The Back Stories of History Featuring Freedmen's Town

Download The Back Stories of History Featuring Freedmen's Town PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781953824110
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (241 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Back Stories of History Featuring Freedmen's Town by : Priscilla T Graham

Download or read book The Back Stories of History Featuring Freedmen's Town written by Priscilla T Graham and published by . This book was released on 2023-09-26 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historic Freedmen's Town, Fourth Ward is a living laboratory of African American History and Life. The Historic 5 square mile District was founded after the Civil War on June 19, 1865. The Freedmen migrated to Houston from the small farms and plantations south and southwest of Houston along the Brazos River by way of San Felipe Road. Many Freedmen settled on the uninhabitable swampy banks of the Buffalo Bayou on land that belonged to Garrett S. Hardcastle No white man could have worked or lived and endured the insect bites and malaria, snake bites, impure water, and other hardships. However, the Freedmen survived and thrived despite the obstacles.

Freedmen's Town Then & Now

Download Freedmen's Town Then & Now PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781953824035
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (24 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Freedmen's Town Then & Now by : Priscilla T. Graham

Download or read book Freedmen's Town Then & Now written by Priscilla T. Graham and published by . This book was released on 2021-04-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pictorial history of Freedmen's Town during significant periods of time.

Sick from Freedom

Download Sick from Freedom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199908788
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sick from Freedom by : Jim Downs

Download or read book Sick from Freedom written by Jim Downs and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bondspeople who fled from slavery during and after the Civil War did not expect that their flight toward freedom would lead to sickness, disease, suffering, and death. But the war produced the largest biological crisis of the nineteenth century, and as historian Jim Downs reveals in this groundbreaking volume, it had deadly consequences for hundreds of thousands of freed people. In Sick from Freedom, Downs recovers the untold story of one of the bitterest ironies in American history--that the emancipation of the slaves, seen as one of the great turning points in U.S. history, had devastating consequences for innumerable freed people. Drawing on massive new research into the records of the Medical Division of the Freedmen's Bureau-a nascent national health system that cared for more than one million freed slaves-he shows how the collapse of the plantation economy released a plague of lethal diseases. With emancipation, African Americans seized the chance to move, migrating as never before. But in their journey to freedom, they also encountered yellow fever, smallpox, cholera, dysentery, malnutrition, and exposure. To address this crisis, the Medical Division hired more than 120 physicians, establishing some forty underfinanced and understaffed hospitals scattered throughout the South, largely in response to medical emergencies. Downs shows that the goal of the Medical Division was to promote a healthy workforce, an aim which often excluded a wide range of freedpeople, including women, the elderly, the physically disabled, and children. Downs concludes by tracing how the Reconstruction policy was then implemented in the American West, where it was disastrously applied to Native Americans. The widespread medical calamity sparked by emancipation is an overlooked episode of the Civil War and its aftermath, poignantly revealed in Sick from Freedom.

The Long Emancipation

Download The Long Emancipation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674286081
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Long Emancipation by : Ira Berlin

Download or read book The Long Emancipation written by Ira Berlin and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2015-09-15 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perhaps no event in American history arouses more impassioned debate than the abolition of slavery. Answers to basic questions about who ended slavery, how, and why remain fiercely contested more than a century and a half after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. In The Long Emancipation, Ira Berlin draws upon decades of study to offer a framework for understanding slavery’s demise in the United States. Freedom was not achieved in a moment, and emancipation was not an occasion but a near-century-long process—a shifting but persistent struggle that involved thousands of men and women. “Ira Berlin ranks as one of the greatest living historians of slavery in the United States... The Long Emancipation offers a useful reminder that abolition was not the charitable work of respectable white people, or not mainly that. Instead, the demise of slavery was made possible by the constant discomfort inflicted on middle-class white society by black activists. And like the participants in today’s Black Lives Matter movement, Berlin has not forgotten that the history of slavery in the United States—especially the history of how slavery ended—is never far away when contemporary Americans debate whether their nation needs to change.” —Edward E. Baptist, New York Times Book Review

An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (10th Anniversary Edition)

Download An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (10th Anniversary Edition) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807013145
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (10th Anniversary Edition) by : Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

Download or read book An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (10th Anniversary Edition) written by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2023-10-03 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York Times Bestseller Now part of the HBO docuseries "Exterminate All the Brutes," written and directed by Raoul Peck Recipient of the American Book Award The first history of the United States told from the perspective of indigenous peoples Today in the United States, there are more than five hundred federally recognized Indigenous nations comprising nearly three million people, descendants of the fifteen million Native people who once inhabited this land. The centuries-long genocidal program of the US settler-colonial regimen has largely been omitted from history. Now, for the first time, acclaimed historian and activist Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz offers a history of the United States told from the perspective of Indigenous peoples and reveals how Native Americans, for centuries, actively resisted expansion of the US empire. With growing support for movements such as the campaign to abolish Columbus Day and replace it with Indigenous Peoples’ Day and the Dakota Access Pipeline protest led by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States is an essential resource providing historical threads that are crucial for understanding the present. In An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States, Dunbar-Ortiz adroitly challenges the founding myth of the United States and shows how policy against the Indigenous peoples was colonialist and designed to seize the territories of the original inhabitants, displacing or eliminating them. And as Dunbar-Ortiz reveals, this policy was praised in popular culture, through writers like James Fenimore Cooper and Walt Whitman, and in the highest offices of government and the military. Shockingly, as the genocidal policy reached its zenith under President Andrew Jackson, its ruthlessness was best articulated by US Army general Thomas S. Jesup, who, in 1836, wrote of the Seminoles: “The country can be rid of them only by exterminating them.” Spanning more than four hundred years, this classic bottom-up peoples’ history radically reframes US history and explodes the silences that have haunted our national narrative. An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States is a 2015 PEN Oakland-Josephine Miles Award for Excellence in Literature.

The Black Calhouns

Download The Black Calhouns PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Road + Grove/Atlantic
ISBN 13 : 0802190693
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (21 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Black Calhouns by : Gail Lumet Buckley

Download or read book The Black Calhouns written by Gail Lumet Buckley and published by Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. This book was released on 2016-02-02 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A history cum memoir by Lena Horne’s daughter tells the story of her forebears . . . eloquently conveys . . . how politics and prejudice can shape a family.” —The New Yorker In The Black Calhouns, Gail Lumet Buckley—daughter of actress Lena Horne—delves deep into her family history, detailing the experiences of an extraordinary African American family from Civil War to Civil Rights. Beginning with her great-great grandfather Moses Calhoun, a house slave who used the rare advantage of his education to become a successful businessman in post-war Atlanta, Buckley follows her family’s two branches: one that stayed in the South, and the other that settled in Brooklyn. Through the lens of her relatives’ momentous lives, Buckley examines major events throughout American history. From Atlanta during Reconstruction and the rise of Jim Crow, to New York City during the Harlem Renaissance, and then from World War II to the Civil Rights Movement, this ambitious, brilliant family witnessed and participated in the most crucial events of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Combining personal and national history, The Black Calhouns is a unique and vibrant portrait of six generations during dynamic times of struggle and triumph. “The challenge of reviewing extraordinary books is that they leave one grasping for words . . . The book’s ultimate magic derives from the way the history of black America can be viewed through their story.” —The Boston Globe

Voyage of Mercy

Download Voyage of Mercy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1250200482
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Voyage of Mercy by : Stephen Puleo

Download or read book Voyage of Mercy written by Stephen Puleo and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2020-03-03 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Puleo has found a new way to tell the story with this well-researched and splendidly written chronicle of the Jamestown, its captain, and an Irish priest who ministered to the starving in Cork city...Puleo’s tale, despite the hardship to come, surely is a tribute to the better angels of America’s nature, and in that sense, it couldn’t be more timely.” —The Wall Street Journal The remarkable story of the mission that inspired a nation to donate massive relief to Ireland during the potato famine and began America's tradition of providing humanitarian aid around the world More than 5,000 ships left Ireland during the great potato famine in the late 1840s, transporting the starving and the destitute away from their stricken homeland. The first vessel to sail in the other direction, to help the millions unable to escape, was the USS Jamestown, a converted warship, which left Boston in March 1847 loaded with precious food for Ireland. In an unprecedented move by Congress, the warship had been placed in civilian hands, stripped of its guns, and committed to the peaceful delivery of food, clothing, and supplies in a mission that would launch America’s first full-blown humanitarian relief effort. Captain Robert Bennet Forbes and the crew of the USS Jamestown embarked on a voyage that began a massive eighteen-month demonstration of soaring goodwill against the backdrop of unfathomable despair—one nation’s struggle to survive, and another’s effort to provide a lifeline. The Jamestown mission captured hearts and minds on both sides of the Atlantic, of the wealthy and the hardscrabble poor, of poets and politicians. Forbes’ undertaking inspired a nationwide outpouring of relief that was unprecedented in size and scope, the first instance of an entire nation extending a hand to a foreign neighbor for purely humanitarian reasons. It showed the world that national generosity and brotherhood were not signs of weakness, but displays of quiet strength and moral certitude. In Voyage of Mercy, Stephen Puleo tells the incredible story of the famine, the Jamestown voyage, and the commitment of thousands of ordinary Americans to offer relief to Ireland, a groundswell that provided the collaborative blueprint for future relief efforts, and established the United States as the leader in international aid. The USS Jamestown’s heroic voyage showed how the ramifications of a single decision can be measured not in days, but in decades.

Self-Made Men

Download Self-Made Men PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Self-Made Men by :

Download or read book Self-Made Men written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The World Doesn't Require You: Stories

Download The World Doesn't Require You: Stories PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Liveright Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631495399
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The World Doesn't Require You: Stories by : Rion Amilcar Scott

Download or read book The World Doesn't Require You: Stories written by Rion Amilcar Scott and published by Liveright Publishing. This book was released on 2019-08-20 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of Esquire's Most Anticipated Books of 2019 As seen in the Summer Reading Previews of Esquire • NYLON • BuzzFeed • BookRiot • Southern Living The World Doesn’t Require You announces the arrival of a generational talent, as Rion Amilcar Scott shatters rigid genre lines to explore larger themes of religion, violence, and love—all told with sly humor and a dash of magical realism. Established by the leaders of the country’s only successful slave revolt in the mid-nineteenth century, Cross River still evokes the fierce rhythms of its founding. In lyrical prose and singular dialect, a saga beats forward that echoes the fables carried down for generations—like the screecher birds who swoop down for their periodic sacrifice, and the water women who lure men to wet deaths. Among its residents—wildly spanning decades, perspectives, and species—are David Sherman, a struggling musician who just happens to be God’s last son; Tyrone, a ruthless PhD candidate, whose dissertation about a childhood game ignites mayhem in the neighboring, once-segregated town of Port Yooga; and Jim, an all-too-obedient robot who serves his Master. As the book builds to its finish with Special Topics in Loneliness Studies, a fully-realized novella, two unhinged professors grapple with hugely different ambitions, and the reader comes to appreciate the intricacy of the world Scott has created—one where fantasy and reality are eternally at war. Contemporary and essential, The World Doesn’t Require You is a “leap into a blazing new level of brilliance” (Lauren Groff) that affirms Rion Amilcar Scott as a writer whose storytelling gifts the world very much requires.

Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman

Download Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (334 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman by : Sarah Hopkins Bradford

Download or read book Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman written by Sarah Hopkins Bradford and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 1869 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman: By SARAH H. BRADFORD. [Special Illustrated Edition]

Forty Acres and Maybe a Mule

Download Forty Acres and Maybe a Mule PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439136238
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Forty Acres and Maybe a Mule by : Harriette Gillem Robinet

Download or read book Forty Acres and Maybe a Mule written by Harriette Gillem Robinet and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2011-02-22 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 1999 Scott O’Dell Award for Historical Fiction A CBC Notable Children’s Book in the Field of Social Studies Two recently freed, formerly enslaved brothers work to protect the new life they’ve built during the Reconstruction after the Civil War in this vibrant, illustrated middle grade novel. Maybe nobody gave freedom, and nobody could take it away like they could take away a family farm. Maybe freedom was something you claimed for yourself. Like other ex-slaves, Pascal and his older brother Gideon have been promised forty acres and maybe a mule. With the found family they have built along the way, they claim a place of their own. Green Gloryland is the most wonderful place on earth, their own farm with a healthy cotton crop and plenty to eat. But the notorious night riders have plans to take it away, threatening to tear the beautiful freedom that the two boys are enjoying for the first time in their young lives.

South to Freedom

Download South to Freedom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 1541617770
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis South to Freedom by : Alice L Baumgartner

Download or read book South to Freedom written by Alice L Baumgartner and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A brilliant and surprising account of the coming of the American Civil War, showing the crucial role of slaves who escaped to Mexico. The Underground Railroad to the North promised salvation to many American slaves before the Civil War. But thousands of people in the south-central United States escaped slavery not by heading north but by crossing the southern border into Mexico, where slavery was abolished in 1837. In South to Freedom, historianAlice L. Baumgartner tells the story of why Mexico abolished slavery and how its increasingly radical antislavery policies fueled the sectional crisis in the United States. Southerners hoped that annexing Texas and invading Mexico in the 1840s would stop runaways and secure slavery's future. Instead, the seizure of Alta California and Nuevo México upset the delicate political balance between free and slave states. This is a revelatory and essential new perspective on antebellum America and the causes of the Civil War.

The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans

Download The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 9780292712195
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (121 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans by : Barry A. Crouch

Download or read book The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans written by Barry A. Crouch and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fascinating stories of enormous human interest from case studies illustrate both the need for and the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau in Texas. Established by Congress in 1865 to help newly emancipated blacks make the transition from slavery to freedom, the Freedmen's Bureau is considered the first social welfare agency in American history. How effectively the Bureau carried out its mission, however, has long been a subject of debate. In this revisionist study of the Bureau's operations in Texas, Barry A. Crouch challenges traditional views that the Bureau was ineffective and asserts that its agents actually made considerable--and often successful--attempts to assist black Texans. Drawing on a wealth of previously unused documentation in the National Archives, Crouch offers new insights into the workings of the Bureau and the difficulties faced by Texas Bureau officials, who served in a remote and somewhat isolated area with little support from headquarters. Particularly interesting is the case of William G. Kirkman, a conscientious agent who was assassinated for his efforts to help black workers in Boston, Texas. While the Freedmen's Bureau ultimately achieved no lasting success in Texas or elsewhere, Crouch finds that it did not hinder the cause of freed people, as some critics have claimed. Operating during Reconstruction when whites were hostile toward Union efforts to enforce laws protecting blacks, the Bureau helped many individual former slaves and provided a forum where black Texans could assert their legal rights as citizens and free laborers. Of interest to all students of African-American history and of the Reconstruction period in Texas, The Freedmens Bureau and Black Texans is one of only three state studies of the Bureau published in recent years and the first book-length examination of the Bureau in Texas.

The Jewish Decadence

Download The Jewish Decadence PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022658108X
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Jewish Decadence by : Jonathan Freedman

Download or read book The Jewish Decadence written by Jonathan Freedman and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-04-26 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Freedman's final book is a tour de force that examines the history of Jewish involvement in the decadent art movement. While decadent art's most notorious practitioner was Oscar Wilde, as a movement it spread through western Europe and even included a few adherents in Russia. Jewish writers and artists such as Catulle Mèndes, Gustav Kahn, and Simeon Solomon would portray non-stereotyped characters and produce highly influential works. After decadent art's peak, Walter Benjamin, Marcel Proust, and Sigmund Freud would take up the idiom of decadence and carry it with them during the cultural transition to modernism. Freedman expertly and elegantly takes readers through this transition and beyond, showing the lineage of Jewish decadence all the way through to the end of the twentieth century"--

The Age of Acrimony

Download The Age of Acrimony PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1635574633
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (355 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Age of Acrimony by : Jon Grinspan

Download or read book The Age of Acrimony written by Jon Grinspan and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2021-04-27 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A penetrating, character-filled history “in the manner of David McCullough” (WSJ), revealing the deep roots of our tormented present-day politics. Democracy was broken. Or that was what many Americans believed in the decades after the Civil War. Shaken by economic and technological disruption, they sought safety in aggressive, tribal partisanship. The results were the loudest, closest, most violent elections in U.S. history, driven by vibrant campaigns that drew our highest-ever voter turnouts. At the century's end, reformers finally restrained this wild system, trading away participation for civility in the process. They built a calmer, cleaner democracy, but also a more distant one. Americans' voting rates crashed and never fully recovered. This is the origin story of the “normal” politics of the 20th century. Only by exploring where that civility and restraint came from can we understand what is happening to our democracy today. The Age of Acrimony charts the rise and fall of 19th-century America's unruly politics through the lives of a remarkable father-daughter dynasty. The radical congressman William “Pig Iron” Kelley and his fiery, Progressive daughter Florence Kelley led lives packed with drama, intimately tied to their nation's politics. Through their friendships and feuds, campaigns and crusades, Will and Florie trace the narrative of a democracy in crisis. In telling the tale of what it cost to cool our republic, historian Jon Grinspan reveals our divisive political system's enduring capacity to reinvent itself.

The Civil War and American Art

Download The Civil War and American Art PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300187335
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Civil War and American Art by : Eleanor Jones Harvey

Download or read book The Civil War and American Art written by Eleanor Jones Harvey and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2012-12-03 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collects the best artwork created before, during and following the Civil War, in the years between 1859 and 1876, along with extensive quotations from men and women alive during the war years and text by literary figures, including Emily Dickinson, Mark Twain and Walt Whitman. 15,000 first printing.

The Wars of Reconstruction

Download The Wars of Reconstruction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1608195740
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Wars of Reconstruction by : Douglas R. Egerton

Download or read book The Wars of Reconstruction written by Douglas R. Egerton and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-01-21 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking new history, telling the stories of hundreds of African-American activists and officeholders who risked their lives for equality-in the face of murderous violence-in the years after the Civil War. By 1870, just five years after Confederate surrender and thirteen years after the Dred Scott decision ruled blacks ineligible for citizenship, Congressional action had ended slavery and given the vote to black men. That same year, Hiram Revels and Joseph Hayne Rainey became the first African-American U.S. senator and congressman respectively. In South Carolina, only twenty years after the death of arch-secessionist John C. Calhoun, a black man, Jasper J. Wright, took a seat on the state's Supreme Court. Not even the most optimistic abolitionists thought such milestones would occur in their lifetimes. The brief years of Reconstruction marked the United States' most progressive moment prior to the civil rights movement. Previous histories of Reconstruction have focused on Washington politics. But in this sweeping, prodigiously researched narrative, Douglas Egerton brings a much bigger, even more dramatic story into view, exploring state and local politics and tracing the struggles of some fifteen hundred African-American officeholders, in both the North and South, who fought entrenched white resistance. Tragically, their movement was met by ruthless violence-not just riotous mobs, but also targeted assassination. With stark evidence, Egerton shows that Reconstruction, often cast as a “failure” or a doomed experiment, was rolled back by murderous force. The Wars of Reconstruction is a major and provocative contribution to American history.