The Effect Of Supercritical Fluid On Polymer Systems

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The Effect of Supercritical Fluid on Polymer Systems

Author : Xiaochu Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Supercritical Fluid on Polymer Systems by : Xiaochu Wang

Download or read book The Effect of Supercritical Fluid on Polymer Systems written by Xiaochu Wang and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Great interest has been directed toward the study of polymer thin films recently due to their emerging applications, and appreciable deviated properties and phenomena as compared with bulk polymers. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has received attention as an environmentally benign alternative to hazardous industrial solvents. Unlike conventional liquid solvents, the density and hence the solvent strength of supercritical CO2 can be tuned by small variations in pressure, temperature or both. The objective of this work is to study the interaction between high pressure CO2 and polymer systems. We introduced the methodology used in this dissertation. The combination of gradient theory of inhomogeneous systems and Sanchez-Lacombe Equation of State is used to calculate the interfacial properties, such as interfacial density profile, interfacial tension and interfacial thickness. We first investigated the adsorption of supercritical fluid on polymer surfaces. We showed analytically that surface adsorption of high pressure fluid on an attractive surface is proportional to the compressibility of the fluid. We have also investigated numerically the sorption of supercritical CO2 on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and polyisobutylene (PIB), and supercritical 1,1-difluorethane on PS. By calculating the Gibbs adsorption and adsorption layer thickness of the supercritical fluids, we found in all cases that maximum adsorption occurred when the supercritical fluid was near its compressibility maximum. We then examined the compatibilization effect of supercritical fluid on two incompatible polymers. We calculated the interfacial density profile, interfacial thickness and interfacial tension between the two polymers with and without the supercritical fluid. We found that the interfacial tension was decreased and the interfacial thickness was increased with high pressure super-critical fluid for the ternary systems we have investigated. No enhancement or deleterious effects on compatibilization were observed as the critical point was approached and the compressibility became large. We also examined the morphological structures of asymmetric poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(1,1'-dihydroperflurooctyl methacrylate) (PEO-b-PFOMA) thin films upon annealing in supercritical CO2. The strong affinity between PFOMA and CO2 was found to induce phase segregation when annealing PEO-b-PFOMA films as compared with vacuum at the same temperature.

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Phase Behavior of Polymeric Systems in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Their Modeling Using Saft

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (627 download)

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Book Synopsis Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Phase Behavior of Polymeric Systems in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Their Modeling Using Saft by :

Download or read book Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Phase Behavior of Polymeric Systems in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Their Modeling Using Saft written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addition of high-pressure CO2 to polymer systems can have a profound impact on their thermodynamic properties and phase behavior, since the number of interacting species increases due to the high-pressures, so that the compressibility also increases, as well as the plasticity effects. Even then, polymers are only sparingly soluble in CO2 unless one uses an entrainer or surfactant. An addition of a liquid monomer co-solvent results in greatly enhanced polymer solubility in the supercritical fluid at rather mild conditions of lower temperatures and reduced pressures. The focus of this research is to measure, evaluate and model the phase behavior of the methyl methacrylate-CO2 and the poly (methyl methacrylate)-CO2-methyl methacrylatesystem, where methyl methacrylate plays role of a co-solvent.

Influence of Supercritical Fluid Technology on the Physicochemical and Morphological Properties of Biodegradable Polymers and Drug-polymer Systems

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Author : Maura Kinahan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (643 download)

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Book Synopsis Influence of Supercritical Fluid Technology on the Physicochemical and Morphological Properties of Biodegradable Polymers and Drug-polymer Systems by : Maura Kinahan

Download or read book Influence of Supercritical Fluid Technology on the Physicochemical and Morphological Properties of Biodegradable Polymers and Drug-polymer Systems written by Maura Kinahan and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Supercritical Fluid Technology in Materials Science and Engineering

Author : Ya-Ping Sun
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824706517
Total Pages : 598 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Technology in Materials Science and Engineering by : Ya-Ping Sun

Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Technology in Materials Science and Engineering written by Ya-Ping Sun and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-03-26 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title analyzes the chemical reactions, structures and fundamental properties of supercritical fluid systems for the production of new compounds, nanomaterials, fibers, and films. It complies contemporary research and technological advances for increased selectivity and reduced waste in chemical, industrial, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. Topics include fluid dynamics, catalysis, hydrothermal synthesis, surfactants, conducting polymers, crystal growth, and other aspects and applications of supercritical fluids.

CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Polymer Solutions at Elevated Pressures

Author : Christian Wohlfarth
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420037692
Total Pages : 652 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Polymer Solutions at Elevated Pressures by : Christian Wohlfarth

Download or read book CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Polymer Solutions at Elevated Pressures written by Christian Wohlfarth and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-01-27 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides the only complete collection of high-pressure thermodynamic data that is essential for understanding polymer solutions. It contains data on vapor-liquid equilibria and gas solubilities, liquid-liquid equilibria, high-pressure fluid phase equilibria for polymer systems in supercritical fluids, enthalpic and volumetric data, as well as second virial coefficients all at elevated pressures. It covers all areas needed by researchers and engineers who handle polymer systems in supercritical fluids; materials science and technological applications such as computerized predictive packages; and chemical and biochemical processes, such as synthesis and characterization, fractionation, separation, purification, and finishing of polymers and related materials.

Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids

Author : Vannessa Goodship
Publisher : iSmithers Rapra Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781859574942
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids by : Vannessa Goodship

Download or read book Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids written by Vannessa Goodship and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 2005 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SCFs are currently the subjects of intense research and commercial interest. Applications such as the RESS (rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions) process are part of standard industrial practice. In view of their ever-growing importance in the polymer industry there is a need to fully comprehend how supercritical fluids interrelate with polymeric materials to realise the potential that can be gained from their use. The authors review the basic principles of SCFs and their application within the polymer industry: characteristics and properties, extraction of unwanted residual products, polymerisation solvents, and polymer impregnation. Processing applications such as plasticisation, foaming and blending are also considered. There is discussion of the potential within the polymer recycling industry for use of SCFs as cleaning agents or within supercritical oxidation processes. Around 400 references with abstracts from recent global literature accompany this review, sourced from the Polymer Library, to facilitate further reading. A subject index and a company index are included.

Supercritical Fluids

Author : E. Kiran
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401139296
Total Pages : 602 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluids by : E. Kiran

Download or read book Supercritical Fluids written by E. Kiran and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical fluids are neither gas nor liquid, but can be compressed gradually from low to high density and they are therefore interesting and important as tunable solvents and reaction media in the chemical process industry. By adjusting the density the properties of these fluids can be customised and manipulated for a given process - physical or chemical transformation. Separation and processing using supercritical solvents such as CO2 are currently on-line commercially in the food, essential oils and polymer industries. Many agencies and industries are considering the use of supercritical water for waste remediation. Supercritical fluid chromatography represents another, major analytical application. Significant advances have recently been made in materials processing, ranging from particle formation to the creation of porous materials. The chapters in this book provide tutorial accounts of topical areas centred around: (1) phase equilibria, thermodynamics and equations of state; (2) critical behaviour, crossover effects; (3) transport and interfacial properties; (4) molecular modelling, computer simulation; (5) reactions, spectroscopy; (6) phase separation kinetics; (7) extractions; (8) applications to polymers, pharmaceuticals, natural materials and chromatography; (9) process scale-up.

Supercritical Fluid Cleaning

Author : Samuel P. Sawan
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0815519168
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Cleaning by : Samuel P. Sawan

Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Cleaning written by Samuel P. Sawan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-12-31 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although supercritial fluid (SCF) technology is now widely used in extraction and purification processes (in the petrochemical, food and pharmaceuticals industries), this book is the first to address the new application of cleaning. The objective is to provide a roadmap for readers who want to know whether SCF technology can meet their own processing and cleaning needs. It is particularly helpful to those striving to balance the requirements for a clean product and a clean environment. The interdisciplinary subject matter will appeal to scientists and engineers in all specialties ranging from materials and polymer sciences to chemistry and physics. It is also useful to those developing new processes for other applications, and references given at the end of each chapter provide links to the wider body of SCF literature. The book is organized with topics progressing from the fundamental nature of the supercritical state, through process conditions and materials interactions, to economic considerations. Practical examples are included to show how the technology has been successfully applied. The first four chapters consider principles governing SCF processing, detailing issues such as solubility, design for cleanability, and the dynamics of particle removal. The next three chapters discuss surfactants and microemulsions, SCF interaction with polymers, and the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as a cleaning solvent. The closing chapters focus on more practical considerations such as scaleup, equipment costs, and financial analysis.

Supercritical Fluid Assisted Polymer Processing: Plasticization, Swelling and Rheology

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (656 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Assisted Polymer Processing: Plasticization, Swelling and Rheology by :

Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Assisted Polymer Processing: Plasticization, Swelling and Rheology written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of supercritical carbon dioxide, scCO is a gas under atmospheric conditions, it can be used as a processing aid and then easily removed from a polymer through evaporation to obtain the original physical properties of the unplasticized polymer matrix. In addition, CO has been shown to be more environmentally friendly in comparison to many of the traditional organic plasticizers. However, the biggest challenge hindering the widespread use of CO as a plasticizer involves a lack of understanding of and data quantifying its effect on polymer swelling and the concomitant reduction in material viscosity. In this work, a three-step approach is used to investigate and quantify the physical phenomena associated with CO-induced plasticization of polymer melts. First, a novel experimental apparatus was designed and constructed to measure equilibrium swelling, swelling kinetics and diffusion of CO into a polymer melt. It was found that diffusion of CO pressure had a negligible effect on the diffusion coefficient; however, the system temperature directly affected the diffusion coefficient. Increased pressure was found to enhance the extent of swelling whereas a maximum was observed with increasing temperature, at pressures above 15 MPa. The Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state was found to be in good agreement with the experimentally calculated variables, and thus, can be used as a predictive tool to obtain physical properties of the CO-PDMS system. Secondly, a high pressure extrusion slit die rheometer was constructed to measure the viscosity of polymer melts plasticized with low concentrations of CO. Polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene, low density polyethylene, and poly(vinylidene fluoride) were all investigated. CO was found to be an efficient plasticizer for all of these polymer materials, generally lowering the viscosity of the melt 30-80%, depending on processing conditions. Predictive viscoelastic scaling models based on free-volume principles and a p.

Thermodynamics and phase equilibria of polymer-solute-supercritical fluid systems by supercritical fluid chromatography

Author : Jae-Jin Shim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (27 download)

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Book Synopsis Thermodynamics and phase equilibria of polymer-solute-supercritical fluid systems by supercritical fluid chromatography by : Jae-Jin Shim

Download or read book Thermodynamics and phase equilibria of polymer-solute-supercritical fluid systems by supercritical fluid chromatography written by Jae-Jin Shim and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Polymer processing using supercritical fluids

Author : Elena Aionicesei
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (755 download)

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Book Synopsis Polymer processing using supercritical fluids by : Elena Aionicesei

Download or read book Polymer processing using supercritical fluids written by Elena Aionicesei and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The traditional methods for polymer processing use environmentally hazardous volatile organic solvents and chlorofluorocarbons. Due to the increase of hazardous solvent emission and generation of aqueous waste streams, there is an obvious need of finding new and cleaner methods for the processing of polymers. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) has attracted particular attention for these applications due to its tremendous potential as a plasticizer in polymer processing. A particular interest is shown to the use of supercritical fluids for processing polymers destined for biomedical applications (as microspheres, microcapsules, foams, membranes, polymer/drug composites). The method offers important advantages related to the absence of harmful organic solvents or, when necessary, the efficient extraction of solvents and impurities, the mild processing conditions and the control of particle and foams morphology by simple variation of pressure and temperature. Despite the huge potential of scCO2 as a ʺgreenʺ solvent for processing biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, the phase equilibrium data, essential for process design, are quite scarce. Optimum processing techniques and parameters (pressure, temperature) still need consideration andstudy. The data are especially scarce regarding the scCO2 processing of polymer/ceramic composites for biomedical applications. On this basis, this thesis is aimed to open new perspectives over the use of scCO2 as a ʺgreenʺ solvent for the processing of biodegradable polymers and composites used as biomaterials. Two biodegradable polymers were chosen for this study, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Their composite with a bioactive ceramic powder, hydroxyapatite (HA), was also studied. The main idea followed by this thesis was the obtaining of porous polymeric or composite material scaffolds suitable for tissue engineering under mild temperature conditions and without the use of additional organic solvents. The behavior of the two polymers under dense CO2 had been studied and explained. More data about the polymer-gas phase equilibrium, necessary for understanding and optimizing the effect of processing parameters, were obtained by determining the solubility and diffusion coefficients of CO2 in the polymers for certain values of temperature and pressure. The solubility ofCO2 was measured for each polymer for three different temperatures (308, 313and 323 K) in the pressure range 10 - 30 MPa. The temperatures were chosen higher than the critical temperature for CO2, but still low enough so as not to affect the bioactivity of any drugs or proteins that could be introduced in the system during processing. The same range of temperature and pressure was employed for all tests involving the studied polymers or their composite materials. The efficiency of mixing in the presence of scCO2 for obtaining composite materials from PLLA and HA and respectively PLGA and HA was studied by comparison with coprecipitation. The solubility and diffusion coefficient of CO2 in the composite materials were afterward determined, and the results were compared with the ones obtained for the polymer alone in order to determine the effect of the ceramic filler on the gas uptake. The possibility of obtaining porous scaffolds was assessed by using a pressure quench technique using dense CO2 as blowing agent, with and without the presence of aporogen. The effect of pressure, temperature, depressurization rate and porogen on the final porous structure was investigated. The experimental results were compared with literature data and with data obtained by mathematical modeling, employing equations of state commonly used for polymersor polymer/solvent systems. The results indicate that gas foaming of biodegradable polymers represents a promising technique for obtaining tissue engineering scaffolds with the desired structure. Still the processing parameters need to be studied and optimized, according to the nature of the substrate and of the aimed final product.

Polymer Thermodynamics

Author : Sabine Enders
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642176828
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Polymer Thermodynamics by : Sabine Enders

Download or read book Polymer Thermodynamics written by Sabine Enders and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-01-18 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Making Flory-Huggins Practical: Thermodynamics of Polymer-Containing Mixtures, by B. A. Wolf * Aqueous Solutions of Polyelectrolytes: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium and Some Related Properties, by G. Maurer, S. Lammertz, and L. Ninni Schäfer * Gas-Polymer Interactions: Key Thermodynamic Data and Thermophysical Properties, by J.-P. E. Grolier, and S. A.E. Boyer * Interfacial Tension in Binary Polymer Blends and the Effects of Copolymers as Emulsifying Agents, by S. H. Anastasiadis * Theory of Random Copolymer Fractionation in Columns, by Sabine Enders * Computer Simulations and Coarse-Grained Molecular Models Predicting the Equation of State of Polymer Solutions, by K. Binder, B. Mognetti, W. Paul, P. Virnau, and L. Yelash * Modeling of Polymer Phase Equilibria Using Equations of State, by G. Sadowski

The Application of Green Solvents in Separation Processes

Author : Francisco Pena-Pereira
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128054433
Total Pages : 561 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis The Application of Green Solvents in Separation Processes by : Francisco Pena-Pereira

Download or read book The Application of Green Solvents in Separation Processes written by Francisco Pena-Pereira and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-02-28 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Application of Green Solvents in Separation Processes features a logical progression of a wide range of topics and methods, beginning with an overview of green solvents, covering everything from water and organic solvents, to ionic liquids, switchable solvents, eutectic mixtures, supercritical fluids, gas-expanded solvents, and more. In addition, the book outlines green extraction techniques, such as green membrane extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and surfactant-mediated extraction techniques. Green sampling and sample preparation techniques are then explored, followed by green analytical separations, including green gas and liquid capillary chromatography, counter current chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and other electrical separations. Applications of green chemistry techniques that are relevant for a broad range of scientific and technological areas are covered, including the benefits and challenges associated with their application. Provides insights into recent advances in greener extraction and separation processes Gives an understanding of alternatives to harmful solvents commonly used in extraction and separation processes, as well as advanced techniques for such processes Written by a multidisciplinary group of internationally recognized scientists

High Pressure Phase Equilibria of Highly Asymmetric Polymer-supercritical Fluid Systems

Author : Manouchehr Daneshvar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis High Pressure Phase Equilibria of Highly Asymmetric Polymer-supercritical Fluid Systems by : Manouchehr Daneshvar

Download or read book High Pressure Phase Equilibria of Highly Asymmetric Polymer-supercritical Fluid Systems written by Manouchehr Daneshvar and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Polymer Solution-Supercritical Fluid Behavior

Author : A. K. McClellan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis Polymer Solution-Supercritical Fluid Behavior by : A. K. McClellan

Download or read book Polymer Solution-Supercritical Fluid Behavior written by A. K. McClellan and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental pressure-temperature(P-T)data are presented for the polystyrene-toluene-carbon dioxide system and the polystyrene-toluene-ethane system. The P-T phase diagrams for these systems exhibit characteristics which are similar to the phase diagrams of simple binary solutions. The addition of supercritical carbon dioxide and supercritical ethane to the polystyrene-toluene solution shifts the lower critical solution temperature curve to lower temperatures. Polymer-organic solvent-supercritical fluid additive phase behavior is interpreted in terms of Patterns of Patterson's corresponding states model. Representative calculations using this model are shown for the poly(ethylene-co-propylene) - hexane-supercritical ethane system. Originator supplied keywords include: Thermodynamic; Polymers; Lower critical solution temperature; Supercritical fluid.

Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology

Author : Keith P. Johnston
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology by : Keith P. Johnston

Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology written by Keith P. Johnston and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New directions in supercritical fluids science and technology, fluorescence spectroscopy studies of intermolecular interactions in supercritical fluids, solvation structure in supercritical fluid mixtures based on molecular distribution functions, gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulations of phase equilibria in supercritical fluid mixtures, spectroscopic determination of solvent strength and structure in supercritical fluid mixtures, partition coefficients of polyethyle glycols in super critical carbon dioxide, experimental measurement of supercritical fluid-liquid phase equilibrium, vapor-liquid equilibria of fatty acid esters in supercritical fluids, four-phase equilibrium of two ternary organic systems with carbon dioxide, direct viscosity enhancement of carbon dioxide, inverse emulsion polymerization of acrylamide, interaction of polymers with near-critical carbon dioxide, fundamental kinetics of methanol oxidation in supercritical fluids, thermodynamic analysis of corrosion of iron alloys in supercritical water, electrochemical measurements of corrosion of iron alloys in supercritical water, phase and reaction equilibria considerations in the evaluation and operation of supercritical fluid reaction processes, kinetic model for supercritical delignification of wood, gas antisolvent recrystallization solids formation after the expansion of supercritical mixtures, food, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications, design of commercial plant.

Supercritical Fluids

Author : Y. Arai
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642562388
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluids by : Y. Arai

Download or read book Supercritical Fluids written by Y. Arai and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-07 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The potential of supercritical fluid methods is presented in a comprehensive way. On the basis of a careful discussion of physical and chemical principles, the application of this method in process technology is demonstrated.