Diamondoid Molecules: With Applications In Biomedicine, Materials Science, Nanotechnology & Petroleum Science

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Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814439967
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Diamondoid Molecules: With Applications In Biomedicine, Materials Science, Nanotechnology & Petroleum Science by : G Ali Mansoori

Download or read book Diamondoid Molecules: With Applications In Biomedicine, Materials Science, Nanotechnology & Petroleum Science written by G Ali Mansoori and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012-09-06 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diamondoids are cage-like, ultra stable, saturated ringed hydrocarbons, which have a diamond-like structure consisting of a number of six-member carbon rings fused together. Adamantane is the cage compound prototype and the simplest diamondoid molecule. Diamondoids Molecules aims to present these fascinating substances in a novel fashion. The more intriguing facets of diamondoid molecules are comprehensively exposed and discussed, bringing state-of-the-art information to the reader, along with the history, fundamentals and perspectives of diamondoid science and technology.This groundbreaking book, especially devoted to diamondoid molecules, is of critical importance to the global techno-scientific community, and will be of great interest in many research fields such as chemistry, physics, material science, geology, and biological sciences. Moreover, it will attract readers from industrial, government and environmental agencies as well as scholars.

The Chemistry of Diamondoids

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527343911
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chemistry of Diamondoids by : Peter R. Schreiner

Download or read book The Chemistry of Diamondoids written by Peter R. Schreiner and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-06-17 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chemistry of Diamondoids Comprehensive resource on an important and fascinating compound class, covering synthesis, properties, functionalization, and applications in organic synthesis, materials science, and more The Chemistry of Diamondoids gives a state-of-the-art overview of all aspects of diamondoid chemistry, covering nomenclature, natural occurrence, chemical and physical properties, along with synthesis and functionalization of diamondoids as well as their applications as molecular building blocks in organic synthesis, polymer and materials science, nanotechnology, and medicinal chemistry. The book concludes with a perspective towards future developments in the field, thereby drawing attention to areas open for discovery. Written by experts in the field, The Chemistry of Diamondoids includes information on: Naturally occurring diamondoids, their formation, and the role they play in the petroleum industry and in geosciences, plus man-made approaches to prepare them on large scale Growing diamond from diamondoids via seeding, preparation and properties of diamondoid oligomers and doped diamondoids C–H-bond functionalization, a precondition for their use in many applications, and fine-tuning of diamondoid properties by precise cage substitution reactions With its all-encompassing approach, The Chemistry of Diamondoids is a valuable guide for newcomers and researchers in organic chemistry and materials science interested in modern synthetic methods and organic functional materials.

Diamondoids

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Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814745197
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis Diamondoids by : Sven Stauss

Download or read book Diamondoids written by Sven Stauss and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials, most commonly fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have gained increasing interest in both science and industry, due to their advantageous properties that make them attractive for many applications in nanotechnology. Another class of the carbon nanomaterials family that has slowly been gaining (re)newed interest is diamond molecules, also called diamondoids, which consist of polycyclic carbon cages that can be superimposed on a cubic diamond lattice. Derivatives of diamondoids are used in pharmaceutics, but due to their promising properties—well-defined structures, high thermal and chemical stability, negative electron affinity, and the possibility to tune their bandgap—diamondoids could also serve as molecular building blocks in future nanodevices. This book is the first of its kind to give an exhaustive overview of the structures, properties, and current and possible future applications of diamondoids. It contains a brief historical account of diamondoids, from the discovery of the first diamondoid member, adamantane, to the isolation of higher diamondoids about a decade ago. It summarizes the different approaches to synthesizing diamondoids. In particular, current research on the conventional organic synthesis and new approaches based on microplasmas generated in high-pressure and supercritical fluids are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods discussed. The book will serve as a reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanotechnology and researchers in macromolecular science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in nanoparticles.

High-Energy-Density Fuels for Advanced Propulsion

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527346694
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis High-Energy-Density Fuels for Advanced Propulsion by : Ji-Jun Zou

Download or read book High-Energy-Density Fuels for Advanced Propulsion written by Ji-Jun Zou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-09 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively and systematically demonstrates the theory and practice of designing, synthesizing and improving the performance of fuels. The contents range from polycyoalkane fuels, strained fuels, alky-diamondoid fuels, hypergolic and nanofluid fuels derived from fossil and biomass. All the chapters together clearly describe the important aspects of high-energy-density fuels including molecular design, synthesis route, physiochemical properties, and their application in improving the aerocraft performance. Vivid schematics and illustrations throughout the book enhance the accessibility to the relevant theory and technologies. This book provides the readers with fundamentals on high-energy-density fuels and their potential in advanced aerospace propulsion, and also provides the readers with inspiration for new development of advanced aerospace fuels.

Nanodiamond

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Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849737614
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanodiamond by : Oliver A Williams

Download or read book Nanodiamond written by Oliver A Williams and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The exceptional mechanical, optical, surface and biocompatibility properties of nanodiamond have gained it much interest. Exhibiting the outstanding bulk properties of diamond at the nanoscale in the form of a film or small particle makes it an inexpensive alternative for many applications. Nanodiamond is the first comprehensive book on the subject. The book reviews the state of the art of nanodiamond films and particles covering the fundamentals of growth, purification and spectroscopy and some of its diverse applications such as MEMS, drug delivery and biomarkers and biosensing. Specific chapters include the theory of nanodiamond, diamond nucleation, low temperature growth, diamond nanowires, electrochemistry of nanodiamond, nanodiamond flexible implants, and cell labelling with nanodiamond particles. Edited by a leading expert in nanodiamonds, this is the perfect resource for those new to, and active in, nanodiamond research and those interested in its applications.

Molecular Building Blocks for Nanotechnology

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387399380
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Building Blocks for Nanotechnology by : G.Ali Mansoori

Download or read book Molecular Building Blocks for Nanotechnology written by G.Ali Mansoori and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-14 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a "bottom-up" approach, beginning with atoms and molecules – molecular building blocks – and assembling them to build nanostructured materials. Coverage includes Carbon Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Diamondoids. The applications presented here will enable practitioners to design and build nanometer-scale systems. These concepts have far-reaching implications: from mechanical to chemical processes, from electronic components to ultra-fine sensors, from medicine to energy, and from pharmaceuticals to agriculture and food.

Carbon in Earth's Interior

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119508231
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbon in Earth's Interior by : Craig E. Manning

Download or read book Carbon in Earth's Interior written by Craig E. Manning and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-03 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon in Earth's fluid envelopes - the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, plays a fundamental role in our planet's climate system and a central role in biology, the environment, and the economy of earth system. The source and original quantity of carbon in our planet is uncertain, as are the identities and relative importance of early chemical processes associated with planetary differentiation. Numerous lines of evidence point to the early and continuing exchange of substantial carbon between Earth's surface and its interior, including diamonds, carbon-rich mantle-derived magmas, carbonate rocks in subduction zones and springs carrying deeply sourced carbon-bearing gases. Thus, there is little doubt that a substantial amount of carbon resides in our planet's interior. Yet, while we know it must be present, carbon's forms, transformations and movements at conditions relevant to the interiors of Earth and other planets remain uncertain and untapped. Volume highlights include: - Reviews key, general topics, such as carbonate minerals, the deep carbon cycle, and carbon in magmas or fluids - Describes new results at the frontiers of the field with presenting results on carbon in minerals, melts, and fluids at extreme conditions of planetary interiors - Brings together emerging insights into carbon's forms, transformations and movements through study of the dynamics, structure, stability and reactivity of carbon-based natural materials - Reviews emerging new insights into the properties of allied substances that carry carbon, into the rates of chemical and physical transformations, and into the complex interactions between moving fluids, magmas, and rocks to the interiors of Earth and other planets - Spans the various chemical redox states of carbon, from reduced hydrocarbons to zero-valent diamond and graphite to oxidized CO2 and carbonates - Captures and synthesizes the exciting results of recent, focused efforts in an emerging scientific discipline - Reports advances over the last decade that have led to a major leap forward in our understanding of carbon science - Compiles the range of methods that can be tapped tap from the deep carbon community, which includes experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamic modelers and geodynamicists - Represents a reference point for future deep carbon science research Carbon in Planetary Interiors will be a valuable resource for researchers and students who study the Earth's interior. The topics of this volume are interdisciplinary, and therefore will be useful to professionals from a wide variety of fields in the Earth Sciences, such as mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamics, material science, chemistry, geophysics and geodynamics.

Fluorescent Nanodiamonds

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119477085
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Fluorescent Nanodiamonds by : Huan-Cheng Chang

Download or read book Fluorescent Nanodiamonds written by Huan-Cheng Chang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-12 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most comprehensive reference on fluorescent nanodiamond physical and chemical properties and contemporary applications Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) have drawn a great deal of attention over the past several years, and their applications and development potential are proving to be manifold and vast. The first and only book of its kind, Fluorescent Nanodiamonds is a comprehensive guide to the basic science and technical information needed to fully understand the fundamentals of FNDs and their potential applications across an array of domains. In demonstrating the importance of FNDs in biological applications, the authors bring together all relevant chemistry, physics, materials science and biology. Nanodiamonds are produced by powerful cataclysmic events such as explosions, volcanic eruptions and meteorite impacts. They also can be created in the lab by high-pressure high-temperature treatment of graphite or detonating an explosive in a reactor vessel. A single imperfection can give a nanodiamond a specific, isolated color center which allows it to function as a single, trapped atom. Much smaller than the thickness of a human hair, a nanodiamond can have a huge surface area that allows it to bond with a variety of other materials. Because of their non-toxicity, nanodiamonds may be useful in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and gene therapy. The most comprehensive reference on a topic of rapidly increasing interest among academic and industrial researchers across an array of fields Includes numerous case studies and practical examples from many areas of research and industrial applications, as well as fascinating and instructive historical perspectives Each chapter addresses, in-depth, a single integral topic including the fundamental properties, synthesis, mechanisms and functionalisation of FNDs The first book published by the key patent holder with his research group in the field of FNDs Fluorescent Nanodiamonds is an important working resource for a broad range of scientists and engineers in industry and academia. It will also be a welcome reference for instructors in chemistry, physics, materials science, biology and related fields.

Supramolecular Chemistry

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118681509
Total Pages : 1191 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Supramolecular Chemistry by : Jonathan W. Steed

Download or read book Supramolecular Chemistry written by Jonathan W. Steed and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-21 with total page 1191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supramolecular chemistry is ‘chemistry beyond the molecule’ - the chemistry of molecular assemblies and intermolecular bonds. It is one of today’s fastest growing disciplines, crossing a range of subjects from biological chemistry to materials science; and from synthesis to spectroscopy. Supramolecular Chemistry is an up-to-date, integrated textbook that tells the newcomer to the field everything they need to know to get started. Assuming little in the way of prior knowledge, the book covers the concepts behind the subject, its breadth, applications and the latest contemporary thinking in the area. It also includes coverage of the more important experimental and instrumental techniques needed by supramolecular chemists. The book has been thoroughly updated for this second edition. In addition to the strengths of the very popular first edition, this comprehensive new version expands coverage into a broad range of emerging areas. Clear explanations of both fundamental and nascent concepts are supplemented by up-to-date coverage of exciting emerging trends in the literature. Numerous examples and problems are included throughout the book. A system of “key references” allows rapid access to the secondary literature, and of course comprehensive primary literature citations are provided. A selection of the topics covered is listed below. Cation, anion, ion-pair and molecular host-guest chemistry Crystal engineering Topological entanglement Clathrates Self-assembly Molecular devices Dendrimers Supramolecular polymers Microfabrication Nanoparticles Chemical emergence Metal-organic frameworks Gels Ionic liquids Supramolecular catalysis Molecular electronics Polymorphism Gas sorption Anion-pinteractions Nanochemistry Supramolecular Chemistry is a must for both students new to the field and for experienced researchers wanting to explore the origins and wider context of their work. Review: "At just under 1000 pages, the second edition of Steed and Atwood's Supramolecular Chemistry is the most comprehensive overview of the area available in textbook form...highly recommended." —Chemistry World, August 2009

Nanowires

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Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789859050
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanowires by : Simas Rackauskas

Download or read book Nanowires written by Simas Rackauskas and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-04-10 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanowires are attracting wide scientific interest due to the unique properties associated with their one-dimensional geometry. Developments in the understanding of the fundamental principles of the nanowire growth mechanisms and mastering functionalization provide tools to control crystal structure, morphology, and the interactions at the material interface, and create characteristics that are superior to those of planar geometries. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the most important developments in the field of nanowires, starting from their synthesis, discussing properties, and finalizing with nanowire applications. The book consists of two parts: the first is devoted to the synthesis of nanowires and characterization, and the second investigates the properties of nanowires and their applications in future devices.

Carbon Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

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Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788015673
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbon Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications by : Tatiana Da Ros

Download or read book Carbon Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications written by Tatiana Da Ros and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-02-15 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon nanostructures, namely fullerenes, single and multiwall carbon nanotubes, graphene as well as the most recent graphene quantum dots and carbon nanodots, have experienced a tremendous progress along the last two decades in terms of the knowledge acquired on their chemical and physical properties. These insights have enabled their increasing use in biomedical applications, from scaffolds to devices. Edited by renowned experts in the subject, this book collects and delineates the most notable advances within the growing field surrounding carbon nanostructures for biomedical purposes. Exploration ranges from fundamentals around classifications to toxicity, biocompatibility and the immune response. Modified nanocarbon-based materials and emergent classes, such as carbon dots and nanohorns are discussed, with chapters devoted from carriers for drug delivery and inhibitors of emergent viruses infection, to applications across imaging, biosensors, tissue scaffolding and biotechnology. The book will provide a valuable reference resource and will extensively benefit researchers and professionals working across the fields of chemistry, materials science, and biomedical and chemical engineering.

Principles of Nanotechnology

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Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812561544
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Principles of Nanotechnology by : G. Ali Mansoori

Download or read book Principles of Nanotechnology written by G. Ali Mansoori and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: - Gives unified presentation of many of the major principles in nanotechnology: molecular-based study of condensed matter in small systems. - Authored by an expert in the molecular-based study of matter - Accessible to students, yet of interest to experts - Emphasizes the intrinsic beauty of methods of bottom-up nanotechnology - Includes many full-color figures

Diamondoids

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Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1315340992
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Diamondoids by : Sven Stauss

Download or read book Diamondoids written by Sven Stauss and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials, most commonly fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have gained increasing interest in both science and industry, due to their advantageous properties that make them attractive for many applications in nanotechnology. Another class of the carbon nanomaterials family that has slowly been gaining (re)newed interest is diamond molecules, also called diamondoids, which consist of polycyclic carbon cages that can be superimposed on a cubic diamond lattice. Derivatives of diamondoids are used in pharmaceutics, but due to their promising properties—well-defined structures, high thermal and chemical stability, negative electron affinity, and the possibility to tune their bandgap—diamondoids could also serve as molecular building blocks in future nanodevices. This book is the first of its kind to give an exhaustive overview of the structures, properties, and current and possible future applications of diamondoids. It contains a brief historical account of diamondoids, from the discovery of the first diamondoid member, adamantane, to the isolation of higher diamondoids about a decade ago. It summarizes the different approaches to synthesizing diamondoids. In particular, current research on the conventional organic synthesis and new approaches based on microplasmas generated in high-pressure and supercritical fluids are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods discussed. The book will serve as a reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanotechnology and researchers in macromolecular science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in nanoparticles.

Biological Asymmetry and Handedness

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470514175
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Biological Asymmetry and Handedness by : Gregory R. Bock

Download or read book Biological Asymmetry and Handedness written by Gregory R. Bock and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the progress of leading scientists working on various aspects of handedness in order to consider the occurrence of handedness in the biological world. Provides in-depth coverage of the origin and development of morphological asymmetry occurring in most types of living organisms.

Nature's Nanostructures

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814316822
Total Pages : 606 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

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Book Synopsis Nature's Nanostructures by : Amanda S. Barnard

Download or read book Nature's Nanostructures written by Amanda S. Barnard and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural nanomaterials and nanotechnologies are all around us, which inevitably leads to these questions: What are these natural nanomaterials made of? Where can we find them? What can they do? Answering these questions will facilitate new and environmentally friendly ways of creating and manipulating nanoscale materials for the next generation of new technologies. A truly multidisciplinary resource, this book brings together studies from astronomy, physics, chemistry, materials science, engineering, geology and geophysics, environmental science, agricultural science, entomology, molecular biology, and health and provides an invaluable resource for learning how various scientists approach similar problems.

Quantum Chemistry and Dynamics of Excited States

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119417759
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantum Chemistry and Dynamics of Excited States by : Leticia González

Download or read book Quantum Chemistry and Dynamics of Excited States written by Leticia González and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introduction to the rapidly evolving methodology of electronic excited states For academic researchers, postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students, Quantum Chemistry and Dynamics of Excited States: Methods and Applications reports the most updated and accurate theoretical techniques to treat electronic excited states. From methods to deal with stationary calculations through time-dependent simulations of molecular systems, this book serves as a guide for beginners in the field and knowledge seekers alike. Taking into account the most recent theory developments and representative applications, it also covers the often-overlooked gap between theoretical and computational chemistry. An excellent reference for both researchers and students, Excited States provides essential knowledge on quantum chemistry, an in-depth overview of the latest developments, and theoretical techniques around the properties and nonadiabatic dynamics of chemical systems. Readers will learn: ● Essential theoretical techniques to describe the properties and dynamics of chemical systems ● Electronic Structure methods for stationary calculations ● Methods for electronic excited states from both a quantum chemical and time-dependent point of view ● A breakdown of the most recent developments in the past 30 years For those searching for a better understanding of excited states as they relate to chemistry, biochemistry, industrial chemistry, and beyond, Quantum Chemistry and Dynamics of Excited States provides a solid education in the necessary foundations and important theories of excited states in photochemistry and ultrafast phenomena.

The Chemistry of Oil and Petroleum Products

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Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110694522
Total Pages : 697 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chemistry of Oil and Petroleum Products by : Merv Fingas

Download or read book The Chemistry of Oil and Petroleum Products written by Merv Fingas and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-06-06 with total page 697 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to the chemistry of oil and petroleum products and covers the broad range of topics from heavy fuel oils, crude oils and (diluted) bitumen to today‘s research on asphaltenes. Recent methods are summarized and the large new groups of chemicals found in oils are identifi ed as well as described. The work points the way for a more complete understanding of the composition of petroleum. Highlights include: An update on oil fi ngerprinting New data using Fourier transform mass spectrometry, forensic tools for naphthenic acid fraction compounds in oil sand environmental samples Data on vanadium and nickel content changes in the resins of heavy oils, characteristics of their structural and group composition, and the content of heteroatomic (N, S, O) compounds Study of asphaltenes using direct molecular imaging employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) confi rming early findings of the dominance of the ‘island’ molecular structure An update on the Yen-Mullins model of asphaltenes in reservoirs giving the requisite solution to the asphaltene particle size, thus resolving the gravity term for thermodynamic modeling. A modifi ed polymer solution theory, the Flory-Huggins-Zuo (FHZ) EoS, is provided to model asphaltene gradients in reservoirs. A suite of oils from the Tarim Basin, Qaidam Basin, Ordos Basin, and Liaohe Basin, China is characterized geochemically to clarify factors that can affect the concentrations and distributions of pyrrolic nitrogen compounds (PNCs) in crude oils. An update on biomarkers in crude oils Updates on mass spectrometry techniques applicable to crude oils