The Changing Face Of Rural Space

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The Changing Face of Rural Space

Author : Julian Lampietti
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821379313
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing Face of Rural Space by : Julian Lampietti

Download or read book The Changing Face of Rural Space written by Julian Lampietti and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2009-05-04 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although at different stages of development, the countries of the Western Balkansâ€”Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbiaâ€”face similar challenges in transforming and modernizing their agricultural food production (agri-food) sectors. Their rural sectors have lagged behind the rest of the economy in growth and poverty reduction, their agri-food sectors are undercapitalized and highly fragmented, and their agro-processing capacities limited. Agricultural trade deficits are widening, climate change is posing increasing risks to farm incomes, and low-cost imports and changing consumer preferences are further eroding competitiveness. Added to this scenario are the challenges and opportunities of adopting the EU 'acquis communautaire' relating to agriculture. Based on recent World Bank reports prepared in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the European Commission Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development, 'The Changing Face of Rural Space: Agriculture and Rural Development in the Western Balkans' identifies what is constraining agricultural competitiveness in these countries, examines public expenditures in agriculture, and diagnoses key challenges for agricultural policy makers. The book expands on previous findings to provide a strategic policy framework for transforming and modernizing the agri-food sector and, in the context of regionâ€™s ongoing process of integration with the European Union, creating a dynamic rural space in the Western Balkans. The book offers Western Balkan governments and international donors a shared vision of the goals and directions their agriculture and rural development policies and programs might take.

The Changing Face of Land and Conservation in Post-colonial Africa

Author : George Barrett
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317565010
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing Face of Land and Conservation in Post-colonial Africa by : George Barrett

Download or read book The Changing Face of Land and Conservation in Post-colonial Africa written by George Barrett and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-22 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The year 2013 marked the 100th anniversary of the 1913 Land Act in South Africa which legalised the violent dispossession and alienation of the African majority from the land. It is common cause that the alienation of land for conservation purposes, introduced to Africa under colonial rule, has continued more or less uninterrupted until today. However, while nature conservation practices inevitably raise challenging questions relating to land and land use, there has thus far been little concentrated effort to bring together scholars working on the land question, particularly around issues of land tenure, with those whose work focuses on questions of nature construction and the social impacts of conservation in an African context. Compiled from research presented at a ground-breaking interdisciplinary conference held at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa, in 2012, the chapters in this book made their first appearance in a special issue of the Journal of Contemporary African Studies (JCAS) in July 2013. The book brings critical interdisciplinary analyses of the complex interrelations between contemporary (neoliberal) conservation practices in post-colonial Africa, into conversation with the well-trodden territory of land use and contested land issues on the continent. Anchored by an intellectual curiosity about the extent to which past practices continue into the present and with what consequences, the book provides fresh insights into the complex relationship between land and conservation in contemporary Africa.

Growth and Productivity in Agriculture and Agribusiness

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821386468
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Growth and Productivity in Agriculture and Agribusiness by :

Download or read book Growth and Productivity in Agriculture and Agribusiness written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2011 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report assesses the World Bank Group?s support for growth and productivity in the agriculture sector. Enhancing agricultural growth and productivity is essential to meeting the worldwide demand for food and to reducing poverty, particularly in the poorest developing countries. Between 1998 and 2008, the period covered by this evaluation, the World Bank Group (WBG) provided $23.7 billion in financing for agriculture and agribusiness in 108 countries (roughly 8 percent of total WBG financing), spanning areas from irrigation and marketing to research and extension. However, this was a time of declining focus on agricultural growth and productivity by both countries and donors. The cost of inadequate attention to agriculture, especially in agriculture-based economies, came into focus with the food crisis of 2007-08. The crisis added momentum to an emerging renewal of attention and stepped-up financing to agriculture and agribusiness at the World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC), as well as at several multilateral and bilateral agencies. World Bank financing rose two and a half times from 2008 to 2009, though that increase in lending seems to have been accompanied by a decline in analytical work, which this review finds valuable for results. This evaluation seeks to provide lessons from successes and failures to help improve the development impact of the renewed attention to the sector. Ratings against the World Bank?s stated objectives and IFC?s market-based benchmarks for agriculture and agribusiness projects have been equal to or above portfolio averages in East Asia, Latin America, and the transition economies in Europe, with notable successes over a long period in China and India. But performance of WBG interventions has been well below average in Sub-Saharan Africa, where IFC has had little engagement in agribusiness. Inconsistent client commitment and weak capacity have limited the effectiveness of WBG support in agriculture-based economies, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and constraints on staffing and internal coordination within the WBG have also hurt outcomes. Financial sustainability has been constrained by insufficient government funding and the difficulty of maintaining agricultural services and infrastructure. The WBG has a unique opportunity to match the increases in the financing for agriculture with sharper focus on improving agricultural growth and productivity in agriculture-based economies, notably in Sub-Saharan Africa. Greater effort will be needed to connect sectoral interventions and achieve synergies from public and private sector interventions; to build capacity and knowledge exchange; to take stock of experience in rain-fed agriculture; to ensure attention to financial sustainability and to cross-cutting issues of gender, environmental and social impacts, and climate; and to better integrate WBG support at the global and regional levels with that at the country level.

Rationalizing Rural Area Classifications for the Economic Research Service

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309380561
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Rationalizing Rural Area Classifications for the Economic Research Service by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Rationalizing Rural Area Classifications for the Economic Research Service written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-02-05 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (USDA/ERS) maintains four highly related but distinct geographic classification systems to designate areas by the degree to which they are rural. The original urban-rural code scheme was developed by the ERS in the 1970s. Rural America today is very different from the rural America of 1970 described in the first rural classification report. At that time migration to cities and poverty among the people left behind was a central concern. The more rural a residence, the more likely a person was to live in poverty, and this relationship held true regardless of age or race. Since the 1970s the interstate highway system was completed and broadband was developed. Services have become more consolidated into larger centers. Some of the traditional rural industries, farming and mining, have prospered, and there has been rural amenity-based in-migration. Many major structural and economic changes have occurred during this period. These factors have resulted in a quite different rural economy and society since 1970. In April 2015, the Committee on National Statistics convened a workshop to explore the data, estimation, and policy issues for rationalizing the multiple classifications of rural areas currently in use by the Economic Research Service (ERS). Participants aimed to help ERS make decisions regarding the generation of a county rural-urban scale for public use, taking into consideration the changed social and economic environment. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Adapting to Climate Change in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Author : Marianne Fay
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821381328
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (813 download)

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Book Synopsis Adapting to Climate Change in Eastern Europe and Central Asia by : Marianne Fay

Download or read book Adapting to Climate Change in Eastern Europe and Central Asia written by Marianne Fay and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-01-28 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adapting to Climate Change in Eastern Europe and Central Asia presents an overview of what adaptation to climate change might mean for the countries of the region of Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA). The next decade offers a window of opportunity for ECA countries to make their development more resilient to climate change.

Reducing the Vulnerability of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia s Agricultural Systems to Climate Change

Author : William R. Sutton
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464800448
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Reducing the Vulnerability of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia s Agricultural Systems to Climate Change by : William R. Sutton

Download or read book Reducing the Vulnerability of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia s Agricultural Systems to Climate Change written by William R. Sutton and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2013-10-29 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This World Bank study brings together the forecast climate change impacts, costs vs. benefits of adaptation measures, and recommendations from the work conducted in Macedonia.

The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism

Author : Zak Cope
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197527086
Total Pages : 697 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism by : Zak Cope

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism written by Zak Cope and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 697 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism examines unequal commercial, trade, and investment gains at the international level and explores how countries and nations can have exploitative relations. The book contains thirty-four chapters written by academics and experts in the field of international political economy. The chapters in the Handbook look at the history of economic imperialism from the early modern age to the present. They demonstrate the persistence of economic imperialism in today's postcolonial world and the enduring control wielded by great powers even after the end of formal empire. The book reveals how emerging powers are expanding economic control in new geographic and geopolitical contexts. The Handbook highlights the significance of economic imperialism in the structures, relations, processes, and ideas that help sustain poverty and conflict worldwide"--

The Geography of Rural Change

Author : Brian Ilbery
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317889371
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis The Geography of Rural Change by : Brian Ilbery

Download or read book The Geography of Rural Change written by Brian Ilbery and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-11 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Geography of Rural Change provides a thorough examination of the processes and outcomes of rural change as a result of a period of major restructuring in developed market economies. After outlining the main dimensions of rural change, the book progresses from a discussion of theoretical insights into rural restructuring to a consideration of both the extensive use of rural land and the changing nature of rural economy and society. The text places an emphasis on relevant principles, concepts and theories of rural change, and these are supported by extensive case study evidence drawn from different parts of the developed world. The Geography of Rural Change is written for undergraduates taking courses in human geography, agricultural geography, rural geography, rural sociology, planning and agricultural economics.

Serbia on the Road to Eu Accession

Author : S. van Berkum
Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 9781780641782
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (417 download)

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Book Synopsis Serbia on the Road to Eu Accession by : S. van Berkum

Download or read book Serbia on the Road to Eu Accession written by S. van Berkum and published by CABI. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following Serbia's acceptance as a candidate for EU membership, its agriculture and rural issues will receive major attention as agriculture is an important activity in Serbia, especially in the low-income rural areas. This raises questions such as: what will be the main challenges of EU membership for Serbia? What will EU membership imply for the structure and performance of the agri-food supply chain? How should Serbia address the adjustment process to comply with EU rules and face economic market forces best? This book explores the consequences of preparing for EU accession for Serbia's agr.

Spanish cinema 1973–2010

Author : Maria M. Delgado
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526141787
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Spanish cinema 1973–2010 by : Maria M. Delgado

Download or read book Spanish cinema 1973–2010 written by Maria M. Delgado and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-04 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection offers a new lens through which to examine Spain’s cinema production following the isolation imposed by the Franco regime. The seventeen key films analysed in the volume span a period of 35 years that have been crucial in the development of Spain, Spanish democracy and Spanish cinema. They encompass different genres (horror, thriller, melodrama, social realism, documentary), both popular (Los abrazos rotos/Broken Embraces, Vicky Cristina Barcelona) and more select art house fare (En la ciudad de Sylvia/In the City of Sylvia, El espíritu de la colmena/Spirit of the Beehive) and are made in English (as both first and second language), Basque, Castilian, Catalan and French. Offering an expanded understanding of ‘national’ cinemas, the volume explores key works by Guillermo del Toro and Lucrecia Martel alongside an examination of the ways in which established auteurs (Almodóvar, José Garci, Carlos Saura) and younger generations of filmmakers (Cesc Gay, Amenábar, Bollaín) have harnessed cinematic language towards a commentary on the nation-state. The result is a bold new study of the ways in which film has created new prisms that have determined how Spain is positioned in the global marketplace.

International Encyclopedia of Geography, 15 Volume Set

Author : Noel Castree
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470659637
Total Pages : 8364 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis International Encyclopedia of Geography, 15 Volume Set by : Noel Castree

Download or read book International Encyclopedia of Geography, 15 Volume Set written by Noel Castree and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 8364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Representing the definitive reference work for this broad and dynamic field, The International Encyclopedia of Geography arises from an unprecedented collaboration between Wiley and the American Association of Geographers (AAG) to review and define the concepts, research, and techniques in geography and interrelated fields. Available as a robust online resource and as a 15-volume full-color print set, the Encyclopedia assembles a truly global group of scholars for a comprehensive, authoritative overview of geography around the world. Contains more than 1,000 entries ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 words offering accessible introductions to basic concepts, sophisticated explanations of complex topics, and information on geographical societies around the world Assembles a truly global group of more than 900 scholars hailing from over 40 countries, for a comprehensive, authoritative overview of geography around the world Provides definitive coverage of the field, encompassing human geography, physical geography, geographic information science and systems, earth studies, and environmental science Brings together interdisciplinary perspectives on geographical topics and techniques of interest across the social sciences, humanities, science, and medicine Features full color throughout the print version and more than 1,000 illustrations and photographs Annual updates to online edition

The Changing Face of American Banking

Author : Ranajoy Ray Chaudhuri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137361212
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing Face of American Banking by : Ranajoy Ray Chaudhuri

Download or read book The Changing Face of American Banking written by Ranajoy Ray Chaudhuri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-15 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With almost 6,300 commercial banks, significantly more than in any other country, the world of US banking is unique, fascinating, and always in flux. Two principal pieces of legislation have shaped the banking structure in this country: The McFadden Act of 1927, which prohibited banks from branching into other states, and The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which separated commercial and investment banking activities. The repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999 was one of the main contributing factors behind the global financial crisis of 2008. This measure resulted in the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, which once again prohibited commercial banks from making certain types of speculative investments. The Changing Face of American Banking analyzes the impact of both these acts - as well as that of their subsequent repeal - in depth, examining the real effects of government regulations on the US commercial banking sector. Ray Chaudhuri pinpoints the evolving nature of US commercial banks and banking regulations and explores their impact on the economy. Instead of just focusing on banks and regulations, this work considers the correlations and causality between banking performance and economic growth and productivity. It also brings the banking literature up to date with the 2008-2009 financial crisis and its aftermath, including the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 and its effect on American banking.

City, Space and Politics in the Global South

Author : Bikramaditya K. Choudhary
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000072622
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis City, Space and Politics in the Global South by : Bikramaditya K. Choudhary

Download or read book City, Space and Politics in the Global South written by Bikramaditya K. Choudhary and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-02-27 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cities are centres of exciting events, flows, movements and contradictions that produce both opportunities and challenges. Evolved through the centuries, they display layers of spatial, cultural and socio-economic diversity and contestations, which are articulated in multiple ways. It is in this backdrop that the present volume addresses some of the myriad issues visible in the contemporary cities of the Global South. The volume is divided into three parts, each of them focusing on different dimension of contemporary urban challenges. Part I entitled ‘The Concept of a City’ contains five papers dealing with conceptual complexities of the urban. This part analyses as to what extent development intrudes on urban space and space in turn influences development. Part II ‘City and Urban Space’ contains six papers. These focus on the existing patterns, processes, and perspectives of urbanization and its consequent everyday manifestations across different cities. Part III ‘Urban Policy, Planning and Governance’ has six papers dealing with policy and planning. In the wake of rapid urbanization and economic growth, the urban sector is swiftly changing towards being economic engines. Cities and towns being the centres of economic activities play a catalytic role in contributing to economic development and poverty reduction. However, there are layers of challenges that these cities face. This timely volume brings out these challenges and also analyses plausible solutions which can be brought about by the efficient and effective provision of essential urban services and infrastructure. Please note: This title is co-published with Manohar Publishers, New Delhi. Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Paper Trails

Author : Cameron Blevins
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190053690
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Paper Trails by : Cameron Blevins

Download or read book Paper Trails written by Cameron Blevins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-04 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking history of how the US Post made the nineteenth-century American West. There were five times as many post offices in the United States in 1899 than there are McDonald's restaurants today. During an era of supposedly limited federal government, the United States operated the most expansive national postal system in the world. In this cutting-edge interpretation of the late nineteenth-century United States, Cameron Blevins argues that the US Post wove together two of the era's defining projects: western expansion and the growth of state power. Between the 1860s and the early 1900s, the western United States underwent a truly dramatic reorganization of people, land, capital, and resources. It had taken Anglo-Americans the better part of two hundred years to occupy the eastern half of the continent, yet they occupied the West within a single generation. As millions of settlers moved into the region, they relied on letters and newspapers, magazines and pamphlets, petitions and money orders to stay connected to the wider world. Paper Trails maps the spread of the US Post using a dataset of more than 100,000 post offices, revealing a new picture of the federal government in the West. The western postal network bore little resemblance to the civil service bureaucracies typically associated with government institutions. Instead, the US Post grafted public mail service onto private businesses, contracting with stagecoach companies to carry the mail and paying local merchants to distribute letters from their stores. These arrangements allowed the US Post to rapidly spin out a vast and ephemeral web of postal infrastructure to thousands of distant places. The postal network's sprawling geography and localized operations forces a reconsideration of the American state, its history, and the ways in which it exercised power.

The Changing Face of Rural India

Author : Shinnakathan Asaithambi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing Face of Rural India by : Shinnakathan Asaithambi

Download or read book The Changing Face of Rural India written by Shinnakathan Asaithambi and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Changing Face of Northeast Brazil

Author : Kempton Evans Webb
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780231037679
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (376 download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing Face of Northeast Brazil by : Kempton Evans Webb

Download or read book The Changing Face of Northeast Brazil written by Kempton Evans Webb and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1974 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Home to the New York Yankees, the Bronx Zoo, and the Grand Concourse, the Bronx was at one time a haven for upwardly mobile second-generation immigrants eager to leave the crowded tenements of Manhattan in pursuit of the American dream. Once hailed as a "wonder borough" of beautiful homes, parks, and universities, the Bronx became -- during the 1960s and 1970s -- a national symbol of urban deterioration. Thriving neighborhoods that had long been home to generations of families dissolved under waves of arson, crime, and housing abandonment, turning blocks of apartment buildings into gutted, graffiti-covered shells and empty, trash-filled lots. In this revealing history of the Bronx, Evelyn Gonzalez describes how the once-infamous New York City borough underwent one of the most successful and inspiring community revivals in American history. From its earliest beginnings as a loose cluster of commuter villages to its current status as a densely populated home for New York's growing and increasingly more diverse African American and Hispanic populations, this book shows how the Bronx interacted with and was affected by the rest of New York City as it grew from a small colony on the tip of Manhattan into a sprawling metropolis. This is the story of the clattering of elevated subways and the cacophony of crowded neighborhoods, the heady optimism of industrial progress and the despair of economic recession, and the vibrancy of ethnic cultures and the resilience of local grassroots coalitions crucial to the borough's rejuvenation. In recounting the varied and extreme transformations this remarkable community has undergone, Evelyn Gonzalez argues that it was not racial discrimination, rampant crime, postwar liberalism, or big government that was to blame for the urban crisis that assailed the Bronx during the late 1960s. Rather, the decline was inextricably connected to the same kinds of social initiatives, economic transactions, political decisions, and simple human choices that had once been central to the development and vitality of the borough. Although the history of the Bronx is unquestionably a success story, crime, poverty, and substandard housing still afflict the community today. Yet the process of building and rebuilding carries on, and the revitalization of neighborhoods and a resurgence of economic growth continue to offer hope for the future.

Young People and the Shaping of Public Space in Melbourne, 1870–1914

Author : Simon Sleight
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134789971
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis Young People and the Shaping of Public Space in Melbourne, 1870–1914 by : Simon Sleight

Download or read book Young People and the Shaping of Public Space in Melbourne, 1870–1914 written by Simon Sleight and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-02-11 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Baby booms have a long history. In 1870, colonial Melbourne was ’perspiring juvenile humanity’ with an astonishing 42 per cent of the city’s inhabitants aged 14 and under - a demographic anomaly resulting from the gold rushes of the 1850s. Within this context, Simon Sleight enters the heated debate concerning the future prospects of ’Young Australia’ and the place of the colonial child within the incipient Australian nation. Looking beyond those institutional sites so often assessed by historians of childhood, he ranges across the outdoor city to chart the relationship between a discourse about youth, youthful experience and the shaping of new urban spaces. Play, street work, consumerism, courtship, gang-related activities and public parades are examined using a plethora of historical sources to reveal a hitherto hidden layer of city life. Capturing the voices of young people as well as those of their parents, Sleight alerts us to the ways in which young people shaped the emergent metropolis by appropriating space and attempting to impress upon the city their own desires. Here a dynamic youth culture flourished well before the discovery of the ’teenager’ in the mid-twentieth century; here young people and the city grew up together.