exercises, this easily accessible book covers: The basic concepts of networks, nodes, links, adjacency matrices, and graphs Mathematical calculations and exercises for centrality, the basic measures of degree, betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector centralities Graph-level measures, with a special focus on both the visual and numerical analysis of networks Matrix algebra, outlining basic concepts such as matrix addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transpose and inverse calculations in linear algebra that are useful for developing networks from relational data Meta-networks and relational algebra, social links, diffusion through networks, subgroup analysis, and more An excellent resource for practitioners in industry, management, law enforcement, and military intelligence who wish to learn and apply social network analysis to their respective fields, Social Network Analysis with Applications is also an ideal text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate level courses and workshops on the subject.
Author : Holly Arrow
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1452221871
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (522 download)
Download or read book Small Groups as Complex Systems written by Holly Arrow and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2000-03-21 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What are groups? How do they behave? Arrow, McGrath, and Berdahl answer these questions by developing a general theory of small groups as complex systems. Basing their theory on concepts distilled from general systems theory, dynamical systems theory, and complexity and chaos theory, they explore groups as adaptive, dynamic systems that are driven by interactions among group members as well as between the group and its embedding contexts. In addition, they consider not only the group's members and their distribution of attributes, but also the group's tasks and technology in order to understand how those members, tasks, and tools are intertwined, coordinated, and adjusted. Throughout the book, the authors focus our attention on relationships among people, tools, and tasks that are activated by a combination of individual and collective purposes and goals that change and evolve as the group interacts over time.
Author : Michael A. Hogg
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 047099844X
Total Pages : 712 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)
Download or read book Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology written by Michael A. Hogg and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides an authoritative, up-to-date overview of the social psychology of group processes. The topics covered include group decisions, juries, group remembering, roles, status, leadership, social identity and group membership, socialization, group performance, negotiation and bargaining, emotion and mood, computer-mediated communication, organizations and mental health. Provides an authoritative, up-to-date overview of the social psychology of group processes. Written by leading researchers from around the world to provide a classic and current overview of research as well as providing a description of future trends within the area. Includes coverage of group decisions, juries, group remembering, roles, status, leadership, social identity and group membership, socialization, group performance, negotiation and bargaining, emotion and mood, computer-mediated communication, organizations and mental health. Essential reading for any serious scholar of group behavior. Now available in full text online via xreferplus, the award-winning reference library on the web from xrefer. For more information, visit www.xreferplus.com
Author : Nicole Dubois
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134517696
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (345 download)
Download or read book A Sociocognitive Approach to Social Norms written by Nicole Dubois and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-01-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Original theory based upon numerous laboratory studies and wide-ranging case studies This research has had great impact in French speaking countries but there is a definite absence of information on this area in English Conceptual and methodological approach
Author : Uwe Bußmann
Publisher : diplom.de
ISBN 13 : 3842819382
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (428 download)
Download or read book Group Dynamics written by Uwe Bußmann and published by diplom.de. This book was released on 2011-08-08 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: A group consists of some people who interact during a certain time. The number of group members is that small that there is the possibility for every member to interact with every other group member face to face. If people meet by accident who are not close friends, it will be not a group. If you want to learn more about the formation of groups you will find two leading models which display the phases of group formation. On the one hand there is the Bernstein and Lowy model on the other hand Bruce Tuckman also designed a phase model which shows the formation of groups. Roles in groups can be positive and negative. They are supporting the group as collectivity and are not only the result of individual need, abilities and characteristics. There are different ways for the classification of groups. Groups can be classified in general according to following characteristics: size, topic / task of the group. Also a way for classifying groups is the classification according the Riemann-Thomann-Cross. The next chapters this assignment shows a rough overview of the various possibilities for the classification of groups. As there are many influencing facts for the effectiveness of groups and very contradictory interests, the advantages for one group of interest are the disadvantages for the other group of interest. The economical group of interest measures the effectiveness of a group by its productivity, flexibility and quality. The individual in a group identifies effectiveness in the group by reasonable tasks, feeling of togetherness in the group and diverse interpersonal relationships. At workplaces, with friends together or even with complete strangers informal groups emerge nearly everywhere in real life. The aims of informal groups are usually but not always different from those of formal groups. The development within the group is apart from small differences not much different from formal groups. The process of forming, storming, norming, performing and eventually adjourning, as Professor Tuckman has described, is nearly the same. One crucial point is that informal groups are NOT part of a formal organisation and members in most of these cases are free to leave whenever they want. Therefore it is unusual to undergo e. g. a destructive storming. Before it comes to such a storming, often one or more members will leave the group in advance. Leadership is especially in informal groups a difficult topic. But [...]
Author : Arie W. Kruglanski
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1848728689
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (487 download)
Download or read book Handbook of the History of Social Psychology written by Arie W. Kruglanski and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is the first ever handbook to comprehensively cover the historical development of the field of social psychology, including the main overarching approaches and all the major individual topics. Contributors are all world renowned scientists in their subfields who engagingly describe the people, dynamics, and events that have shaped the discipline"--Provided by publisher.
Author : Vincent Yzerbyt
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135433119
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (354 download)
Download or read book The Psychology of Group Perception written by Vincent Yzerbyt and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2004-08-02 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This groundbreaking work by leading social psychologists, who have all contributed in important ways to the psychology of group perception, focuses in particular on three interrelated issues: (1) whether groups are seen to be diverse or relatively homogeneous; (2) whether groups are seen as real and stable or only transitory and ephemeral; and (3) whether group membership derives from some essential quality of the members or rather is based on social constructions.
Author : Stephen G. Harkins
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199859876
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Social Influence written by Stephen G. Harkins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Social Influence restores this important field to its once preeminent position within social psychology. Editors Harkins, Williams, and Burger lead a team of leading scholars as they explore a variety of topics within social influence, seamlessly incorporating a range of analyses (including intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intragroup), and examine critical theories and the role of social influence in applied settings today.
Author : Francis J. Flynn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (59 download)
Download or read book "What's the Norm Here?" written by Francis J. Flynn and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social categorization processes may lead work groups to form different types of group norms. We present a model of norm formation and suggest that group norms may emerge immediately following the group's inception. Further, the content of such norms may be influenced by group members' demographic heterogeneity. We outline a profile of work group norms and describe how social categorization processes influence the norm formation process. We also develop a series of testable propositions related to these norms. Finally, we discuss the implications of our social categorization model for future research on work groups in organizations.
Author : John K. Brilhart
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Effective Group Discussion written by John K. Brilhart and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Marvin E. Shaw
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Companies
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Group Dynamics written by Marvin E. Shaw and published by McGraw-Hill Companies. This book was released on 1981 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The text is written for readers with a command of basic principles of social psychology but have relatively little background in the study of group behavior. The author suggests that groups are formed for a broad variety of purposes and that our effectiveness in working with groups can be increased by understanding some of the many variables that affect group processes. The author introduces findings from a number of empirical studies to make inferences about group behavior. After introducing the reader to the study of small groups the author addresses several key topical areas in a chapter by chapter approach: (1) individuals and groups, (2) group formation and development, (3) physical environment of groups, (4) personal characteristics of group members, (5) group composition, (6) group structure, (7) leadership, (8) group tasks and group goals, (9) groups in action, and (10) issues and problems.
