The Department Of Homeland Securitys Risk Assessment Methodology

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Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309159245
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-10-10 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The events of September 11, 2001 changed perceptions, rearranged national priorities, and produced significant new government entities, including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created in 2003. While the principal mission of DHS is to lead efforts to secure the nation against those forces that wish to do harm, the department also has responsibilities in regard to preparation for and response to other hazards and disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and other "natural" disasters. Whether in the context of preparedness, response or recovery from terrorism, illegal entry to the country, or natural disasters, DHS is committed to processes and methods that feature risk assessment as a critical component for making better-informed decisions. Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis explores how DHS is building its capabilities in risk analysis to inform decision making. The department uses risk analysis to inform decisions ranging from high-level policy choices to fine-scale protocols that guide the minute-by-minute actions of DHS employees. Although DHS is responsible for mitigating a range of threats, natural disasters, and pandemics, its risk analysis efforts are weighted heavily toward terrorism. In addition to assessing the capability of DHS risk analysis methods to support decision-making, the book evaluates the quality of the current approach to estimating risk and discusses how to improve current risk analysis procedures. Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis recommends that DHS continue to build its integrated risk management framework. It also suggests that the department improve the way models are developed and used and follow time-tested scientific practices, among other recommendations.

Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309161525
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-09-10 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The events of September 11, 2001 changed perceptions, rearranged national priorities, and produced significant new government entities, including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created in 2003. While the principal mission of DHS is to lead efforts to secure the nation against those forces that wish to do harm, the department also has responsibilities in regard to preparation for and response to other hazards and disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and other "natural" disasters. Whether in the context of preparedness, response or recovery from terrorism, illegal entry to the country, or natural disasters, DHS is committed to processes and methods that feature risk assessment as a critical component for making better-informed decisions. Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis explores how DHS is building its capabilities in risk analysis to inform decision making. The department uses risk analysis to inform decisions ranging from high-level policy choices to fine-scale protocols that guide the minute-by-minute actions of DHS employees. Although DHS is responsible for mitigating a range of threats, natural disasters, and pandemics, its risk analysis efforts are weighted heavily toward terrorism. In addition to assessing the capability of DHS risk analysis methods to support decision-making, the book evaluates the quality of the current approach to estimating risk and discusses how to improve current risk analysis procedures. Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis recommends that DHS continue to build its integrated risk management framework. It also suggests that the department improve the way models are developed and used and follow time-tested scientific practices, among other recommendations.

The Department of Homeland Security's Risk Assessment Methodology

Author : Department of Homeland Security
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781466268241
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (682 download)

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Book Synopsis The Department of Homeland Security's Risk Assessment Methodology by : Department of Homeland Security

Download or read book The Department of Homeland Security's Risk Assessment Methodology written by Department of Homeland Security and published by . This book was released on 2007-02-02 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As early as his Senate confirmation hearing, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Michael Chertoff advocated a risk-based approach to homeland security. Secretary Chertoff has stated "DHS must base its work on priorities driven by risk" and, increasingly, risk assessment and subsequent risk mitigation have influenced all of the department's efforts intended to enhance our nation's ability to prevent, respond to, and recover from future terrorist attacks and natural disasters. While the practice of risk analysis may be advanced in the insurance and financial industries, it is relatively less developed in the homeland security field. Although there are numerous reasons that account for this dynamic, two primary reasons include (1) the dynamic nature of terrorism and ability of terrorists to adapt to successful countermeasures, and (2) the lack of a rich historical database of terrorist attacks, which necessitates a reliance on intelligence and terrorist experts for probabilistic assessments of types of terrorist attacks against critical assets and/or regions. This report begins with an overview of the evolution of risk assessment methodologies from the Department of Justice in FY2002 to DHS in FY2007, and then discusses the discipline of risk management and risk assessment as applied to Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP). Terrorism risk analysis and assessment do not exist in a vacuum. Risk is analyzed and assessed as a means to mitigate or "buy down" risk over time by developing certain capabilities across the country. At DHS, the State Homeland Security Grant Program is the primary tool the agency has to influence the behavior of State and local partners to take actions that reduce what both parties agree are the risks of a terrorist attack and to respond effectively to such an attack, or other catastrophe. Regardless of the complexity of the risk assessment methodology, due to the inherent uncertainties associated with assessing risk in a dynamic counterterrorism context, some level of flexibility in managing risk may be necessary. Empirical data on historical terrorist attacks in the United States may, therefore, continue to play an important role in resource allocation to reduce risk. This report presents several risk assessment and related grant program options for congressional consideration: (1) maintain the status quo in the inextricably linked areas of risk assessment and grant allocation, (2) draft a national impact assessment to understand return on investment of the approximately $12 billion of HSGP spent by FY2008, (3) enhance the transparency of the risk allocation methodology to state and local governments, and (4) develop a comprehensive and long-term strategy for managing, assessing and mitigating risk. To achieve these goals, the department could opt to consider procedural or organizational changes. Possible approaches are discussed in the report's final section. This report may be updated.

Homeland Security National Risk Characterization

Author : Henry H. Willis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780833099686
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis Homeland Security National Risk Characterization by : Henry H. Willis

Download or read book Homeland Security National Risk Characterization written by Henry H. Willis and published by . This book was released on 2018-10-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a risk assessment methodology that can be used to identify the greatest risks to homeland security and support prioritization of U.S. Department of Homeland Security mission elements as part of DHS planning processes.

Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309120284
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment by : National Research Council

Download or read book Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-01-03 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mission of Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment: A Call for Change, the book published in December 2008, is to independently and scientifically review the methodology that led to the 2006 Department of Homeland Security report, Bioterrorism Risk Assessment (BTRA) and provide a foundation for future updates. This book identifies a number of fundamental concerns with the BTRA of 2006, ranging from mathematical and statistical mistakes that have corrupted results, to unnecessarily complicated probability models and models with fidelity far exceeding existing data, to more basic questions about how terrorist behavior should be modeled. Rather than merely criticizing what was done in the BTRA of 2006, this new NRC book consults outside experts and collects a number of proposed alternatives that could improve DHS's ability to assess potential terrorist behavior as a key element of risk-informed decision making, and it explains these alternatives in the specific context of the BTRA and the bioterrorism threat.

Terrorism Risk Assessment at the Department of Homeland Security

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorism Risk Assessment at the Department of Homeland Security by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment

Download or read book Terrorism Risk Assessment at the Department of Homeland Security written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Applied Risk Analysis for Guiding Homeland Security Policy and Decisions

Author : Samrat Chatterjee
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119287472
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Applied Risk Analysis for Guiding Homeland Security Policy and Decisions by : Samrat Chatterjee

Download or read book Applied Risk Analysis for Guiding Homeland Security Policy and Decisions written by Samrat Chatterjee and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-02-09 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents various challenges faced by security policy makers and risk analysts, and mathematical approaches that inform homeland security policy development and decision support Compiled by a group of highly qualified editors, this book provides a clear connection between risk science and homeland security policy making and includes top-notch contributions that uniquely highlight the role of risk analysis for informing homeland security policy decisions. Featuring discussions on various challenges faced in homeland security risk analysis, the book seamlessly divides the subject of risk analysis for homeland security into manageable chapters, which are organized by the concept of risk-informed decisions, methodology for applying risk analysis, and relevant examples and case studies. Applied Risk Analysis for Guiding Homeland Security Policy and Decisions offers an enlightening overview of risk analysis methods for homeland security. For instance, it presents readers with an exploration of radiological and nuclear risk assessment, along with analysis of uncertainties in radiological and nuclear pathways. It covers the advances in risk analysis for border security, as well as for cyber security. Other topics covered include: strengthening points of entry; systems modeling for rapid containment and casualty mitigation; and disaster preparedness and critical infrastructure resilience. Highlights how risk analysis helps in the decision-making process for homeland security policy Presents specific examples that detail how various risk analysis methods provide decision support for homeland security policy makers and risk analysts Describes numerous case studies from academic, government, and industrial perspectives that apply risk analysis methods for addressing challenges within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Offers detailed information regarding each of the five DHS missions: prevent terrorism and enhance security; secure and manage our borders; enforce and administer our immigration laws; safeguard and secure cyberspace; and strengthen national preparedness and resilience Discusses the various approaches and challenges faced in homeland risk analysis and identifies improvements and methodological advances that influenced DHS to adopt an increasingly risk-informed basis for decision-making Written by top educators and professionals who clearly illustrate the link between risk science and homeland security policy making Applied Risk Analysis for Guiding Homeland Security Policy and Decisions is an excellent textbook and/or supplement for upper-undergraduate and graduate-level courses related to homeland security risk analysis. It will also be an extremely beneficial resource and reference for homeland security policy analysts, risk analysts, and policymakers from private and public sectors, as well as researchers, academics, and practitioners who utilize security risk analysis methods.

Homeland Security

Author : Michael Chertoff
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 081220588X
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Homeland Security by : Michael Chertoff

Download or read book Homeland Security written by Michael Chertoff and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2011-11-29 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2003, the President and the U.S. Congress established the Department of Homeland Security. From the beginning, its mission was clear: prevent terrorist attacks, protect against threats to America's safety and security, and prepare the nation to respond effectively to disasters, both natural and man-made. This monumental mission demands a comprehensive strategy. It also requires a crystal-clear explanation of that strategy to Americans and their allies worldwide. In a revealing new book, Homeland Security: Assessing the First Five Years, Michael Chertoff provides that explanation. In a refreshingly candid and engaging manner, America's former homeland security secretary depicts the department's long-term approach, what it has achieved, and what it has yet to do. The strategy begins with the threats America faces, from terrorist groups like al Qaeda to hurricanes like Ike or Gustav. "Once these threats are identified," Chertoff writes, "we can confront them, using every tool at our disposal. We can stop terrorists from entering the country, and discourage people from embracing terrorism by combating its lethal ideology. We can protect our critical assets and reduce our vulnerabilities to natural disasters. We can plan and prepare for emergencies and respond in a way that minimizes the consequences. And we can work closely with our allies abroad to reduce the risk of future disasters." In each of these areas, Chertoff informs the reader what the nation has done and what it still must do to secure its future. How well has this strategy fared in a post-9/11 world? Since that fateful day, there have been no global terror attacks on American soil. Yet in the face of continued dangers, Michael Chertoff warns repeatedly against complacency. He urges America and its leaders to strengthen their resolve, stay the course, and build creatively on past successes.

Reference Manual To Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings

Author : Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 9780160876226
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (762 download)

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Book Synopsis Reference Manual To Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings by : Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency

Download or read book Reference Manual To Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings written by Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2003 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

FUNDAMENTALS OF HOMELAND SECURITY

Author : John W. Ellis
Publisher : Charles C Thomas Publisher
ISBN 13 : 0398087865
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis FUNDAMENTALS OF HOMELAND SECURITY by : John W. Ellis

Download or read book FUNDAMENTALS OF HOMELAND SECURITY written by John W. Ellis and published by Charles C Thomas Publisher. This book was released on 2014-03-01 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mission, authority, organization, role, function, and the fundamental terminology that affects homeland security in the United States is examined in this book. Homeland security demands quick, effective organization to operate in emergencies, but simultaneously defies it by the limited time frame and sheer scope of the problem. The author focuses on the five core missions of homeland security: preventing terrorism, securing borders, enforcing immigration law, safeguarding cyber systems, and ensuring resilience to disasters. These core missions require five common skill areas for homeland security operations: risk assessment, determining authority and capability to enact solutions, identifying organizational structure and functions, recognizing operational patterns, and applying analytical techniques to achieve the best performance possible. Unique features include the key points of contact, potential areas of conflict, legal and executive aspects, work flow processes and their analysis, examination of risk assessment, review of implementation and response, emergency services and logistics, and political issues. In addition, operational assignment of resources for intelligence, tactical response, investigations, prosecution, and confinement are discussed. A glossary of abbreviated terms frequently used is among the special features provided. With 18 illustrations, this up-to-date overview of homeland security and the necessary methods for implementation is a resource of valuable information.

Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection

Author : CPP/PSP/CSC, Thomas L. Norman
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420078712
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection by : CPP/PSP/CSC, Thomas L. Norman

Download or read book Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection written by CPP/PSP/CSC, Thomas L. Norman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-12-18 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When properly conducted, risk analysis enlightens, informs, and illuminates, helping management organize their thinking into properly prioritized, cost-effective action. Poor analysis, on the other hand, usually results in vague programs with no clear direction and no metrics for measurement. Although there is plenty of information on risk analysis

Risk Management for Security Professionals

Author : Carl Roper
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 9780750671132
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (711 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk Management for Security Professionals by : Carl Roper

Download or read book Risk Management for Security Professionals written by Carl Roper and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1999-05-05 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the risk management methodology as a specific process, a theory, or a procedure for determining your assets, vulnerabilities, and threats and how security professionals can protect them. Risk Management for Security Professionals is a practical handbook for security managers who need to learn risk management skills. It goes beyond the physical security realm to encompass all risks to which a company may be exposed. Risk Management as presented in this book has several goals: Provides standardized common approach to risk management through a framework that effectively links security strategies and related costs to realistic threat assessment and risk levels Offers flexible yet structured framework that can be applied to the risk assessment and decision support process in support of your business or organization Increases awareness in terms of potential loss impacts, threats and vulnerabilities to organizational assets Ensures that various security recommendations are based on an integrated assessment of loss impacts, threats, vulnerabilities and resource constraints Risk management is essentially a process methodology that will provide a cost-benefit payback factor to senior management. Provides a stand-alone guide to the risk management process Helps security professionals learn the risk countermeasures and their pros and cons Addresses a systematic approach to logical decision-making about the allocation of scarce security resources

Critical Infrastructure Protection, Risk Management, and Resilience

Author : Kelley Cronin
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1315310635
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Infrastructure Protection, Risk Management, and Resilience by : Kelley Cronin

Download or read book Critical Infrastructure Protection, Risk Management, and Resilience written by Kelley Cronin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-12-19 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical Infrastructure Protection and Risk Management covers the history of risk assessment, crtical infrastructure protection, and the various structures that make up the homeland security enterprise. The authors examine risk assessment in the public and private sectors, the evolution of laws and regulations, and the policy challenges facing the 16 critical infrastructure sectors. The book will take a comprehensive look at the issues surrounding risk assessment and the challenges facing decision makers who must make risk assessment choices.

Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment

Author : Committee on Methodological Improvements to the Department of Homeland Security's Biological Agent Risk Analysis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309384407
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (844 download)

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Book Synopsis Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment by : Committee on Methodological Improvements to the Department of Homeland Security's Biological Agent Risk Analysis

Download or read book Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment written by Committee on Methodological Improvements to the Department of Homeland Security's Biological Agent Risk Analysis and published by . This book was released on 2008-12-03 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mission of Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment: A Call for Change, the book published in December 2008, is to independently and scientifically review the methodology that led to the 2006 Department of Homeland Security report, Bioterrorism Risk Assessment (BTRA) and provide a foundation for future updates. This book identifies a number of fundamental concerns with the BTRA of 2006, ranging from mathematical and statistical mistakes that have corrupted results, to unnecessarily complicated probability models and models with fidelity far exceeding existing data, to more basic questions about how terrorist behavior should be modeled. Rather than merely criticizing what was done in the BTRA of 2006, this new NRC book consults outside experts and collects a number of proposed alternatives that could improve DHS's ability to assess potential terrorist behavior as a key element of risk-informed decision making, and it explains these alternatives in the specific context of the BTRA and the bioterrorism threat.

Introduction to Homeland Security

Author : Jane Bullock
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0124158021
Total Pages : 688 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Homeland Security by : Jane Bullock

Download or read book Introduction to Homeland Security written by Jane Bullock and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-01-03 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive account of past and current homeland security reorganization and practices, policies and programs in relation to government restructuring.

Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses

Author : Russian Academy of Sciences
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309166233
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses by : Russian Academy of Sciences

Download or read book Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses written by Russian Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-06-23 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted primarily to papers prepared by American and Russian specialists on cyber terrorism and urban terrorism. It also includes papers on biological and radiological terrorism from the American and Russian perspectives. Of particular interest are the discussions of the hostage situation at Dubrovko in Moscow, the damge inflicted in New York during the attacks on 9/11, and Russian priorities in addressing cyber terrorism.

Evaluation of a Site-Specific Risk Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security's Planned National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas

Download Evaluation of a Site-Specific Risk Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security's Planned National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas PDF Online Free

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309162815
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of a Site-Specific Risk Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security's Planned National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas by : National Research Council

Download or read book Evaluation of a Site-Specific Risk Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security's Planned National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-01-02 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Congress requested that the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) produce a site-specific biosafety and biosecurity risk assessment (SSRA) of the proposed National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF) in Manhattan, Kansas. The laboratory would study dangerous foreign animal diseases-including the highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which affects cattle, pigs, deer, and other cloven-hoofed animals-and diseases deadly to humans that can be transmitted between animals and people. Congress also asked the Research Council to review the validity and adequacy of the document. Until these studies are complete, Congress has withheld funds to build the NBAF. Upon review of the DHS assessment, the National Research Council found "several major shortcomings." Based on the DHS risk assessment, there is nearly a 70 percent chance over the 50-year lifetime of the facility that a release of FMD could result in an infection outside the laboratory, impacting the economy by estimates of $9 billion to $50 billion. The present Research Council report says the risks and costs of a pathogen being accidently released from the facility could be significantly higher. The committee found that the SSRA has many legitimate conclusions, but it was concerned that the assessment does not fully account for how a Biosafety-Level 3 Agriculture and Biosafety-Level 4 Pathogen facility would operate or how pathogens might be accidently released. In particular, the SSRA does not include important operation risks and mitigation issues, such as the risk associated with the daily cleaning of large animal rooms. It also fails to address risks that would likely increase the chances of an FMD leak or of the disease's spread after a leak, including the NBAF's close proximity to the Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine clinics and KSU football stadium or personnel moving among KSU facilities.