The Best Test Preparation For The Advanced Placement Examination In European History

Download The Best Test Preparation For The Advanced Placement Examination In European History full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Best Test Preparation For The Advanced Placement Examination In European History ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Best Test Preparation for the Advanced Placement Examination in European History

Author : Miles W. Campbell
Publisher : Research & Education Assoc.
ISBN 13 : 9780878918638
Total Pages : 602 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (186 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Best Test Preparation for the Advanced Placement Examination in European History by : Miles W. Campbell

Download or read book The Best Test Preparation for the Advanced Placement Examination in European History written by Miles W. Campbell and published by Research & Education Assoc.. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A NEWER EDITION OF THIS TITLE IS AVAILABLE. SEE ISBN: 978-0-7386-0627-9 REA ... Real review, Real practice, Real results. Get the college credits you deserve. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY Completely aligned with today’s AP exam Are you prepared to excel on the AP exam? * Set up a study schedule by following our results-driven timeline * Take the first practice test to discover what you know and what you should know * Use REA's advice to ready yourself for proper study and success Practice for real * Create the closest experience to test-day conditions with 6 full-length practice tests * Chart your progress with full and detailed explanations of all answers * Boost your confidence with test-taking strategies and experienced advice Sharpen your knowledge and skills * The book's full subject review features coverage of AP European History from the Renaissance to present day and all topics on the exam, including: The religious reformations, European wars, changes in government and more * Smart and friendly lessons reinforce necessary skills * Key tutorials enhance specific abilities needed on the test * Targeted drills increase comprehension and help organize study Ideal for Classroom, Family, or Solo Test Preparation! REA has provided advanced preparation for generations of advanced students who have excelled on important tests and in life. REA’s AP study guides are teacher-recommended and written by experts who have mastered the course and the test.

The Best Test Preparation for the Advanced Placement Examination, European History

Author : Miles E. Campbell
Publisher : Research & Education Assoc.
ISBN 13 : 9780878913305
Total Pages : 612 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (133 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Best Test Preparation for the Advanced Placement Examination, European History by : Miles E. Campbell

Download or read book The Best Test Preparation for the Advanced Placement Examination, European History written by Miles E. Campbell and published by Research & Education Assoc.. This book was released on 1999-11-18 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A NEWER EDITION OF THIS TITLE IS AVAILABLE. SEE ISBN: 978-0-7386-0626-2 REA ... Real review, Real practice, Real results. Get the college credits you deserve. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY with TESTware Includes CD with timed practice tests, instant scoring, and more. Completely aligned with today’s AP exam Are you prepared to excel on the AP exam? * Set up a study schedule by following our results-driven timeline * Take the first practice test to discover what you know and what you should know * Use REA''s advice to ready yourself for proper study and success Practice for real * Create the closest experience to test-day conditions with 3 of the book’s 6 full-length practice tests on REA’s TESTware CD, featuring test-taking against the clock, instant scoring by topic, handy mark-and-return function, pause function, and more. * Or choose paper-and-pencil testing at your own pace * Chart your progress with full and detailed explanations of all answers * Boost your confidence with test-taking strategies and experienced advice Sharpen your knowledge and skills * The book''s full subject review features coverage of AP European History from the Renaissance to present day and all topics on the exam, including: The religious reformations, European wars, changes in government and more * Smart and friendly lessons reinforce necessary skills * Key tutorials enhance specific abilities needed on the test * Targeted drills increase comprehension and help organize study Ideal for Classroom or Solo Test Preparation! REA ... Real review, Real practice, Real results. Get the college credits you deserve. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY with TESTware Includes CD with timed practice tests, instant scoring, and more. Completely aligned with today’s AP exam Are you prepared to excel on the AP exam? * Set up a study schedule by following our results-driven timeline * Take the first practice test to discover what you know and what you should know * Use REA''s advice to ready yourself for proper study and success Practice for real * Create the closest experience to test-day conditions with 3 of the book’s 6 full-length practice tests on REA’s TESTware CD, featuring test-taking against the clock, instant scoring by topic, handy mark-and-return function, pause function, and more. * Or choose paper-and-pencil testing at your own pace * Chart your progress with full and detailed explanations of all answers * Boost your confidence with test-taking strategies and experienced advice Sharpen your knowledge and skills * The book''s full subject review features coverage of AP European History from the Renaissance to present day and all topics on the exam, including: The religious reformations, European wars, changes in government and more * Smart and friendly lessons reinforce necessary skills * Key tutorials enhance specific abilities needed on the test * Targeted drills increase comprehension and help organize study Ideal for Classroom or Solo Test Preparation! REA has provided advanced preparation for generations of advanced students who have excelled on important tests and in life. REA’s AP study guides are teacher-recommended and written by experts who have mastered the course and the test.

AP Achiever (Advanced Placement* Exam Preparation Guide) for European History (College Test Prep)

Author : Chris Freiler
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education
ISBN 13 : 9780073256726
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (567 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis AP Achiever (Advanced Placement* Exam Preparation Guide) for European History (College Test Prep) by : Chris Freiler

Download or read book AP Achiever (Advanced Placement* Exam Preparation Guide) for European History (College Test Prep) written by Chris Freiler and published by McGraw-Hill Education. This book was released on 2008-01-22 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed to help Advanced Placement students succeed in their studies and achieve a ‘5’ on the AP Exam, AP Achiever for European History provides: A thorough explanation of course expectations, exam parameters, preparation suggestions, as well as comprehensive tips on writing essays for the document-based and free-response section of the Exam, all to help your students maximize studies and time. Each chapter includes a thorough content review and “Heads Up!” and “Sidebar” sections designed to connect important topics, clarify common misunderstandings, or add important information to assist in preparation for the exam. This book covers standard political, diplomatic, economic, and intellectual trends, but also makes a special effort to incorporate essential social and cultural history that is increasingly emphasized on the exam. Multiple-choice, document-based questions and free-response questions with detailed answers are included for each chapter. Two complete timed practice exams with detailed answers and sample essays help students gear up for your final test day. AP Achiever for European History may be used independently or in conjunction with any European History text. For the most benefit use in conjunction with McGraw-Hill’s leading text, History of the Modern World, 10th Edition, by Palmer.

AP® European History Crash Course Book + Online

Author : Larry Krieger
Publisher : Research & Education Assoc.
ISBN 13 : 0738686794
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (386 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis AP® European History Crash Course Book + Online by : Larry Krieger

Download or read book AP® European History Crash Course Book + Online written by Larry Krieger and published by Research & Education Assoc.. This book was released on 2016-03-22 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: REA's Crash Course for the AP® European History Exam - Gets You a Higher Advanced Placement® Score in Less Time About this new exam and test prep: The new AP® European History exam is structured around five course themes and 19 key concepts in four different chronological periods, from approximately 1450 to the present. REA's all-new AP® European History Crash Course is perfect for the time-crunched student, the last-minute studier, or anyone who wants a refresher on the subject. Are you crunched for time? Have you started studying for your Advanced Placement® European History exam yet? How will you memorize everything you need to know before the test? Do you wish there was a fast and easy way to study for the exam AND boost your score? If this sounds like you, don't panic. REA's Crash Course for AP® European History is just what you need. Our Crash Course gives you: Targeted, Focused Review - Study Only What You Need to Know The Crash Course is based on an in-depth analysis of the new AP® European History course description outline and actual AP® test questions. It covers only the information tested on the exam, so you can make the most of your valuable study time. Written by an AP® European History expert the targeted review prepares students for the new test by focusing on the new framework concepts and learning objectives tested on the redesigned AP® European History exam. Our easy-to-read format gives students a crash course in the historical events, topics, and issues in European History The book also features must-know terms all AP® European History terms students should know before test day. Expert Test-taking Strategies With our Crash Course, you can study the subject faster, learn the crucial material, and boost your AP® score all in less time. Our author shares detailed question-level strategies and explains the best way to answer the multiple-choice and free-response questions you'll encounter on test day. By following our expert tips and advice, you can boost your overall point score! FREE Practice Exam After studying the material in the Crash Course, go to the online REA Study Center and test what you've learned. Our free practice exam features timed testing, detailed explanations of answers, and automatic scoring analysis. The exam is balanced to include every topic and type of question found on the actual AP® exam, so you know you're studying the smart way. Whether you're cramming for the test at the last minute, looking for extra review, or want to study on your own in preparation for the exams - this is the test prep every AP® European History student must have. When it's crucial crunch time and your Advanced Placement® exam is just around the corner, you need REA's Crash Course for AP® European History!

AP European History 2021 and 2022 Study Guide

Author : Joshua Rueda
Publisher : Test Prep Books
ISBN 13 : 9781637755686
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (556 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis AP European History 2021 and 2022 Study Guide by : Joshua Rueda

Download or read book AP European History 2021 and 2022 Study Guide written by Joshua Rueda and published by Test Prep Books. This book was released on 2021-03-22 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test Prep Books' AP European History 2021 and 2022 Study Guide: AP Euro Prep Book with Practice Test Questions for the Advanced Placement Exam [2nd Edition] Made by Test Prep Books experts for test takers trying to achieve a great score on the AP European History exam. This comprehensive study guide includes: Quick Overview Find out what's inside this guide! Test-Taking Strategies Learn the best tips to help overcome your exam! Introduction Get a thorough breakdown of what the test is and what's on it! Period 1: 1450-1648 Covers the Renaissance and Exploration, and the Age of Reformation Period 2: 1648-1815 Covers Absolutism, and Philosophical/Political Developments Period 3: 1815-1914 Covers Industrialization and Nineteenth Century Perspectives and Political Developments Period 4: 1914-Present Covers Twentieth Century Global Conflicts and the Cold War. Practice Questions Practice makes perfect! Detailed Answer Explanations Figure out where you went wrong and how to improve! Disclaimer: *AP(R) and Advanced Placement(R) are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. Studying can be hard. We get it. That's why we created this guide with these great features and benefits: Comprehensive Review: Each section of the test has a comprehensive review created by Test Prep Books that goes into detail to cover all of the content likely to appear on the test. Practice Test Questions: We want to give you the best practice you can find. That's why the Test Prep Books practice questions are as close as you can get to the actual AP European History test. Answer Explanations: Every single problem is followed by an answer explanation. We know it's frustrating to miss a question and not understand why. The answer explanations will help you learn from your mistakes. That way, you can avoid missing it again in the future. Test-Taking Strategies: A test taker has to understand the material that is being covered and be familiar with the latest test taking strategies. These strategies are necessary to properly use the time provided. They also help test takers complete the test without making any errors. Test Prep Books has provided the top test-taking tips. Customer Service: We love taking care of our test takers. We make sure that you interact with a real human being when you email your comments or concerns. Anyone planning to take this exam should take advantage of this Test Prep Books study guide. Purchase it today to receive access to: AP European History review materials AP European History practice questions Test-taking strategies

AP European History 2020 and 2021

Author :
Publisher : Test Prep Books
ISBN 13 : 9781628459425
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (594 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis AP European History 2020 and 2021 by :

Download or read book AP European History 2020 and 2021 written by and published by Test Prep Books. This book was released on 2020-05-11 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test Prep Books' AP European History 2020 and 2021: AP European History Review Book and Practice Test Questions [Advanced Placement Exam Prep] Made by Test Prep Books experts for test takers trying to achieve a great score on the AP European History exam. This comprehensive study guide includes: Quick Overview Find out what's inside this guide! Test-Taking Strategies Learn the best tips to help overcome your exam! Introduction Get a thorough breakdown of what the test is and what's on it! Period 1: 1450-1648 Covers the Renaissance and Exploration, and the Age of Reformation Period 2: 1648-1815 Covers Absolutism, and Philosocphical/Political Developments Period 3: 1815-1914 Covers Industrilization and Nineteenth Century Perspectives and Political Developments Period 4: 1914-Present Covers Twentieth Century Global Conflicts and the Cold War. Practice Questions Practice makes perfect! Detailed Answer Explanations Figure out where you went wrong and how to improve! Disclaimer: *AP(R) and Advanced Placement(R) are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. Studying can be hard. We get it. That's why we created this guide with these great features and benefits: Comprehensive Review: Each section of the test has a comprehensive review created by Test Prep Books that goes into detail to cover all of the content likely to appear on the test. Practice Test Questions: We want to give you the best practice you can find. That's why the Test Prep Books practice questions are as close as you can get to the actual AP European History test. Answer Explanations: Every single problem is followed by an answer explanation. We know it's frustrating to miss a question and not understand why. The answer explanations will help you learn from your mistakes. That way, you can avoid missing it again in the future. Test-Taking Strategies: A test taker has to understand the material that is being covered and be familiar with the latest test taking strategies. These strategies are necessary to properly use the time provided. They also help test takers complete the test without making any errors. Test Prep Books has provided the top test-taking tips. Customer Service: We love taking care of our test takers. We make sure that you interact with a real human being when you email your comments or concerns. Anyone planning to take this exam should take advantage of this Test Prep Books study guide. Purchase it today to receive access to: AP European History review materials AP European History practice questions Test-taking strategies

Cracking the AP European History Exam 2020, Premium Edition

Author : Princeton Review Staff
Publisher : Princeton Review
ISBN 13 : 0525568255
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cracking the AP European History Exam 2020, Premium Edition by : Princeton Review Staff

Download or read book Cracking the AP European History Exam 2020, Premium Edition written by Princeton Review Staff and published by Princeton Review. This book was released on 2019-08-06 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cracking the AP European History Exam 2020, Premium Edition, provides students with everything they need to conquer the exam. The book includes instructional content structured around the investigation of five course themes and 19 key concepts; content reviews divided by the test's four different chronological periods; drills and questions that reflect a greater emphasis on "historical thinking skills," represented by a larger proportion of essay, document-based, and short- and long-answer questions on the exam. This Premium Edition includes 5 total full-length practice tests (4 tests in the book and 1 online), for the best value in the market.

AP European History

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 632 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis AP European History by :

Download or read book AP European History written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

ASAP European History: A Quick-Review Study Guide for the AP Exam

Author : The Princeton Review
Publisher : Princeton Review
ISBN 13 : 0525567801
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis ASAP European History: A Quick-Review Study Guide for the AP Exam by : The Princeton Review

Download or read book ASAP European History: A Quick-Review Study Guide for the AP Exam written by The Princeton Review and published by Princeton Review. This book was released on 2019-02-26 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking for sample exams, practice questions, and test-taking strategies? Check out our extended, in-depth prep guide, Cracking the AP European History Exam! LIKE CLASS NOTES—ONLY BETTER. The Princeton Review's ASAP European History is designed to help you zero in on just the information you need to know to successfully grapple with the AP test. No questions, no drills: just review. Advanced Placement exams require students to have a firm grasp of content—you can't bluff or even logic your way to a 5. Like a set of class notes borrowed from the smartest student in your grade, this book gives you exactly that. No tricks or crazy stratagems, no sample essays or practice sets: Just the facts, presented with lots of helpful visuals. Inside ASAP European History, you'll find: • Essential concepts, timelines, dates, people, facts, and events for AP Euro History—all explained clearly & concisely • Lists, charts, maps, and graphs for quick visual reference • A two-pass icon system designed to help you prioritize learning what you MUST, SHOULD, and COULD know in the time you have available • "Ask Yourself" questions to help identify areas where you might need extra attention • A resource that's perfect for last-minute exam prep and for daily class work Topics covered in ASAP European History include: • The Renaissance • The Napoleonic Wars • Revolutions throughout Europe • World War II & Globalization ... and more!

Princeton Review AP European History Prep 2021

Author : The Princeton Review
Publisher : Princeton Review
ISBN 13 : 0525569561
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Princeton Review AP European History Prep 2021 by : The Princeton Review

Download or read book Princeton Review AP European History Prep 2021 written by The Princeton Review and published by Princeton Review. This book was released on 2020-08 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Make sure you're studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP European History Prep, 2022 (ISBN: 9780525570660, on-sale August 2021). Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality or authenticity, and may not include access to online tests or materials included with the original product.

How to Prepare for the Advanced Placement Examination

Author : James M. Eder
Publisher : Barron's Educational Series
ISBN 13 : 9780812016239
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (162 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis How to Prepare for the Advanced Placement Examination by : James M. Eder

Download or read book How to Prepare for the Advanced Placement Examination written by James M. Eder and published by Barron's Educational Series. This book was released on 1994 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new AP test prep manual features a full-length model exam in European History with questions answered and explained. An extensive subject review covers important historical periods and trends in Europe. Includes study hints and a general overview of the AP European History exam.

AP European History 2020 and 2021

Author :
Publisher : Test Prep Books
ISBN 13 : 9781628459425
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (594 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis AP European History 2020 and 2021 by :

Achiever

Author : Christopher Freiler
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781948641401
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (414 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Achiever by : Christopher Freiler

Download or read book Achiever written by Christopher Freiler and published by . This book was released on 2021-03 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most well-respected, teacher-recommended guide to the AP European History exam is back and better than ever! Written by a long-time leader in the AP Euro community, ACHIEVER is meticulously crafted to the AP Euro course and exam to ensure a standard of excellence that far surpasses the "premium" products that big-box publishers crank out year after year. The new Third Edition, now published by Sherpa Learning, has been updated to align to the latest College Board standards for the redesigned course, and expanded to include hundreds of new test items complete with answer explanations and sample responses.

Princeton Review AP Biology Premium Prep 2021

Author : The Princeton Review
Publisher : Princeton Review
ISBN 13 : 0525569421
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Princeton Review AP Biology Premium Prep 2021 by : The Princeton Review

Download or read book Princeton Review AP Biology Premium Prep 2021 written by The Princeton Review and published by Princeton Review. This book was released on 2020-08 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Make sure you're studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP Biology Premium Prep, 2022 (ISBN: 9780525570547, on-sale August 2021). Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality or authenticity, and may not include access to online tests or materials included with the original product.

Barron's AP European History

Author : Seth A. Roberts
Publisher : Barrons Educational Series
ISBN 13 : 9781438002774
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (27 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Barron's AP European History by : Seth A. Roberts

Download or read book Barron's AP European History written by Seth A. Roberts and published by Barrons Educational Series. This book was released on 2014-02-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In-depth preparation for the AP European History exam features: Two full-length model AP exams with all questions answered and explained A 15-chapter summary of European history for review, starting with Europe during the Italian Renaissance and progressing to Europe in the twenty-first century Essay questions and multiple-choice questions with answers following each chapter Extensive charts that summarize Europe’s history The manual can be purchased alone or with an optional CD-ROM that presents two additional full-length practice tests with automatic scoring and fully explained answers. BONUS! An exclusive online exam included with the purchase of the book or the book with CD-ROM.

AP European History Flashcards, Second Edition: Up-to-Date Review

Author : David William Phillips
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1506283756
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis AP European History Flashcards, Second Edition: Up-to-Date Review by : David William Phillips

Download or read book AP European History Flashcards, Second Edition: Up-to-Date Review written by David William Phillips and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2022-08-02 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Be prepared for exam day with Barron’s. Trusted content from AP experts! Barron’s AP U.S. European History Flashcards includes 450 up-to-date review cards anywhere, anytime with this digital format. Written by Experienced Educators Learn from Barron’s--all content is written and reviewed by AP experts Build your understanding with review tailored to the most recent exam Be Confident on Exam Day Strengthen your knowledge with in-depth review covering all units on the AP European History exam Find specific topics quickly and easily with cards organized by time period Check out Barron’s AP European History Premium for even more review, full-length practice tests, and access to Barron’s Online Learning Hub for a timed test option and scoring.

Cracking the AP European History Exam, 2018 Edition

Author : Princeton Review
Publisher : Princeton Review
ISBN 13 : 152471044X
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cracking the AP European History Exam, 2018 Edition by : Princeton Review

Download or read book Cracking the AP European History Exam, 2018 Edition written by Princeton Review and published by Princeton Review. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO HELP SCORE A PERFECT 5. Equip yourself to ace the AP European History Exam with this comprehensive study guide—including 2 full-length practice tests, thorough content reviews, access to our AP Connect online portal, and targeted strategies for every section of the exam. This eBook edition has been optimized for on-screen reading with cross-linked questions, answers, and explanations. Written by the experts at The Princeton Review, Cracking the AP European History Exam arms you to take on the test with: Techniques That Actually Work. • Tried-and-true strategies to avoid traps and beat the test • Tips for pacing yourself and guessing logically • Essential tactics to help you work smarter, not harder Everything You Need to Know for a High Score. • Detailed coverage of the source-based multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions • Comprehensive guidance for the document-based questions (DBQ) and long essay • Engaging activities to help you critically assess your progress • Access to AP Connect, our online portal for helpful pre-college information and exam updates Practice Your Way to Perfection. • 2 full-length practice tests with detailed answer explanations • End-of-chapter questions for targeted content review • Helpful timelines of major events in European history