The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany

Download The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780804743273
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (432 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany by : Eric Michaud

Download or read book The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany written by Eric Michaud and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany presents a new interpretation of National Socialism, arguing that art in the Third Reich was not simply an instrument of the regime, but actually became a source of the racist politics upon which its ideology was founded. Through the myth of the "Aryan race," a race pronounced superior because it alone creates culture, Nazism asserted art as the sole raison d'être of a regime defined by Hitler as the "dictatorship of genius." Michaud shows the important link between the religious nature of Nazi art and the political movement, revealing that in Nazi Germany art was considered to be less a witness of history than a force capable of producing future, the actor capable of accelerating the coming of a reality immanent to art itself.

Cult Artists

Download Cult Artists PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frances Lincoln
ISBN 13 : 0711246122
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cult Artists by : Ana Finel Honigman

Download or read book Cult Artists written by Ana Finel Honigman and published by Frances Lincoln. This book was released on 2019-09-03 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WHAT MAKES A CULT ARTIST? Whether pioneering in their craft, fiercely and undeniably unique, or critically divisive, cult artists come in all shapes and guises. Some gain instant fame, others instant notoriety, and more still remain anonymous until a chance change in fashion sees their work propelled into the limelight. In this nifty little book, Ana Finel Honigman handpicks a selection of inspiring artists you should know – from the iconic Salvador Dalí and Frida Kahlo, to radical activists such as the Guerrilla Girls and Ana Mendieta. The artistic mediums explored are similarly varied, with sculptors, performance, graffiti and fine artists alike. From little knowns with small, devout followings, to superstars gracing the covers of magazines, each is special in their individuality and their ability to inspire, antagonise and delight. Cult Artists is an essential addition to any art lover's library, as well as an entertaining introduction to our weird and wonderful art world. Also in the series: Cult Filmmakers, Cult Musicians + Cult Writers The artists: Dan Attoe, Balthus, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Jospeh Beuys, Christian Boltanski, Louise Bourgeois, Leigh Bowery, Chris Burden, Sophie Calle, Chapman Brothers, Judy Chicago, Joseph Cornell, Molly Crabapple, Salvador Dali, Niki de Saint Phalle, Marcel Duchamp, El Anatsui, James Ensor, H. R. Giger, Gilbert & George, Guerrilla Girls, Nan Goldin, Jenny Holzer, Donna Huanca, Dorothy Iannone, Frida Kahlo, Allan Kaprow, Mike Kelley, Yves Klein, Barbara Kruger, Yayoi Kusama, Kazimir Malevich, Christian Marclay, Ana Mendieta, Alice Neel, Herman Nitsch, Yoko Ono, Orlan, Genesis P-orridge, Carol Rama, Faith Ringgold, Mark Rothko, Mark Ryden, Carolee Schneemann, Yinka Shonibare, Malick Sidibe, Stelarc, Florine Stettheimer, Kara Walker, David Wojnarowicz.

The Cult of the Avant-Garde Artist

Download The Cult of the Avant-Garde Artist PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521469227
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (692 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cult of the Avant-Garde Artist by : Donald Kuspit

Download or read book The Cult of the Avant-Garde Artist written by Donald Kuspit and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-06-24 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cult of the Avant-Garde Artist examines the philosophical, psychological and aesthetic premises for avant-garde art and its subsequent evolution and corruption in the late twentieth century. Arguing that modernist art is essentially therapeutic in intention, both towards self and society, Donald Kuspit further posits that neo-avant-garde, or post-modern art, at once mocks and denies the possibility of therapeutic change. As such, it accommodates the status quo of capitalist society, in which fame and fortune are valued above anything else. Stripping avant-garde art of its missionary, therapeutic intention, neo-avant-garde art instead converts it into a cliché of creative novelty or ironical value for its fashionable look. Moreover, it destroys the precarious balance of artistic narcissism and social empathy that characterizes modern art, tilting it cynically towards the former. Incorporating psychoanalytic ideas, particularly those concerned with narcissism, The Cult of the Avant-Garde Artist offers a reinterpretation of modern art history. Donald Kuspit, one of America's foremost art critics, is a contributing editor to Artforum and the author of many books.

Cult of the Machine

Download Cult of the Machine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780300234022
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cult of the Machine by : Emma Acker

Download or read book Cult of the Machine written by Emma Acker and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fresh look at a bold and dynamic 20th-century American art style Characterized by highly structured, geometric compositions with smooth surfaces, linear qualities, and lucid forms, Precisionism fully emerged after World War I and flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. This insightful publication, featuring more than 100 masterworks by artists such as Charles Sheeler, Georgia O'Keeffe, and Charles Demuth, sheds new light on the Precisionist aesthetic and the intellectual concerns, excitement, tensions, and ambivalences about industrialization that helped develop this important strand of early American modernism. Essays explore the origins of the style--which reconciled realism with abstraction and adapted European art movements like Purism, Cubism, and Futurism to American subject matter--as well as its relationship to photography, and the ways in which it reflected the economic and social changes brought about by industrialization and technology in the post-World War I world. In addition to making a meaningful contribution to the resurging interest in Modernism and its revisionist narratives, this book offers copious connections between the past and our present day, poised on the verge of a fourth industrial revolution. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco in association with Yale University Press Exhibition Schedule: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young (03/24/18-08/12/18) Dallas Museum of Art (09/16/18-01/06/19)

Creating the Cult of St. Joseph

Download Creating the Cult of St. Joseph PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691096317
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creating the Cult of St. Joseph by : Charlene Villaseñor Black

Download or read book Creating the Cult of St. Joseph written by Charlene Villaseñor Black and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2006-04-02 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: St. Joseph is mentioned only eight times in the New Testament Gospels. Prior to the late medieval period, Church doctrine rarely noticed him except in passing. But in 1555 this humble carpenter, earthly spouse of the Virgin Mary and foster father of Jesus, was made patron of the Conquest and conversion in Mexico. In 1672, King Charles II of Spain named St. Joseph patron of his kingdom, toppling St. James--traditional protector of the Iberian peninsula for over 800 years--from his honored position. Focusing on the changing manifestations of Holy Family and St. Joseph imagery in Spain and colonial Mexico from the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries, this book examines the genesis of a new saint's cult after centuries of obscurity. In so doing, it elucidates the role of the visual arts in creating gender discourses and deploying them in conquest, conversion, and colonization. Charlene Villaseñor Black examines numerous images and hundreds of primary sources in Spanish, Latin, Náhuatl, and Otomí. She finds that St. Joseph was not only the most frequently represented saint in Spanish Golden Age and Mexican colonial art, but also the most important. In Spain, St. Joseph was celebrated as a national icon and emblem of masculine authority in a society plagued by crisis and social disorder. In the Americas, the parental figure of the saint--model father, caring spouse, hardworking provider--became the perfect paradigm of Spanish colonial power. Creating the Cult of St. Joseph exposes the complex interactions among artists, the Catholic Church and Inquisition, the Spanish monarchy, and colonial authorities. One of the only sustained studies of masculinity in early modern Spain, it also constitutes a rare comparative study of Spain and the Americas.

Crazy 4 Cult: Cult Movie Art

Download Crazy 4 Cult: Cult Movie Art PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 0857681036
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (576 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Crazy 4 Cult: Cult Movie Art by : Gallery 1988

Download or read book Crazy 4 Cult: Cult Movie Art written by Gallery 1988 and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2011-06-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "...a classy movie-geek-must-have..." - Kevin Smith "This book is 176 pages of stunning, creative, witty, and sometimes just down-right funny art pieces." - We Are Movie Geeks "I personally recommend the hell out it, and I hope it does well -- because I'll get every single damn collection Gallery 1988 and Titan Books puts out." - Topless Robot "It’s just a damned gorgeous book filled with stunning, movie-related artwork." - Hollywood.com "Quite simply this book is a must have. If ever there was a book for movie inspired Art collectors then this is it." - Poster Shizzle "The artwork is beautiful, and anyone who loves film owes it to themselves to check it out." - Ain't It Cool "Crazy 4 Cult: Cult Movie Art is absolutely amazing and should be picked up by anyone and everyone who considers themselves a moving pictures enthusiast." - Posterocalypse "A book that belongs on every movie geek's coffee table." - Movies.com "There’s nothing like Crazy 4 Cult and this book shows you why." - Very Aware "Love Movies? Love Cult Art? Then 'Crazy 4 Cult' Is the Book for You." - Moviefone "THIS BOOK ROCKS!" - Cool and Collected -- The annual Crazy 4 Cult art show in LA has quickly become a phenomenon, with thousands of visitors, a million hits on its website on opening day, and high profile buyers including Kevin Smith and Edgar Wright. Why? Because the cream of the pop culture-influenced art scene - including Shepard Fairey, creator of the Obama 'Hope' poster - come together to celebrate cult movies with art that is surprising, beautiful and very, very cool. This lavishly produced book presents the best of the first 4 years of the show, with art inspired by such movies as The Big Lebowski, Edward Scissorhands, Blade Runner, Donnie Darko, A Clockwork Orange, Pulp Fiction and many more.

Cult Musicians

Download Cult Musicians PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : White Lion Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0711250626
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cult Musicians by : Robert Dimery

Download or read book Cult Musicians written by Robert Dimery and published by White Lion Publishing. This book was released on 2020-05-26 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cult Musicians handpicks 50 notable figures from the modern world of music and explores the creative genius that earned them the cult label, while celebrating the works that made their names. What makes a cult musician? Whether pioneering in their craft, fiercely and undeniably unique or critically divisive, cult musicians come in all shapes and guises. Some gain instant fame, others instant notoriety, and more still remain anonymous until a chance change in fashion sees their work propelled into the limelight. In Cult Musicians Robert Dimery introduces 50 musicians deserving of a cult status. The book will cover a plethora of genres and boundary-breakers, from afrobeat and art pop to glam rock and proto punk – Bjork and PJ Harvey to Aphex Twin and Wiley. Discover little knowns with small, devout followings and superstars gracing the covers of magazines: each musician is special in their individuality and their ability to inspire, antagonise and delight. Following Cult Artists, Cult Filmmakers and Cult Writers, Cult Musicians is an essential addition to any music lover's library, as well as an entertaining introduction to our weird and wonderful world of music. The Musicians: Alex Chilton, Alice Coltrane, Aphex Twin, Arthur Lee, Arthur Russell, Betty Davis, Bjork, Bobbie Gentry, Brian Eno, Brigitte Fontaine, Captain Beefheart, Delia Derbyshire, Edith Piaf, Fela Kuti, Frank Zappa, Gil Scott-Heron, Iggy Pop, J Dilla, John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Kat Bjelland, Kool Keith, Laurie Anderson, Lee 'Scratch' Perry, Lili Boulanger, Lydia Lunch, Manu Chao, Marianne Faithfull, Mark E. Smith, Mark Hollis, Moondog, Nick Cave, Nick Drake, Nico, Patti Smith, Peaches, PJ Harvey, Robert Wyatt, Roky Erickson, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Sandy Denny, Scott Walker, Serge Gainsbourg, Sixto Rodriguez, Sun Ra, Syd Barrett, The Slits, Tom Waits, Wiley, Yoko Ono.

Victorian Radicals

Download Victorian Radicals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781885444479
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (444 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Victorian Radicals by : Martin Ellis

Download or read book Victorian Radicals written by Martin Ellis and published by . This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawn from Birmingham Museums Trust's incomparable collection of Victorian art and design, this exhibition will explore how three generations of young, rebellious artists and designers, such as Edward Burne-Jones, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, revolutionized the visual arts in Britain, engaging with and challenging the new industrial world around them.

Charles Sheeler and the Cult of the Machine

Download Charles Sheeler and the Cult of the Machine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674111110
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (111 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Charles Sheeler and the Cult of the Machine by : Karen Lucic

Download or read book Charles Sheeler and the Cult of the Machine written by Karen Lucic and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Charles Sheeler (1886-1965) was one of the most noted American painters and photographers to embrace the iconography of the machine. But was he high priest or heretic in the religion of mass production and technology that dominated his era? Karen Lucic considers this intriguing question while telling us Sheeler's story, and showing us how Sheeler produced images of extraordinary aesthetic power that provocatively confirmed America's technological and industrial prestige in vivid detail.

Cult Fiction

Download Cult Fiction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hayward Gallery Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cult Fiction by : Paul Gravett

Download or read book Cult Fiction written by Paul Gravett and published by Hayward Gallery Publishing. This book was released on 2007 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published to accompany the Hayward Gallery Touring Exhibition, held at New Art Gallery, Wallsall, 4 May - 1 July 2007, Nottingham Castle, 14 July - 16 September 2007, Leeds City Art Gallery, 21 September - 11 November 2007, Aberystwyth Art Gallery, 17 November 2007 - 13 January 2008 and Tullie House, Carlisle, 19 January - 16 March 2008.

Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence

Download Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 9780754667148
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (671 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence by : Sally J. Cornelison

Download or read book Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence written by Sally J. Cornelison and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2012 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sally Cornelison draws upon contemporary visual, literary, and archival sources and diverse methodologies to interpret how the persona of St. Antoninus and the intercessory effectiveness of his relic cult were advertised to a broad audience of viewers and devotees during the Renaissance. Tracing the history of St. Antoninus' burial sites from 1459 until 1589, this interdisciplinary study demonstrates that the saint's cult was a key element of Florence's sacred cityscape.

The Cult of the Cat

Download The Cult of the Cat PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Thames & Hudson
ISBN 13 : 9780500810361
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cult of the Cat by : Nicholas J. Saunders

Download or read book The Cult of the Cat written by Nicholas J. Saunders and published by Thames & Hudson. This book was released on 1991 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the folklore surrounding cats, shows examples of the cat motif in art, and discusses the meanings associated with cats

Making Moon: A British Sci-Fi Cult Classic

Download Making Moon: A British Sci-Fi Cult Classic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 1789091004
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Making Moon: A British Sci-Fi Cult Classic by : Simon Ward

Download or read book Making Moon: A British Sci-Fi Cult Classic written by Simon Ward and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2019-10-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The official 10th anniversary making-of book for the Duncan Jones directed sci-fi film Moon. Directed by Duncan Jones, and written by Nathan Parker from a story by Jones, Moon is a 2009 science fiction drama following Sam Bell, a man who experiences a personal crisis as he nears the end of a three-year solitary stint mining helium-3 on the moon. Independently financed and produced on a modest budget, Moon became an instant cult classic. It was well received by critics and audiences alike, and was particularly praised for its scientific plausibility and realism. Making Moon will take an in-depth look back at the film's production: It features interviews with the film's key creatives and includes rare concept and behind-the-scenes images, as well as excerpts from the original shooting script.

Cult Filmmakers

Download Cult Filmmakers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : White Lion Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0711240264
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cult Filmmakers by : Ian Haydn Smith

Download or read book Cult Filmmakers written by Ian Haydn Smith and published by White Lion Publishing. This book was released on 2019-09-03 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What makes a cult filmmaker? Whether pioneering in their craft, fiercely and undeniably unique, or critically divisive, cult filmmakers come in all shapes and guises. Some gain instant fame, others instant notoriety, and more still remain anonymous until a chance change in fashion sees their work propelled into the limelight. Cult Filmmakers handpicks 50 notable figures in the world of cinema and explores the creative genius that earned them the 'cult' label, while celebrating the movies that made their names. The book features both industry heavyweights like Tim Burton and David Lynch to the strange and surreal imaginings of filmmakers such as Alejandro Jodorowsky and Ana Lily Amirpour. Discover the minds behind such beloved features as Melancholia, Easy Rider, Lost in Translation and more. From little knowns with small, devout followings, to superstars walking the red carpet, each is special in their individuality and their ability to inspire, antagonise and delight. Cult Filmmakers is an essential addition to any film buff's archive, as well as an entertaining introduction to the weird and wonderful world of cinema. The filmmakers: Ana Lily Amirpour, Kenneth Anger, Gregg Araki, Darren Aronofsky, Mario Bava, Kathryn Bigelow, Anna Biller, Lizzie Borden, Tim Burton, John Carpenter, Park Chan-Wook, Benjamin Christensen, Vera Chytilova, Sofia Coppola, Roger Corman, Alex Cox, David Cronenberg, Claire Denis, Amat Escalante, Abel Ferrara, Georges Franju, Lucio Fulci, Terry Gilliam, Lucile Hadzihalilovic, Dennis Hopper, King Hu, Jim Jarmusch, Jean-Pierre Jeunet, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Harmony Korine, Barbara Loden, David Lynch, Guy Maddin, Russ Meyer, Oscar Micheaux, Takashi Miike, Gaspar Noe, Gordon Parks, George A. Romero, Ken Russell, Susan Seidelman, Seijun Suzuki, Larisa Shepitko, Quentin Tarantino, Melvin van Peebles, Lars von Trier, John Waters, Nicolas Winding Refn, Edward D. Wood Jr., Brian Yuzna.

The Cult of Beauty

Download The Cult of Beauty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Victoria & Albert Museum
ISBN 13 : 9781851776948
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (769 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cult of Beauty by : Stephen Calloway

Download or read book The Cult of Beauty written by Stephen Calloway and published by Victoria & Albert Museum. This book was released on 2012-03-01 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surveys the aesthetic movement in Victorian England, showcasing artwork from the time period and describing its followers, the different art media used, phases, and eventual exploitation for commercial gain.

The Artist's Way

Download The Artist's Way PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101156880
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Artist's Way by : Julia Cameron

Download or read book The Artist's Way written by Julia Cameron and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2002-03-04 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "With its gentle affirmations, inspirational quotes, fill-in-the-blank lists and tasks — write yourself a thank-you letter, describe yourself at 80, for example — The Artist’s Way proposes an egalitarian view of creativity: Everyone’s got it."—The New York Times "Morning Pages have become a household name, a shorthand for unlocking your creative potential"—Vogue Over four million copies sold! Since its first publication, The Artist's Way phenomena has inspired the genius of Elizabeth Gilbert and millions of readers to embark on a creative journey and find a deeper connection to process and purpose. Julia Cameron's novel approach guides readers in uncovering problems areas and pressure points that may be restricting their creative flow and offers techniques to free up any areas where they might be stuck, opening up opportunities for self-growth and self-discovery. The program begins with Cameron’s most vital tools for creative recovery – The Morning Pages, a daily writing ritual of three pages of stream-of-conscious, and The Artist Date, a dedicated block of time to nurture your inner artist. From there, she shares hundreds of exercises, activities, and prompts to help readers thoroughly explore each chapter. She also offers guidance on starting a “Creative Cluster” of fellow artists who will support you in your creative endeavors. A revolutionary program for personal renewal, The Artist's Way will help get you back on track, rediscover your passions, and take the steps you need to change your life.

Funerary Arts and Tomb Cult

Download Funerary Arts and Tomb Cult PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 9781409422617
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (226 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Funerary Arts and Tomb Cult by : Suzanne G. Lindsay

Download or read book Funerary Arts and Tomb Cult written by Suzanne G. Lindsay and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2012 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book sheds new light on the interplay of the funerary arts, tomb cult and the mentalities that shaped them in France, over a period famous for profound and often violent change. Using previously untouched archival sources and period published material, this study proposes new and vital contexts for nineteenth-century France's celebrated funerary projects, often profoundly reinterpreting them, and brings to light significant enterprises that are little known today.