The Duluth Grill Cookbook

Download The Duluth Grill Cookbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780988611207
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Duluth Grill Cookbook by : Robert Lillegard

Download or read book The Duluth Grill Cookbook written by Robert Lillegard and published by . This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "We've spent a year combing through over 110 recipes, getting them tested by a team of home cooks, and writing never-before-in-print revelations about the stories behind the business. Want to know what it's like to start a garden on the roof? Wondering how we got our name? Ever considered how people react when you try to introduce edamame and vegan entrees at a diner? It's all here for the taking ... complete with recipe tips from owner, Tom Hanson ... [and] We've got profiles of local farmers" -- Back cover.

Twin Cities Chef's Table

Download Twin Cities Chef's Table PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 149301563X
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Twin Cities Chef's Table by : Stephanie Meyer

Download or read book Twin Cities Chef's Table written by Stephanie Meyer and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2014-11-04 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Twin Cities boast a culinary scene that features locally-grown foods showcased in both local specialties and a variety of international traditions. The cities’ chefs, several of which have been nominated for the James Beard Award, take the freshest ingredients from the season picked right from the local orchards or farms to create inspired dishes the lure diners downtown. With recipes for the home cook from over 50 of the two city's most celebrated eateries and showcasing over 100 full-color photos featuring mouth-watering dishes, famous chefs, and lots of local flavor, Twin Cities Chef's Table is the ultimate gift and keepsake cookbook for both tourists and locals alike.

Cooking with Convection

Download Cooking with Convection PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Clarkson Potter
ISBN 13 : 0307483274
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cooking with Convection by : Beatrice Ojakangas

Download or read book Cooking with Convection written by Beatrice Ojakangas and published by Clarkson Potter. This book was released on 2009-02-25 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beatrice Ojakangas, an authority on convection cooking and author of more than two dozen previous cookbooks, explains how to use your convection oven to achieve perfect results in dramatically less time than with a conventional oven. If you own a convection oven, but don’t really know how to use it, this book is for you. Cooking with Convection supplies more than 150 great recipes for snacks and appetizers; pizza and foccacia; soups; roast beef, lamb, pork and poultry; savory pies and tarts; casseroles and pasta; vegetables; yeast breads and quick breads; cakes, cookies, pies, and pastries; and much, much more. Try Melted Onion Tart with Parmigiano-Reggiano, Mexican Vegetable Tortilla Soup, Tandoori Salmon with Cucumber Sauce, Asian Spiced Roast Whole Chicken, and Cocoa Cake with Easy Buttercream Frosting, among so many imaginative and easy dishes. You will learn: *How to cook a whole meal in your oven–from meat to side dishes to dessert–all at the same time *How to cook multiple batches of cookies, cakes, and pies on three or even four oven shelves *How to roast and bake in a third less time than in a conventional oven while achieving even better results *How to calculate the correct temperature and timing for convection cooking if you are using a standard recipe By circulating hot air around food, convection ovens cook and brown food much more quickly and at a lower temperature than conventional ovens, while retaining food’s natural juiciness and flavor. With this book you will be able to save significant amounts of time and effort while turning out delicious dishes for everyday meals and easy entertaining.

Diva Q's Barbecue

Download Diva Q's Barbecue PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Appetite by Random House
ISBN 13 : 014752993X
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (475 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Diva Q's Barbecue by : Danielle Bennett

Download or read book Diva Q's Barbecue written by Danielle Bennett and published by Appetite by Random House. This book was released on 2016-04-26 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diva Q, host of the hit TV show BBQ Crawl, brings us her backyard barbecue recipes, with more than 185 grilling favorites for absolutely everyone. Diva Q's (aka Danielle Bennett's) backyard barbecue book is packed with simple recipes for casual, down-to-earth family food. Get started with the six recipes you need to know most, then move to chapters on appetizers, pork, bacon (Diva Q's claim to fame), beef, fowl, seafood, sides, salads, slaws, breads and desserts, that take you from the basics to the best the barbecue world has to offer. Plenty of meatless options are included, including Portobello-Cheddar Burgers, Smokin' Good Sweet Potatoes with Bourbon Butter and The Ultimate Mac and Cheese. With more than just recipes, Diva Q takes all the guesswork out of grilling for you, with guidance on everying from getting great char marks, to picking the right meat--and even points you to her YouTube videos online for extra help. If it's got anything to do with barbecue, Diva Q has got you covered! Diva Q's Barbecue is an indispensable book for every backyard barbecuer, and the perfect companion when cooking for a crowd. So fire up the grill and invite your friends over--because life's too short for bad barbecue!

Who Will Do What by When?

Download Who Will Do What by When? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780972419444
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Who Will Do What by When? by : Birgit Zacher

Download or read book Who Will Do What by When? written by Birgit Zacher and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formerly a successful salesman, Jake McKay is now a failing manager. Join him as he races to learn the fundamentals of team and personal effectiveness from his coach before he loses his job Ã'Â--- and the woman he loves. Along the way youÃ'Â''ll arm yourself with the tools you need to cut through the daily tangled web of organizational politics and interpersonal issues that hinder performance. You'll learn to: * Use the Ã'Â"Integrity ToolsÃ'Â" to boost performance, trust and personal power; * Hold others accountable without being overbearing; * Evoke sustainable, outstanding performance in teams.

OMC Smokehouse Cookbook

Download OMC Smokehouse Cookbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780988611214
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis OMC Smokehouse Cookbook by : Robert Lillegard

Download or read book OMC Smokehouse Cookbook written by Robert Lillegard and published by . This book was released on 2020-09-30 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Duluth's best barbecue restaurant, now in book form! Bring your favorite recipes home with beautiful photography and signature humor. Step-by-step instructions on smoked brisket, pork, and chicken, fun behind-the-scenes stories, and all the sauces and rubs will make your next party one to remember.

New Scenic Café

Download New Scenic Café PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Self Publisher
ISBN 13 : 9780615975290
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (752 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Scenic Café by : Scott Graden

Download or read book New Scenic Café written by Scott Graden and published by Self Publisher. This book was released on 2014-03-01 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Official John Wayne Way to Grill

Download The Official John Wayne Way to Grill PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 1942556012
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (425 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Official John Wayne Way to Grill by : Editors of the Official John Wayne Magazine

Download or read book The Official John Wayne Way to Grill written by Editors of the Official John Wayne Magazine and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2015-05-05 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John Wayne Enterprises is proud to present "The John Wayne Way to Grill," a new cookbook containing more than 200-pages of Duke's favorite meals, from Tex-Mex classics to the best of Western barbecue and everything in between. More than just a collection of recipes, this deluxe publication will be chock-full of never-before-seen photos of the actor, along with personal anecdotes and heartwarming stories shared by his son Ethan. A man is what he eats, and readers can expect to discover not only what America's most enduring icon loved to chow down on--from the perfect charbroiled burger to his smoldering and spicy baby back ribs--but the essence of what made him a legend. It's more than a cookbook. It's a guide to making you the ultimate man.

My Prairie Cookbook

Download My Prairie Cookbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ABRAMS
ISBN 13 : 161312712X
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (131 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis My Prairie Cookbook by : Melissa Gilbert

Download or read book My Prairie Cookbook written by Melissa Gilbert and published by ABRAMS. This book was released on 2014-09-16 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of 80 comforting recipes from the star of Little House on the Prairie. From prairie breakfasts and picnic lunches to treats inspired by Nellie’s restaurant, these simple and delicious dishes—crispy fried chicken, pot roasts, cornbread, apple pie, and more—present Bonnet Heads (aka die-hard Little House fans) with the chance to eat like the Ingalls family. Actress Melissa Gilbert’s personal recollections and memorabilia, including behind-the-scenes stories, anecdotes, and more than 75 treasured scrapbook images, accompany the recipes. With answers to the most-asked questions from fans—on topics such as the biggest bloopers, on-set romances, and what Michael Landon was really like—My Prairie Cookbook is a cherished memento for fans of Little House and Laura Ingalls Wilder, as well as anyone who loves hearty, simple home cooking. “Melissa’s writing is so warm and personal that it makes me feel like I’m being wrapped in a big, warm blanket, and the recipes are approachable and delicious.” —Jennifer Garner

Zoë Bakes Cakes

Download Zoë Bakes Cakes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ten Speed Press
ISBN 13 : 1984857371
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (848 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Zoë Bakes Cakes by : Zoë François

Download or read book Zoë Bakes Cakes written by Zoë François and published by Ten Speed Press. This book was released on 2021-03-16 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IACP AWARD FINALIST • The expert baker and bestselling author behind the Magnolia Network original series Zoë Bakes explores her favorite dessert—cakes!—with more than 85 recipes to create flavorful and beautiful layers, loafs, Bundts, and more. “Zoë’s relentless curiosity has made her an artist in the truest sense of the word.”—Joanna Gaines, co-founder of Magnolia NAMED ONE OF THE BEST COOKBOOKS OF THE YEAR BY TIME OUT Cake is the ultimate symbol of celebration, used to mark birthdays, weddings, or even just a Tuesday night. In Zoë Bakes Cakes, bestselling author and expert baker Zoë François demystifies the craft of cakes through more than eighty-five simple and straightforward recipes. Discover treats such as Coconut–Candy Bar Cake, Apple Cake with Honey-Bourbon Glaze, and decadent Chocolate Devil’s Food Cake. With step-by-step photo guides that break down baking fundamentals—like creaming butter and sugar—and Zoë’s expert knowledge to guide you, anyone can make these delightful creations. Featuring everything from Bundt cakes and loaves to a beautifully layered wedding confection, Zoë shows you how to celebrate any occasion, big or small, with delicious homemade cake.

The Forager Chef's Book of Flora

Download The Forager Chef's Book of Flora PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Chelsea Green Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1603589481
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Forager Chef's Book of Flora by : Alan Bergo

Download or read book The Forager Chef's Book of Flora written by Alan Bergo and published by Chelsea Green Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-24 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “In this remarkable new cookbook, Bergo provides stories, photographs and inventive recipes.”—Star Tribune As Seen on NBC's The Today Show! "With a passion for bringing a taste of the wild to the table, [Bergo’s] inspiration for experimentation shows in his inventive dishes created around ingredients found in his own backyard."—Tastemade From root to flower—and featuring 180 recipes and over 230 of the author’s own beautiful photographs—explore the edible plants we find all around us with the Forager Chef Alan Bergo as he breaks new culinary ground! In The Forager Chef’s Book of Flora you’ll find the exotic to the familiar—from Ramp Leaf Dumplings to Spruce Tip Panna Cotta to Crisp Fiddlehead Pickles—with Chef Bergo’s unique blend of easy-to-follow instruction and out-of-this-world inspiration. Over the past fifteen years, Minnesota chef Alan Bergo has become one of America’s most exciting and resourceful culinary voices, with millions seeking his guidance through his wildly popular website and video tutorials. Bergo’s inventive culinary style is defined by his encyclopedic curiosity, and his abiding, root-to-flower passion for both wild and cultivated plants. Instead of waiting for fall squash to ripen, Bergo eagerly harvests their early shoots, flowers, and young greens—taking a holistic approach to cooking with all parts of the plant, and discovering extraordinary new flavors and textures along the way. The Forager Chef’s Book of Flora demonstrates how understanding the different properties and growing phases of roots, stems, leaves, and seeds can inform your preparation of something like the head of an immature sunflower—as well as the lesser-used parts of common vegetables, like broccoli or eggplant. As a society, we’ve forgotten this type of old-school knowledge, including many brilliant culinary techniques that were borne of thrift and necessity. For our own sake, and that of our planet, it’s time we remembered. And in the process, we can unlock new flavors from the abundant landscape around us. “[An] excellent debut. . . . Advocating that plants are edible in their entirety is one thing, but this [book] delivers the delectable means to prove it."—Publishers Weekly "Alan Bergo was foraging in the Midwest way before it was trendy."—Outside Magazine

Go Dairy Free

Download Go Dairy Free PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BenBella Books
ISBN 13 : 194688524X
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (468 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Go Dairy Free by : Alisa Fleming

Download or read book Go Dairy Free written by Alisa Fleming and published by BenBella Books. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If ONE simple change could resolve most of your symptoms and prevent a host of illnesses, wouldn't you want to try it? Go Dairy Free shows you how! There are plenty of reasons to go dairy free. Maybe you are confronting allergies or lactose intolerance. Maybe you are dealing with acne, digestive issues, sinus troubles, or eczema—all proven to be associated with dairy consumption. Maybe you're looking for longer-term disease prevention, weight loss, or for help transitioning to a plant-based diet. Whatever your reason, Go Dairy Free is the essential arsenal of information you need to change your diet. This complete guide and cookbook will be your vital companion to understand dairy, how it affects you, and how you can eliminate it from your life and improve your health—without feeling like you're sacrificing a thing. Inside: • More than 250 delicious dairy-free recipes focusing on naturally rich and delicious whole foods, with numerous options to satisfy those dairy cravings • A comprehensive guide to dairy substitutes explaining how to purchase, use, and make your own alternatives for butter, cheese, cream, milk, and much more • Must-have grocery shopping information, from sussing out suspect ingredients and label-reading assistance to money-saving tips • A detailed chapter on calcium to identify naturally mineral-rich foods beyond dairy, the best supplements, and other keys to bone health • An in-depth health section outlining the signs and symptoms of dairy-related illnesses and addressing questions around protein, fat, and other nutrients in the dairy-free transition • Everyday living tips with suggestions for restaurant dining, travel, celebrations, and other social situations • Infant milk allergy checklists that describe indicators and solutions for babies and young children with milk allergies or intolerances • Food allergy- and vegan-friendly resources, including recipe indexes to quickly find gluten-free and other top food allergy-friendly options and fully tested plant-based options for every recipe

The Finnish Cookbook

Download The Finnish Cookbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Clarkson Potter
ISBN 13 : 0517501112
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Finnish Cookbook by : Beatrice Ojakangas

Download or read book The Finnish Cookbook written by Beatrice Ojakangas and published by Clarkson Potter. This book was released on 1964-12-13 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Crown Classic Cookbook series--which features a collection of the world's best-loved international cookbooks, specially adapted for use in American kitchens.

Pizza Camp

Download Pizza Camp PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Abrams
ISBN 13 : 1683350197
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (833 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pizza Camp by : Joe Beddia

Download or read book Pizza Camp written by Joe Beddia and published by Abrams. This book was released on 2017-04-18 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Follow the man behind Philadelphia’s celebrated Pizzeria Beddia as he takes you through the pizza-making process—from the dough to the sauce to the cheese. Joe Beddia’s pizza is old school—it’s all about the dough, sauce, cheese, and baking basics. And now, he’s offering his methods and recipes in a cookbook that’s anything but old school, teaching the foundation for making perfectly crisp, satisfyingly chewy, dangerously addictive pies at home. With more than fifty iconic and new recipes, Pizza Camp delivers everything you’ll need to make unforgettable and inventive pizza, stromboli, hoagies, and more, with plenty of vegetarian options (because even the most die-hard pizza lovers can’t eat pizza every day). In this book you will find pizza combinations that have gained Beddia’s pizzeria a cult following, alongside brand new recipes like: Dinosaur Kale, Pickled Red Onion, and Spring Cream Pizza Bintje Potato with Cream and Rosemary Speck, Collard Greens, Fontina, and Cream Roasted Corn with Heirloom Cherry Tomato and Basil Breakfast Pizza with Sausage, Eggs, Spinach, and Cream And dozens more! Designed by Walter Green, art director of Lucky Peach, and packed with drawings, neighborhood photos, and lots of humor, Pizza Camp is a novel approach to homemade pizza. “I will never forgive my parents for not sending me to Pizza Camp.” —Jimmy Kimmel, comedian/pizza eater “Never have I encountered an individual so singularly focused on his craft. Joe Beddia is hilarious, intelligent, and lovingly produces the best pizza in the f*cking universe.” —Michael Solomonov, James Beard Award–winning chef and author

The Red Circle

Download The Red Circle PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1250018404
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Red Circle by : Brandon Webb

Download or read book The Red Circle written by Brandon Webb and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2012-04-10 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explosive, revealing, and intelligent, The Red Circle provides a uniquely personal glimpse into one of the most challenging and secretive military training courses in the world. Now including an excerpt from The Killing School: Inside the World's Deadliest Sniper Program BEFORE HE COULD FORGE A BAND OF ELITE WARRIORS... HE HAD TO BECOME ONE HIMSELF. Brandon Webb's experiences in the world's most elite sniper corps are the stuff of legend. From his grueling years of training in Naval Special Operations to his combat tours in the Persian Gulf and Afghanistan, The Red Circle provides a rare and riveting look at the inner workings of the U.S. military through the eyes of a covert operations specialist. Yet it is Webb's distinguished second career as a lead instructor for the shadowy "sniper cell" and Course Manager of the Navy SEAL Sniper Program that trained some of America's finest and deadliest warriors-including Marcus Luttrell and Chris Kyle-that makes his story so compelling. Luttrell credits Webb's training with his own survival during the ill-fated 2005 Operation Redwing in Afghanistan. Kyle went on to become the U.S. military's top marksman, with more than 150 confirmed kills. From a candid chronicle of his student days, going through the sniper course himself, to his hair-raising close calls with Taliban and al Qaeda forces in the northern Afghanistan wilderness, to his vivid account of designing new sniper standards and training some of the most accomplished snipers of the twenty-first century, Webb provides a rare look at the making of the Special Operations warriors who are at the forefront of today's military.

The Sioux Chef's Indigenous Kitchen

Download The Sioux Chef's Indigenous Kitchen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452967431
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Sioux Chef's Indigenous Kitchen by : Sean Sherman

Download or read book The Sioux Chef's Indigenous Kitchen written by Sean Sherman and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2018 James Beard Award Winner: Best American Cookbook Named one of the Best Cookbooks of 2017 by NPR, The Village Voice, Smithsonian Magazine, UPROXX, New York Magazine, San Francisco Chronicle, Mpls. St. PaulMagazine and others Here is real food—our indigenous American fruits and vegetables, the wild and foraged ingredients, game and fish. Locally sourced, seasonal, “clean” ingredients and nose-to-tail cooking are nothing new to Sean Sherman, the Oglala Lakota chef and founder of The Sioux Chef. In his breakout book, The Sioux Chef’s Indigenous Kitchen, Sherman shares his approach to creating boldly seasoned foods that are vibrant, healthful, at once elegant and easy. Sherman dispels outdated notions of Native American fare—no fry bread or Indian tacos here—and no European staples such as wheat flour, dairy products, sugar, and domestic pork and beef. The Sioux Chef’s healthful plates embrace venison and rabbit, river and lake trout, duck and quail, wild turkey, blueberries, sage, sumac, timpsula or wild turnip, plums, purslane, and abundant wildflowers. Contemporary and authentic, his dishes feature cedar braised bison, griddled wild rice cakes, amaranth crackers with smoked white bean paste, three sisters salad, deviled duck eggs, smoked turkey soup, dried meats, roasted corn sorbet, and hazelnut–maple bites. The Sioux Chef’s Indigenous Kitchen is a rich education and a delectable introduction to modern indigenous cuisine of the Dakota and Minnesota territories, with a vision and approach to food that travels well beyond those borders.

Big Bad Breakfast

Download Big Bad Breakfast PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ten Speed Press
ISBN 13 : 1607747375
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Big Bad Breakfast by : John Currence

Download or read book Big Bad Breakfast written by John Currence and published by Ten Speed Press. This book was released on 2016-09-13 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the James Beard Award winner, Top Chef Masters contestant, and acclaimed author comes this fun, festive, and highly caffeinated ode to the joys and rituals of the Southern breakfast, with over 125 recipes inspired by the author's popular restaurant in Oxford, Mississippi. John Currence is one of the most celebrated and well-loved chefs in the South. Among his string of highly successful restaurants in Oxford, Mississippi, Big Bad Breakfast holds a special place in diners' hearts: It is a gathering place where people from all walks come together to share the most important meal of the day, breakfast. Southerners know how to do breakfast right, and Currence has elevated it to an artform: dishes like Banana-Pecan Coffee Cake, Spicy Boudin and Poached Eggs, and Oyster Pot Pie are comforting, soulful, and packed with real Southern flavor. Big Bad Breakfast is full of delicious recipes that will make the day ahead that much better--not to mention stories of the wonderful characters who fill the restaurant every morning, and a meditation on why the Southern breakfast is one of America's most valuable culinary contributions.