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The Combined Incidence Of Taxes And Public Expenditures In The Philippines
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Book Synopsis The Combined Incidence of Taxes and Public Expenditures in the Philippines by : Shantayanan Devarajan
Download or read book The Combined Incidence of Taxes and Public Expenditures in the Philippines written by Shantayanan Devarajan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Combined Incidence of Taxes and Public Expenditures in the Philippines by : Shantayanan Devarajan
Download or read book The Combined Incidence of Taxes and Public Expenditures in the Philippines written by Shantayanan Devarajan and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: November 1995 In the Philippines, the combined effect of taxation and spending policies is progressive, because the incidence pattern of spending is progressive while that of taxation is neutral. Indirect taxes, the main source of government revenue, are only slightly regressive. Although the poor consume taxed goods such as energy directly, the rich consume them indirectly by purchasing goods whose production requires energy and other taxed goods. Incidence studies of fiscal policy in developing countries typically examine either the distribution of tax burdens or the incidence of public expenditures. But the central issue for policymakers is the combined or net incidence of fiscal activities. Even if a tax is regressive, the impact of increasing it may not be, if the revenue raised is spent in a progressive manner. But even if the beneficiaries of public spending are the poor, the net effect may not be pro-poor, if the spending is financed by a highly regressive tax. One reason that combined incidence studies are so rare: they require detailed data on both taxation and public spending. Most analysts consider themselves lucky if they have data on either. Devarajan and Hossain show that the net incidence of fiscal policy in a country with average data -- the Philippines -- can be estimated using a variety of data sources and tools, using simplifying assumptions. For 20 years, the Philippine economy has experienced a series of balance of payments crises triggered by fiscal crises. It has had an unsatisfactory record of poverty alleviation. As the government tries to maintain fiscal discipline by raising taxes and cutting spending, how will poverty be affected? Devarajan and Hossain examine net fiscal incidence to find out. Their findings: * The incidence pattern of taxes is basically neutral. Contrary to expectations, indirect taxes are only slightly regressive. The poor consume taxed goods such as energy directly, but the rich consume them indirectly by purchasing goods the production of which requires energy and other taxed goods. * It is the pattern of expenditures that drives the combined incidence, which is progressive. This paper -- a product of the Public Economics Division, Policy Research Department -- is a revised version of Chapter 15 of the World Bank report, The Philippines: An Opening for Sustained Growth.
Book Synopsis How Useful Are Benefit Incidence Analyses of Public Education and Health Spending by : Sawitree S. Asawanuchit
Download or read book How Useful Are Benefit Incidence Analyses of Public Education and Health Spending written by Sawitree S. Asawanuchit and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2003-11-01 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides a primer on benefit incidence analysis (BIA) for macroeconomists and a new data set on the benefit incidence of education and health spending covering 56 countries over 1960-2000, representing a significant improvement in quality and coverage over existing compilations. The paper demonstrates the usefulness of BIA in two dimensions. First, the paper finds, among other things, that overall education and health spending are poorly targeted; benefits from primary education and primary health care go disproportionately to the middle class, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, HIPCs and transition economies; but targeting has improved in the 1990s. Second, simple measures of association show that countries with a more propoor incidence of education and health spending tend to have better education and health outcomes, good governance, high per capita income, and wider accessibility to information. The paper explores policy implications of these findings.
Book Synopsis Country Studies -- Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Turkey by : Jeffrey Sachs
Download or read book Country Studies -- Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Turkey written by Jeffrey Sachs and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 821 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Testing the Induced Innovation Hypothesis in South African Agriculture by : Colin G. Thirtle
Download or read book Testing the Induced Innovation Hypothesis in South African Agriculture written by Colin G. Thirtle and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Forgotten Rationale for Policy Reform by : Jonathan Isham
Download or read book The Forgotten Rationale for Policy Reform written by Jonathan Isham and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Capital Markets, Financial Intermediaries, and Corporate Governance by : Roland Egerer
Download or read book Capital Markets, Financial Intermediaries, and Corporate Governance written by Roland Egerer and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sequencing Social Security, Pension, and Insurance Reform by : Dimitri Vittas
Download or read book Sequencing Social Security, Pension, and Insurance Reform written by Dimitri Vittas and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Unemployment Insurance and Duration of Unemployment by : Milan Vodopivec
Download or read book Unemployment Insurance and Duration of Unemployment written by Milan Vodopivec and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Governance and Returns on Investment An Empirical Investigation by : Jonathan Isham
Download or read book Governance and Returns on Investment An Empirical Investigation written by Jonathan Isham and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Concessions of Busways to the Private Sector by : Jorge Mariano Rebelo
Download or read book Concessions of Busways to the Private Sector written by Jorge Mariano Rebelo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Impact of Economic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution by : François Bourguignon
Download or read book The Impact of Economic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution written by François Bourguignon and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews techniques and tools that can be used to evaluate the poverty and distributional impact of economic policy choices. This title describes the most robust techniques and tools, from the simplest to the most complex, and aims to identify best practices. It also addresses an evaluation technique and its applications.
Book Synopsis Conflict, Political Accountability and Aid by : Paul Collier
Download or read book Conflict, Political Accountability and Aid written by Paul Collier and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paul Collier’s contributions to development economics,and in regard to Africa in particular, have marked him out as one of the most influential commentators of recent times. His research has centred upon the causes and consequences of civil war, the effects of aid, and the problems of democracy in low-income and natural-resource-rich societies. His work has also enjoyed substantial policy impact, having seen him sit as a senior adviser to Tony Blair’s Commission on Africa and addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations This collection of Collier’s major writings, with assistance from Anke Hoeffler and Jan Gunning, and accompanied by a new introduction, provide the definitive account of a wide range of macroeconomic, microeconomic and political economy topics concerned with Africa. Within macroeconomics, there is a focus on external shocks, exchange rate and trade policies, whilst microeconomic topics focus upon labour and financial markets, as well as rural development. Collier’s book The Bottom Billion had become a landmark book and this summation of the research underpinning it will be a superb guide for all those concerned with African development.
Download or read book Taxing Wages 2021 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2021-04-29 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This annual publication provides details of taxes paid on wages in OECD countries. It covers personal income taxes and social security contributions paid by employees, social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by employers, and cash benefits received by workers. Taxing Wages 2021 includes a special feature entitled: “Impact of COVID-19 on the Tax Wedge in OECD Countries”.
Book Synopsis From Stimulus to Consolidation by : Juan Toro R.
Download or read book From Stimulus to Consolidation written by Juan Toro R. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2010-10-06 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper identifies policy tools that could be used for fiscal consolidation in advanced and emerging economies in the years ahead. The consolidation strategy, particularly in advanced countries, should aim to stabilize age-related spending in relation to GDP, reduce non-age-related expenditure ratios, and increase revenues. Bold reforms are needed to offset projected increases in age-related spending, particularly health care. On the revenue side, measures could include improving tax compliance, for example through better international cooperation, as well as increasing the yield from VAT by eliminating exemptions and reduced rates, further developing property taxes, and increasing excise rates within the range of rates already applicable in comparable countries.
Book Synopsis Macroeconomic Policies and Poverty by : Ashoka Mody
Download or read book Macroeconomic Policies and Poverty written by Ashoka Mody and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-08-02 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, world-renowned contributors, including Martin Ravallion, Michael Kremer and Robert Townsend, deal with the institutional characteristics of poverty resulting from the time pattern of aid, the nature of financial systems and the political economy of budgetary decisions. Going beyond the traditional literature on poverty, this original book deals with themes of broad interest to both scholars and policymakers in a clear yet technically sophisticated manner. Departing from conventional methods employed in poverty studies, these innovative essays enquire into the institutional characteristics of poverty, and using current case studies, they examine the crucial idea that periods of crises seriously affect poverty.
Book Synopsis Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries by : Ke-young Chu
Download or read book Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries written by Ke-young Chu and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2000-03 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews income distribution in developing countries (and transition) countries in recent decades and assesses the incidence of taxes and government expenditures in these countries. In particular, it pays attention to the incidence of government spending on education and health, reviewing the available evidence for a large number of developing countries. Furthermore it offers an analysis of the changes in income distribution in developing countries from the 1970s through 1990s and discusses possible underlying factors, including the role of tax policy.
