The Expansion of Orthodox Europe

Download The Expansion of Orthodox Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351890050
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Expansion of Orthodox Europe by : Jonathan Shepard

Download or read book The Expansion of Orthodox Europe written by Jonathan Shepard and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume aims to clarify the context for the expansion of Western Europe by focusing on what had been the greatest power in early medieval Europe, the Byzantine empire, and on the continuing strengths and expansion of the Orthodox world. Byzantine 'orthodoxy' offered a format for faith, hope and fear in various combinations, involving religious beliefs and an idealised world-order. Its multifaceted nature helps explain Byzantium's success - the resilience of the earthly empire and the appeal of its religious organisation and rites to other societies. The volume reprints a set of key studies, combining classic treatments of Byzantine and Slavic history with far-reaching explorations of the extent of those worlds. Part I focuses on the empire in its heyday: some studies illustrate the sense of manifest destiny bolstering the imperial order until - and even beyond - Constantinople's fall to the fourth crusaders in 1204. The spread of the Byzantines' cult enlarged their trading zone northwards across Rus, while Byzantine-based merchants were more active than is generally realised in the Eastern Mediterranean. Part II includes an overview of the 'fragmentation' following 1204. Studies show how Byzantine rites and ideals of rulership were adopted by Serb and Bulgarian dynasts. Particular attention is paid to Rus: although subjugated by the Mongols, Rus churchmen, monks and leading princes all drew on Byzantine religious texts and imagery. From the later fifteenth century Moscow's rulers began to be portrayed as new guardians of religious correctness, even as the World's End supposedly drew nigh. The Introduction contextualises the studies included here, highlighting the significance (and not just in terms of rivalry) of the Byzantine Orthodox world for developments in Western Europe.

The Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century

Download The Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften
ISBN 13 : 9783034307093
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century by : Christine Chaillot

Download or read book The Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century written by Christine Chaillot and published by Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is common knowledge that the majority of the population of Eastern Europe belong to the Christian Orthodox tradition. But how many people have an adequate knowledge of the past or even of the present of these Orthodox churches? This book aims to present an introduction to this history written for a general audience, both Christian and non-Christian. After the 1917 revolution in Russia, communism spread to most of the countries of Eastern Europe. By 1953, at the time of Stalin's death, the division between Eastern and Western Europe seemed absolute. However, the advent of perestroika at the end of the 1980s brought about political changes that have enabled the Orthodox Church to develop once again in Eastern Europe. The foundation of the European Union in 1993 has had a broader significance for Orthodox communities, who can now participate in the future development of Europe. Some Orthodox Churches already have their representatives at the European Union in Brussels. These include the patriarchates of Constantinople, Russia and Romania, along with the Church of Greece and the Church of Cyprus. Today, Europe is becoming increasingly religiously diverse, even within Christianity itself. A growing number of Orthodox Christians have come to work and settle in Western Europe. An understanding of the history of the Orthodox communities in Eastern Europe in the twentieth century will contribute, in a spirit of informed dialogue, to the shaping of a new united Europe that is still in the process of expansion. This book is translated from the French version (published 2009).

The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe

Download The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351884832
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe by : Alan V. Murray

Download or read book The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe written by Alan V. Murray and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By the mid-twelfth century the lands on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, from Finland to the frontiers of Poland, were Catholic Europe’s final frontier: a vast, undeveloped expanse of lowlands, forest and waters, inhabited by peoples belonging to the Finnic and Baltic language groups. In the course of the following three centuries, Finland, Estonia, Livonia and Prussia were incorporated into the Latin world through processes of conquest, Christianisation and settlement, and brought under the rule of Western monarchies and ecclesiastical institutions. Lithuania was left as the last pagan polity in Europe, yet able to accept Christianity on its own terms in 1386. The Western conquest of the Baltic lands advanced the frontier of Latin Christendom to that of the Russian Orthodox world, and had profound and long lasting effects on the institutions, society and culture of the region lasting into modern times. This volume presents 21 key studies (2 of them translated from German for the first time) on this crucial period in the development of North-Eastern Europe, dealing with crusade and conversion, the establishment of Western rule, settlement and society, and the development of towns, trade and the economy. It includes a classified bibliography of the main works published in Western languages since World War II together with an introduction by the editor.

The American YMCA and Russian Culture

Download The American YMCA and Russian Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739177575
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The American YMCA and Russian Culture by : Matthew Lee Miller

Download or read book The American YMCA and Russian Culture written by Matthew Lee Miller and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2012-12-14 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The American YMCA and Russian Culture, Matthew Lee Miller explores the impact of the philanthropic activities of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) on Russians during the late imperial and early Soviet periods. The YMCA, the largest American service organization, initiated its intense engagement with Russians in 1900. During the First World War, the Association organized assistance for prisoners of war, and after the emigration of many Russians to central and western Europe, founded the YMCA Press and supported the St. Sergius Theological Academy in Paris. Miller demonstrates that the YMCA contributed to the preservation, expansion, and enrichment of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. It therefore played a major role in preserving an important part of pre-revolutionary Russian culture in Western Europe during the Soviet period until the repatriation of this culture following the collapse of the USSR. The research is based on the YMCA’s archival records, Moscow and Paris archives, and memoirs of both Russian and American participants. This is the first comprehensive discussion of an extraordinary period of interaction between American and Russian cultures. It also presents a rare example of fruitful interconfessional cooperation by Protestant and Orthodox Christians.

Medieval Ethnographies

Download Medieval Ethnographies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351918613
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medieval Ethnographies by : Joan-Pau Rubies

Download or read book Medieval Ethnographies written by Joan-Pau Rubies and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the twelfth century, a growing sense of cultural confidence in the Latin West (at the same time that the central lands of Islam suffered from numerous waves of conquest and devastation) was accompanied by the increasing importance of the genre of empirical ethnographies. From a a global perspective what is most distinctive of Europe is the genre's long-term impact rather than its mere empirical potential, or its ethnocentrism (all of which can also be found in China and in Islamic cultures). Hence what needs emphasizing is the multiplication of original writings over time, their increased circulation, and their authoritative status as a 'scientific' discourse. The empirical bent was more characteristic of travel accounts than of theological disputations - in fact, the less elaborate the theological discourse, the stronger the ethnographic impulse (although many travel writers were clerics). This anthology of classic articles in the history of medieval ethnographies illustrates this theme with reference to the contexts and genres of travel writing, the transformation of enduring myths (ranging from oriental marvels to the virtuous ascetics of India or Prester John), the practical expression of particular encounters from the Mongols to the Atlantic, and the various attempts to explain cultural differences, either through the concept of barbarism, or through geography and climate.

The Albanian Orthodox Church

Download The Albanian Orthodox Church PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429755473
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Albanian Orthodox Church by : Ardit Bido

Download or read book The Albanian Orthodox Church written by Ardit Bido and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-26 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Religion in Albania has had a complicated history, with Orthodoxy, Bektashi and Sunni Islam, Catholicism coexisting throughout much of the history of this Balkan nation. This book traces the rise of the Albanian Orthodox Church from the beginnings of Albanian nationalist movements in the late nineteenth century until the end of the Second World War and the Communist takeover. It examines the struggles of the Albanian state and Church to establish the Church’s independence from foreign influence amid a complex geopolitical interplay between Albania, neighbouring Greece and its powerful Ecumenical Patriarchate; the Italian and Yugoslav interference, and the shifting international political circumstances. The book argues that Greece’s involvement in the Albanian "ecclesiastical issue" was primarily motivated by political and territorial aspirations, as Athens sought to undermine the newly established Albanian state by controlling its Orthodox Church through pro-Greek bishops appointed by the Patriarchate. With its independence finally recognized in 1937, the Albanian Orthodox Church soon faced new challenges with the Italian, and later German, occupation of the country during the Second World War: the Church’s expansion into Kosovo, the Italian effort to place the Church under papal authority, and, the ultimate threat, the imminent victory of Communist forces.

The Eastern Orthodox Church

Download The Eastern Orthodox Church PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 030025217X
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Eastern Orthodox Church by : John Anthony McGuckin

Download or read book The Eastern Orthodox Church written by John Anthony McGuckin and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-17 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An insider’s account of the Eastern Orthodox Church, from its beginning in the era of Jesus and the Apostles to the modern age In this short, accessible account of the Eastern Orthodox Church, John McGuckin begins by tackling the question “What is the Church?” His answer is a clear, historically and theologically rooted portrait of what the Church is for Orthodox Christianity and how it differs from Western Christians’ expectations. McGuckin explores the lived faith of generations, including sketches of some of the most important theological themes and individual personalities of the ancient and modern Church. He interweaves a personal approach throughout, offering to readers the experience of what it is like to enter an Orthodox church and witness its liturgy. In this astute and insightful book, he grapples with the reasons why many Western historians and societies have overlooked Orthodox Christianity and provides an important introduction to the Orthodox Church and the Eastern Christian World.

Reimagining Europe

Download Reimagining Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674065468
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reimagining Europe by : Christian Raffensperger

Download or read book Reimagining Europe written by Christian Raffensperger and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-12 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Main description: An overriding assumption has long directed scholarship in both European and Slavic history: that Kievan Rus' in the tenth through twelfth centuries was part of a Byzantine commonwealth separate from Europe. Christian Raffensperger refutes this conception and offers a new frame for two hundred years of history, one in which Rus' is understood as part of medieval Europe and East is not so neatly divided from West. With the aid of Latin sources, the author brings to light the considerable political, religious, marital, and economic ties among European kingdoms, including Rus', restoring a historical record rendered blank by Rusianmonastic chroniclers as well as modern scholars ideologically motivated to build barriers between East and West. Further, Raffensperger revises the concept of a Byzantine Commonwealth that stood in opposition to Europe-and under which Rus' was subsumed-toward that of a Byzantine Ideal esteemed and emulated by all the states of Europe. In this new context, appropriation of Byzantine customs, law, coinage, art, and architecture in both Rus' and Europe can be understood as an attempt to gain legitimacy and prestige by association with the surviving remnant of the Roman Empire. Reimagining Europe initiates an expansion of history that is sure to challenge ideas of Russian exceptionalism and influence the course of European medieval studies.

Orthodox Christianity

Download Orthodox Christianity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0190883278
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Orthodox Christianity by : Anthony Edward Siecienski

Download or read book Orthodox Christianity written by Anthony Edward Siecienski and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Orthodox Christianity: A Very Short Introduction explores the history, beliefs, and practices of the Orthodox Church. Although it is Christianity's second largest denomination, Orthodoxy remains shrouded in mystery and misinformation. This Very Short Introduction lifts that shroud to show Orthodoxy for what it is--a living, breathing way of being Christian embraced by some 300 million believers worldwide.

Innovation in the Orthodox Christian Tradition?

Download Innovation in the Orthodox Christian Tradition? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1409484092
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Innovation in the Orthodox Christian Tradition? by : Asst Prof Trine Stauning Willert

Download or read book Innovation in the Orthodox Christian Tradition? written by Asst Prof Trine Stauning Willert and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2012-11-01 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between tradition and innovation in Orthodox Christianity has often been problematic, filled with tensions and contradictions starting from the Byzantine era and running through the 19th and 20th centuries. For a long period of time scholars have typically assumed Greek Orthodoxy to be a static religious tradition with little room for renewal or change. Although this public perception continues, the immutability of the Greek Orthodox tradition has been questioned by several scholars over the past few years. This book continues this line of reasoning, but brings it into the centre of contemporary discussion. Presenting case studies from different periods of history up to the present day, the authors trace different aspects in the development of innovation and renewal in Orthodox Christianity in the Greek-speaking world and among the Diaspora.

The Early Eastern Orthodox Church

Download The Early Eastern Orthodox Church PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 1476674817
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Early Eastern Orthodox Church by : Stephen Morris

Download or read book The Early Eastern Orthodox Church written by Stephen Morris and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "It seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us," the apostles declared at the conclusion of their council described in Acts 15. This apostolic council was the first of many councils to come as Christians sought to discern the will of God in the midst of historic challenges. The faithful continued to struggle to express their new apostolic faith in new words, new languages, new places and new times. Many issues--the interaction of science and faith, divinity and humanity, Church and State--continue to be pertinent today. This book tells the story of these struggles from the days of the New Testament to the fall of the city of Constantinople in AD 1453. It focuses on the Christian community in the eastern Mediterranean which became known as the Byzantine Empire. Each chapter examines the personalities and theologies entwined at the heart of conflicts that shaped the medieval world as well as the modern cultures of Greece, the Middle East and Eastern Europe.

Authority in Byzantium

Download Authority in Byzantium PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351956566
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Authority in Byzantium by : Pamela Armstrong

Download or read book Authority in Byzantium written by Pamela Armstrong and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authority is an important concept in Byzantine culture whose myriad modes of implementation helped maintain the existence of the Byzantine state across so many centuries, binding together people from different ethnic groups, in different spheres of life and activities. Even though its significance to understanding the Byzantine world is so central, it is nonetheless imperfectly understood. The present volume brings together an international cast of scholars to explore this concept. The contributions are divided into nine sections focusing on different aspects of authority: the imperial authority of the state, how it was transmitted from the top down, from Constantinople to provincial towns, how it dealt with marginal legal issues or good medical practice; authority in the market place, whether directly concerning over-the-counter issues such as coinage, weights and measures, or the wider concerns of the activities of foreign traders; authority in the church, such as the extent to which ecclesiastical authority was inherent, or how constructs of religious authority ordered family life; the authority of knowledge revealed through imperial patronage or divine wisdom; the authority of text, though its conformity with ancient traditions, through the Holy scriptures and through the authenticity of history; exhibiting authority through images of the emperor or the Divine. The final section draws on personal experience of three great ’authorities’ within Byzantine Studies: Ostrogorsky, Beck and Browning.

Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions

Download Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110695618
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions by : Maria Alessia Rossi

Download or read book Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions written by Maria Alessia Rossi and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2021-11-22 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume builds upon the new worldwide interest in the global Middle Ages. It investigates the prismatic heritage and eclectic artistic production of Eastern Europe between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, while challenging the temporal and geographical parameters of the study of medieval, Byzantine, post-Byzantine, and early-modern art. Contact and interchange between primarily the Latin, Greek, and Slavic cultural spheres resulted in local assimilations of select elements that reshaped the artistic landscapes of regions of the Balkan Peninsula, the Carpathian Mountains, and further north. The specificities of each region, and, in modern times, politics and nationalistic approaches, have reinforced the tendency to treat them separately, preventing scholars from questioning whether the visual output could be considered as an expression of a shared history. The comparative and interdisciplinary framework of this volume provides a holistic view of the visual culture of these regions by addressing issues of transmission and appropriation, as well as notions of cross-cultural contact, while putting on the global map of art history the eclectic artistic production of Eastern Europe.

The Rise of Western Christendom

Download The Rise of Western Christendom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118338847
Total Pages : 741 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Rise of Western Christendom by : Peter Brown

Download or read book The Rise of Western Christendom written by Peter Brown and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-12-18 with total page 741 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This tenth anniversary revised edition of the authoritative text on Christianity's first thousand years of history features a new preface, additional color images, and an updated bibliography. The essential general survey of medieval European Christendom, Brown's vivid prose charts the compelling and tumultuous rise of an institution that came to wield enormous religious and secular power. Clear and vivid history of Christianity's rise and its pivotal role in the making of Europe Written by the celebrated Princeton scholar who originated of the field of study known as 'late antiquity' Includes a fully updated bibliography and index

Globalization and Orthodox Christianity

Download Globalization and Orthodox Christianity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113501468X
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Globalization and Orthodox Christianity by : Victor Roudometof

Download or read book Globalization and Orthodox Christianity written by Victor Roudometof and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-15 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With approximately 200 to 300 million adherents worldwide, Orthodox Christianity is among the largest branches of Christianity, yet it remains relatively understudied. This book examines the rich and complex entanglements between Orthodox Christianity and globalization, offering a substantive contribution to the relationship between religion and globalization, as well as the relationship between Orthodox Christianity and the sociology of religion – and more broadly, the interdisciplinary field of Religious Studies. While deeply engaged with history, this book does not simply narrate the history of Orthodox Christianity as a world religion, nor does it address theological issues or cover all the individual trajectories of each subgroup or subdivision of the faith. Orthodox Christianity is the object of the analysis, but author Victor Roudometof speaks to a broader audience interested in culture, religion, and globalization. Roudometof argues in favor of using globalization instead of modernization as the main theoretical vehicle for analyzing religion, displacing secularization in order to argue for multiple hybridizations of religion as a suitable strategy for analyzing religious phenomena. It offers Orthodox Christianity as a test case that illustrates the presence of historically specific but theoretically distinct glocalizations, applicable to all faiths.

Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean

Download Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004258159
Total Pages : 603 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean by :

Download or read book Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2013-09-19 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publicly performed rituals and ceremonies form an essential part of medieval political practice and court culture. This applies not only to western feudal societies, but also to the linguistically and culturally highly diversified environment of Byzantium and the Mediterranean basin. The continuity of Roman traditions and cross-fertilization between various influences originating from Constantinople, Armenia, the Arab-Muslim World, and western kingdoms and naval powers provide the framework for a distinct sphere of ritual expression and ceremonial performance. This collective volume, placing Byzantium into a comparative perspective between East and West, examines transformative processes from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages, succession procedures in different political contexts, phenomena of cross-cultural appropriation and exchange, and the representation of rituals in art and literature. Contributors are Maria Kantirea, Martin Hinterberger, Walter Pohl, Andrew Marsham, Björn Weiler, Eric J. Hanne, Antonia Giannouli, Jo Van Steenbergen, Stefan Burkhardt, Ioanna Rapti, Jonathan Shepard, Panagiotis Agapitos, Henry Maguire, Christine Angelidi and Margaret Mullett.

The Cambridge Companion to Constantinople

Download The Cambridge Companion to Constantinople PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108498183
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cambridge Companion to Constantinople by : Sarah Bassett

Download or read book The Cambridge Companion to Constantinople written by Sarah Bassett and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-17 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The collected essays explore late antique and Byzantine Constantinople in matters sacred, political, cultural, and commercial.