The Crisis Of Masculinity In The Age Of Augustus

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The Crisis of Masculinity in the Age of Augustus

Author : Melanie Racette-Campbell
Publisher : University of Wisconsin Pres
ISBN 13 : 0299343502
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis The Crisis of Masculinity in the Age of Augustus by : Melanie Racette-Campbell

Download or read book The Crisis of Masculinity in the Age of Augustus written by Melanie Racette-Campbell and published by University of Wisconsin Pres. This book was released on 2023-07-25 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The political rupture caused by the ascension of Augustus Caesar in ancient Rome, which ended the centuries-old Republic, had drastic consequences for the performance and understanding of masculinity in a markedly androcentric society. Previously, masculinity was established and maintained through the frame of competition, in both public and private spheres—but the total accumulation of power by one man foreclosed most avenues of, and even appreciation for, competition. Melanie Racette-Campbell examines how Rome’s elite men navigated this liminal moment between Republic and Empire, and shows that the process was neither linear nor uniform. Already in the late Republic, prior to Augustus’s rise to power, cracks in the hegemonic concept of masculinity were starting to show. Careful reading of contemporary texts reveals a decades-long process as tumultuous and unsteady as the political events they echoed, one in which multiple and competing strategies for reconceiving the nature of masculinity were tested, employed, discarded, and adopted in a complex public-private discourse. The eventual reconstitution of a definition of Roman manhood was not easily agreed upon. Masculinity in both the Republic and the Empire are well studied subjects, but by shining a light on the precise moment of transition Racette-Campbell unveils the precise complexity, contours, and nuances of the Augustan crisis of masculinity.

The Cambridge World History of Sexualities: Volume 3, Sites of Knowledge and Practice

Author : Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108901301
Total Pages : 1066 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cambridge World History of Sexualities: Volume 3, Sites of Knowledge and Practice by : Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks

Download or read book The Cambridge World History of Sexualities: Volume 3, Sites of Knowledge and Practice written by Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-04-30 with total page 1066 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume III provides in-depth analyses of specific times and places in the history of world sexualities, to investigate more closely the lived experience of individuals and groups to reveal the diversity of human sexualities. Comprising twenty-five chapters, this volume covers ancient Athens, Rome, and Constantinople; eighth- and ninth-century Chang'an, ninth- and tenth-century Baghdad, and tenth- through twelfth-century Kyoto; fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Iceland and Florence; sixteenth-century Tenochtitlan, Istanbul, and Geneva; eighteenth-century Edo, Paris, and Philadelphia; nineteenth-century Cairo, London, and Manila; late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Lagos, Bombay, Buenos Aires, and Berlin, and twentieth-century Sydney, Toronto, Shanghai, and Rio de Janeiro. Broad in range, this volume sheds light on continuities and changes in world sexualities across time and space.

Roman Masculinity and Politics from Republic to Empire

Author : Charles Goldberg
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000299007
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Roman Masculinity and Politics from Republic to Empire by : Charles Goldberg

Download or read book Roman Masculinity and Politics from Republic to Empire written by Charles Goldberg and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores the role that republican political participation played in forging elite Roman masculinity. It situates familiarly "manly" traits like militarism, aggressive sexuality, and the pursuit of power within a political system based on power sharing and cooperation. In deliberations in the Senate, at social gatherings, and on military campaign, displays of consensus with other men greased the wheels of social discourse and built elite comradery. Through literary sources and inscriptions that offer censorious or affirmative appraisal of male behavior from the Middle and Late Republic (ca. 300–31 BCE) to the Principate or Early Empire (ca. 100 CE), this book shows how the vir bonus, or "good man," the Roman persona of male aristocratic excellence, modulated imperatives for personal distinction and military and sexual violence with political cooperation and moral exemplarity. While the advent of one-man rule in the Empire transformed political power relations, ideals forged in the Republic adapted to the new climate and provided a coherent model of masculinity for emperor and senator alike. Scholars often paint a picture of Republic and Principate as distinct landscapes, but enduring ideals of male self-fashioning constitute an important continuity. Roman Masculinity and Politics from Republic to Empire provides a fascinating insight into the intertwined nature of masculinity and political power for anyone interested in Roman political and social history, and those working on gender in the ancient world more broadly.

Gender, Domesticity, and the Age of Augustus

Author : Kristina Milnor
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191515647
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender, Domesticity, and the Age of Augustus by : Kristina Milnor

Download or read book Gender, Domesticity, and the Age of Augustus written by Kristina Milnor and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2005-11-10 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The age of Augustus has long been recognized as a time when the Roman state put a new emphasis on `traditional' feminine domestic ideals, yet at the same time gave real public prominence to certain women in their roles as wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters. Kristina Milnor takes up a series of texts and their contexts in order to explore this paradox. Through an examination of authors such as Vitruvius, Livy, Valerius Maximus, Seneca the Elder, and Columella, she argues that female domesticity was both a principle and a problem for early imperial writers, as they sought to construct a new definition of who and what constituted Roman public life.

A Guide to Latin Elegy and Lyric

Author : Barbara K. Gold
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119227089
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis A Guide to Latin Elegy and Lyric by : Barbara K. Gold

Download or read book A Guide to Latin Elegy and Lyric written by Barbara K. Gold and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-07-27 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the necessary context to read elegiac and lyric poetry, designed for novice and experienced Classics and Latin students alike A Guide to Latin Elegy and Lyric explores the language of Latin poetry while helping readers understand the socio-cultural context of the remarkable period of Roman literary history in which the poetry was composed. With an innovative approach to this important area of classical scholarship, the authors treat elegy alongside lyric as they cover topics such as the Hellenistic influences on Augustan poetry, the key figures that shaped the elegiac tradition of Rome, the motifs of militia amoris ("the warfare of love") and servitium amoris (“the slavery of love”) in Latin love elegy, and more. Organized into ten chapters, the book begins with an introduction to the literary, political, and social contexts of the Augustan Age. The next six chapters each focus on an individual lyric and elegiac poet—Catullus, Horace, Tibullus, Propertius, Ovid, and Sulpicia—followed by a survey of several lesser-known poets and post-Augustan elegy and lyric. The text concludes with a discussion of major tropes and themes in Latin elegy and lyric, and an overview and analysis of key critical approaches in current scholarship. This volume: Includes full translations alongside the Latin throughout the text to illustrate discussions Analyzes recurring themes and tropes found in Latin poetry such as sexuality and gender, politics and patronage, myth and religion, wealth and poverty, empire, madness, magic, and witchcraft Reviews modern critical approaches to elegiac and lyric poetry including autobiographical realism, psychoanalysis, narratology, reception, and decolonization Includes helpful introductory sections: "How to Read a Latin Elegiac or Lyric Poem" and "How to Teach a Latin Elegiac and Lyric Poem" Provides information about each poet, an in-depth discussion of some of their poetry, and cultural and historical background Features a dedicated chapter on Sulpicia, offering readers an ancient female viewpoint on sex and gender, politics, and patronage Part of the acclaimed Blackwell Guides to Classical Literature series, A Guide to Latin Elegy and Lyric is the perfect text for both introductory and advanced courses in Latin elegy and lyric, accessible for students reading the poetry in translation, as well as for those experienced in Latin with an interest in learning a different approach to the subject.

Behold the Man

Author : Colleen Conway
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190296003
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Behold the Man by : Colleen Conway

Download or read book Behold the Man written by Colleen Conway and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-05-07 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Colleen Conway looks at the construction of masculinity in New Testament depictions of Jesus. She argues that the New Testament writers necessarily engaged the predominant gender ideology of the Roman Empire, whether consciously or unconsciously. Although the notion of what constituted ideal masculinity in Greek and Roman cultures certainly pre-dated the Roman Empire, the emergence of the Principate concentrated this gender ideology on the figure of the emperor. Indeed, critical to the success of the empire was the portrayal of the emperor as the ideal man and the Roman citizen as one who aspired to be the same. Any person who was held up alongside the emperor as another source of authority would be assessed in terms of the cultural values represented in this Roman image of the "manly man." Conway examines a variety of ancient ideas of masculinity, as found in philosophical discourses, medical treaties, imperial documents, and ancient inscriptions. Manliness, in these accounts, was achieved through self-control over passions such as lust, anger, and greed. It was also gained through manly displays of courage, the endurance of pain, and death on behalf of others. With these texts as a starting point, Conway shows how the New Testament writings approach Jesus' gender identity. From Paul's early letters to the Gospels and Acts, to the book of Revelation, Christian writings in the Bible confront the potentially emasculating scandal of the cross and affirm Jesus as ideally masculine. Conway's study touches on such themes as the relationship between divinity and masculinity; the role of the body in relation to gender identity; and belief in Jesus as a means of achieving a more ideal form of masculinity. This impeccably researched and highly readable book reveals the importance of ancient gender ideology for the interpretation of Christian texts.

Augustus

Author : Adrian Goldsworthy
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300210078
Total Pages : 625 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Augustus by : Adrian Goldsworthy

Download or read book Augustus written by Adrian Goldsworthy and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2014-08-28 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The acclaimed historian and author of Caesar presents “a first-rate popular biography” of Rome’s first emperor, written “with a storyteller’s brio” (Washington Post). The story of Augustus’ life is filled with drama and contradiction, risky gambles and unexpected success. He began as a teenage warlord whose only claim to power was as the grand-nephew and heir of the murdered Julius Caesar. Mark Antony dubbed him “a boy who owes everything to a name,” but he soon outmaneuvered a host of more experienced politicians to become the last man standing in 30 BC. Over the next half century, Augustus created a new system of government—the Principate or rule of an emperor—which brought peace and stability to the vast Roman Empire. In this highly anticipated biography, Goldsworthy puts his deep knowledge of ancient sources to full use, recounting the events of Augustus’ long life in greater detail than ever before. Goldsworthy pins down the man behind the myths: a consummate manipulator, propagandist, and showman, both generous and ruthless. Under Augustus’ rule the empire prospered, yet his success was constantly under threat and his life was intensely unpredictable.

Afterlives of Augustus, AD 14–2014

Author : Penelope J. Goodman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108540058
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Afterlives of Augustus, AD 14–2014 by : Penelope J. Goodman

Download or read book Afterlives of Augustus, AD 14–2014 written by Penelope J. Goodman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-26 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The bimillennium of Augustus' death on 19 August 2014 commemorated not only the end of his life but also the beginning of a two-thousand-year reception history. This volume addresses the range and breadth of that history. Beginning with the Emperor's death and continuing through Late Antiquity, Early Christianity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and early modernity to the present day, chapters address political positioning, religious mythologisation, philosophy, rhetoric, narratives, memory, and material embodiment. As they collectively reveal, Augustus has meant radically different things from one time and place to another, and even to some individual commentators as the circumstances around them changed. The weight of established narratives has often also shaped those of subsequent generations, with or without their conscious awareness. The book outlines and analyses the major themes in Augustus' reception history, clarifying the cultural and historiographical issues at stake and providing a platform for further scholarship.

Didactic Literature in the Roman World

Author : T. H. M. Gellar-Goad
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000922731
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Didactic Literature in the Roman World by : T. H. M. Gellar-Goad

Download or read book Didactic Literature in the Roman World written by T. H. M. Gellar-Goad and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-08-21 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book collects new work on Latin didactic poetry and prose in the late Republic and early Empire, and it evaluates the varied, shifting roles that literature of teaching and learning played during this period. Instruction was of special interest in the culture and literature of the late Roman Republic and the Age of Augustus, as attitudes towards education found complex, fluid, and multivalent expressions. The era saw a didactic boom, a cottage industry whose surviving authors include Vergil, Lucretius, Ovid, Horace, Cicero, Varro, Germanicus, and Grattius, who are all reexamined here. The contributors to this volume bring fresh approaches to the study of educational literature from the end of the Roman Republic and early Empire, and their essays discover unexpected connections between familiar authors. Chapters explore, interrogate, and revise some aspect of our understanding of these generic and modal boundaries, while considering understudied points of contact between art and education, poetry and prose, and literature and philosophy, among others. Altogether, the volume shows how lively, experimental, and intertextual the didactic ethos of this period is, and how deeply it engages with social, political, and philosophical questions that are of critical importance to contemporary Rome and of enduring interest into the modern world. Didactic Literature in the Roman World is of interest to students and scholars of Latin literature, particularly the late Republic and early Empire, and of Classics more broadly. In addition, the volume’s focus on didactic poetry and prose appeals to those working on literature outside of Classics and on intellectual history.

Seeking the Mothers in Ovid's "Heroides"

Author : Simona Martorana
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501777084
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Seeking the Mothers in Ovid's "Heroides" by : Simona Martorana

Download or read book Seeking the Mothers in Ovid's "Heroides" written by Simona Martorana and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2024-09-15 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seeking the Mothers in Ovid's "Heroides" explores Ovid's reconceptualization of the heroines' maternal experience. Rather than aligning them with the stereotypical roles of Roman women, motherhood enables the Ovidian heroines to challenge traditional norms with irreverent perspectives on gender categories and familial relationships. To confront these perspectives and overcome the dialectic between the (male) voice of the poet and the (female) voice of the heroines, Seeking the Mothers in Ovid's "Heroides" argues for a form of polyphonic "cooperation" between the two voices, thus providing new angles on ironical discourse and gender fluidity within the Heroides. By reading the Heroides both through feminist theory and against Ovid's poetic production, Simona Martorana provides a novel approach to describe how motherhood enhances the heroines' agency, drawing on works of Kristeva, Irigaray, Butler, Mulvey, Cavarero, Braidotti, and Ettinger. The application of theory is flexible throughout Seeking the Mothers in Ovid's "Heroides" and tailored to the nuances of specific passages rather than being uniformly imposed on the ancient text. Seeking the Mothers in Ovid's "Heroides" reveals how the irony, ambiguity, and polyphony intrinsic to Ovid's poetry are amplified by the heroines' poetic voices. Martorana breaks new ground by incorporating contemporary feminist theories within the analysis of the Heroides and provides an original comprehensive analysis of motherhood that encompasses other Ovidian works, Latin poetry, and classical literature more broadly.

The Public Lives of Ancient Women (500 BCE-650 CE)

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004534512
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis The Public Lives of Ancient Women (500 BCE-650 CE) by :

Download or read book The Public Lives of Ancient Women (500 BCE-650 CE) written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-02-13 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering a broad chronological and geographic range and a great variety of source types, this volume examines the presence and activities of ancient women in the public domain, for example as rulers, patrons, priestesses, wives, athletes and pilgrims.

Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature

Author : Dr Mehl Allan Penrose
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1472422287
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (724 download)

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Book Synopsis Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature by : Dr Mehl Allan Penrose

Download or read book Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature written by Dr Mehl Allan Penrose and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2014-05-28 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature, Mehl Allan Penrose examines three distinct male figures, each of which was represented as the Other in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Spanish literature. The most common configuration of non-normative men was the petimetre, an effeminate, Francophile male who figured a failed masculinity, a dubious sexuality, and an invasive French cultural presence. Also inscribed within cultural discourse were the bujarrón or ‘sodomite,’ who participates in sexual relations with men, and the Arcadian shepherd, who expresses his desire for other males and who takes on agency as the voice of homoerotica. Analyzing journalistic essays, poetry, and drama, Penrose shows that Spanish authors employed queer images of men to engage debates about how males should appear, speak, and behave and whom they should love in order to be considered ‘real’ Spaniards. Penrose interrogates works by a wide range of writers, including Luis Cañuelo, Ramón de la Cruz, and Félix María de Samaniego, arguing that the tropes created by these authors solidified the gender and sexual binary and defined and described what a ‘queer’ man was in the Spanish collective imaginary. Masculinity and Queer Desire engages with current cultural, historical, and theoretical scholarship to propose the notion that the idea of queerness in gender and sexuality based on identifiable criteria started in Spain long before the medical concept of the ‘homosexual’ was created around 1870.

Un/settled Multiculturalisms

Author : Barnor Hesse
Publisher : Zed Books
ISBN 13 : 9781856495608
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (956 download)

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Book Synopsis Un/settled Multiculturalisms by : Barnor Hesse

Download or read book Un/settled Multiculturalisms written by Barnor Hesse and published by Zed Books. This book was released on 2000-11 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology reconsiders the social, political and intellectual meanings of multiculturalism in the West, particularly Britain. It introduces a conceptual language for thinking about multiculturalism and casts the surrounding debates in the contexts of globalization, post-colonialism and what Barnor Hesse calls multicultural transruptions. The contributors consider a variety of diaspora formations ranging from the Muslim Umma and Black Britain to the Chinese foodscape and Transatlantic Black sporting performances. They examine the transnational impact on how cultural differences are lived and pose questions for how we participate in and think about Western societies. The material on cultural entanglements focuses on media constructions of the Asian Gang in Britain, gender and sexuality in ragga music, and the ambivalence of identities in post-apartheid South Africa.

Mark Antony and Popular Culture

Author : Rachael Kelly
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857735896
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (577 download)

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Book Synopsis Mark Antony and Popular Culture by : Rachael Kelly

Download or read book Mark Antony and Popular Culture written by Rachael Kelly and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-06-12 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shakespeare called him "Th' abstract of all faults / That all men follow". For Plutarch he was a bon vivant whose excessive appetites and poor judgement overwhelmed his potential for greatness. History remembers him as the man who threw away an empire for love: an imperfect romantic hero, dashing but decadent, whose tragic narrative is conveniently contained by his death by suicide in Cleopatra's arms. Stemming from hostile Roman propaganda in the years leading up to his death, Mark Antony is generally presented in popular culture as a deeply flawed character, subject to emotional and physical excesses that are understood in gendered terms as defective, feminised masculinity. His notoriety for drunkenness, debauchery, decadence and profligacy have survived and flourished in contemporary screen representations. But who was Mark Antony? Was he Richard Burton's Byronic dilettante, the brooding soldier who allows his love for Cleopatra to dictate his political policy? Was he James Purefoy's amoral, impulsive bully-boy, loyal to no-one but himself and dedicated to the relentless pursuit of bodily gratification? Both - or neither? In this fascinating account of a classical figure and his reception in popular culture, Rachael Kelly traces the Mark Antony myth in Hollywood historical epic film and television and examines the complex discourses of hegemonic masculinity that have shaped it. Certain tropes occur time and again in constructing Mark Antony for the screen, nurtured by the strong influence of Roman gendered social mores on Western society. Kelly exposes and examines these tropes in order to look at how and why Mark Antony as pop culture icon differs so substantially and specifically from the actual historical figure Marcus Antonius - once the most powerful man in the Roman world, and the man who nearly led the Republic into empire.

Behind the Scenes of the New Testament

Author : Bruce W. Longenecker
Publisher : Baker Books
ISBN 13 : 1493447661
Total Pages : 782 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (934 download)

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Book Synopsis Behind the Scenes of the New Testament by : Bruce W. Longenecker

Download or read book Behind the Scenes of the New Testament written by Bruce W. Longenecker and published by Baker Books. This book was released on 2024-11-05 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative volume brings together a team of world-class scholars to cover the full range of New Testament backgrounds studies in a concise, up-to-date, and comprehensive manner. Drawing on the expertise of specialists in the areas of archaeological, historical, and biblical studies, this book provides concise treatments of a wide breadth of topics related to the world of the early Christ followers. The book offers compact overviews of key historical issues, facilitating enriched understandings of the significance and force of the texts of the New Testament in their original contexts. Meant to be used alongside traditional literature-based canonical surveys, this one-stop introduction to New Testament backgrounds fills a gap in typical introduction to the Bible courses and is ideal for undergraduate or seminary classes. It is beautifully designed and includes photographs, line drawings, maps, charts, and tables, which will facilitate its use in the classroom.

The Rule of Manhood

Author : Jamie A. Gianoutsos
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108478832
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rule of Manhood by : Jamie A. Gianoutsos

Download or read book The Rule of Manhood written by Jamie A. Gianoutsos and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores how classical and gendered conceptions of tyranny shaped early Stuart understandings of monarchy and the development of republican thought.

Gender Protest and Same-Sex Desire in Antebellum American Literature

Author : David Greven
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317130111
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender Protest and Same-Sex Desire in Antebellum American Literature by : David Greven

Download or read book Gender Protest and Same-Sex Desire in Antebellum American Literature written by David Greven and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-22 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanding our understanding of the possibilities and challenges inherent in the expression of same-sex desire before the Civil War, David Greven identifies a pattern of what he calls ’gender protest’ and sexual possibility recurring in antebellum works. He suggests that major authors such as Margaret Fuller, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne consciously sought to represent same-sex desire in their writings. Focusing especially on conceptions of the melancholia of gender identification and shame, Greven argues that same-sex desire was inextricably enmeshed in scenes of gender-role strain, as exemplified in the extent to which The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym depicts masculine identity adrift and in disarray. Greven finds similarly compelling representations of gender protest in Fuller’s exploration of the crisis of gendered identity in Summer on the Lakes, in Melville’s representation of Redburn’s experience of gender nonconformity, and in Hawthorne’s complicated delineation of desire in The Scarlet Letter. As Greven shows, antebellum authors not only took up the taboo subjects of same-sex desire and female sexuality, but were adept in their use of a variety of rhetorical means for expressing the inexpressible.