The Agony Of Eros

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The Agony of Eros

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262339250
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis The Agony of Eros by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book The Agony of Eros written by Byung-Chul Han and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An argument that love requires the courage to accept self-negation for the sake of discovering the Other. Byung-Chul Han is one of the most widely read philosophers in Europe today, a member of the new generation of German thinkers that includes Markus Gabriel and Armen Avanessian. In The Agony of Eros, a bestseller in Germany, Han considers the threat to love and desire in today's society. For Han, love requires the courage to accept self-negation for the sake of discovering the Other. In a world of fetishized individualism and technologically mediated social interaction, it is the Other that is eradicated, not the self. In today's increasingly narcissistic society, we have come to look for love and desire within the “inferno of the same.” Han offers a survey of the threats to Eros, drawing on a wide range of sources—Lars von Trier's film Melancholia, Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, Fifty Shades of Grey, Michel Foucault (providing a scathing critique of Foucault's valorization of power), Martin Buber, Hegel, Baudrillard, Flaubert, Barthes, Plato, and others. Han considers the “pornographication” of society, and shows how pornography profanes eros; addresses capitalism's leveling of essential differences; and discusses the politics of eros in today's “burnout society.” To be dead to love, Han argues, is to be dead to thought itself. Concise in its expression but unsparing in its insight, The Agony of Eros is an important and provocative entry in Han's ongoing analysis of contemporary society. This remarkable essay, an intellectual experience of the first order, affords one of the best ways to gain full awareness of and join in one of the most pressing struggles of the day: the defense, that is to say—as Rimbaud desired it—the “reinvention” of love. —from the foreword by Alain Badiou

The Agony of Eros

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262533375
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis The Agony of Eros by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book The Agony of Eros written by Byung-Chul Han and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An argument that love requires the courage to accept self-negation for the sake of discovering the Other. Byung-Chul Han is one of the most widely read philosophers in Europe today, a member of the new generation of German thinkers that includes Markus Gabriel and Armen Avanessian. In The Agony of Eros, a bestseller in Germany, Han considers the threat to love and desire in today's society. For Han, love requires the courage to accept self-negation for the sake of discovering the Other. In a world of fetishized individualism and technologically mediated social interaction, it is the Other that is eradicated, not the self. In today's increasingly narcissistic society, we have come to look for love and desire within the “inferno of the same.” Han offers a survey of the threats to Eros, drawing on a wide range of sources—Lars von Trier's film Melancholia, Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, Fifty Shades of Grey, Michel Foucault (providing a scathing critique of Foucault's valorization of power), Martin Buber, Hegel, Baudrillard, Flaubert, Barthes, Plato, and others. Han considers the “pornographication” of society, and shows how pornography profanes eros; addresses capitalism's leveling of essential differences; and discusses the politics of eros in today's “burnout society.” To be dead to love, Han argues, is to be dead to thought itself. Concise in its expression but unsparing in its insight, The Agony of Eros is an important and provocative entry in Han's ongoing analysis of contemporary society. This remarkable essay, an intellectual experience of the first order, affords one of the best ways to gain full awareness of and join in one of the most pressing struggles of the day: the defense, that is to say—as Rimbaud desired it—the “reinvention” of love. —from the foreword by Alain Badiou

The Scent of Time

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509516085
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis The Scent of Time by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book The Scent of Time written by Byung-Chul Han and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In his philosophical reflections on the art of lingering, acclaimed cultural theorist Byung-Chul Han argues that the value we attach today to the vita activa is producing a crisis in our sense of time. Our attachment to the vita activa creates an imperative to work which degrades the human being into a labouring animal, an animal laborans. At the same time, the hyperactivity which characterizes our daily routines robs human beings of the capacity to linger and the faculty of contemplation. It therefore becomes impossible to experience time as fulfilling. Drawing on a range of thinkers including Heidegger, Nietzsche and Arendt, Han argues that we can overcome this temporal crisis only by revitalizing the vita contemplativa and relearning the art of lingering. For what distinguishes humans from other animals is the capacity for reflection and contemplation, and when life regains this capacity, this art of lingering, it gains in time and space, in duration and vastness.

Shanzhai

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262534363
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Shanzhai by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book Shanzhai written by Byung-Chul Han and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-10-06 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tracing the thread of “decreation” in Chinese thought, from constantly changing classical masterpieces to fake cell phones that are better than the original. Shanzhai is a Chinese neologism that means “fake,” originally coined to describe knock-off cell phones marketed under such names as Nokir and Samsing. These cell phones were not crude forgeries but multifunctional, stylish, and as good as or better than the originals. Shanzhai has since spread into other parts of Chinese life, with shanzhai books, shanzhai politicians, shanzhai stars. There is a shanzhai Harry Potter: Harry Potter and the Porcelain Doll, in which Harry takes on his nemesis Yandomort. In the West, this would be seen as piracy, or even desecration, but in Chinese culture, originals are continually transformed—deconstructed. In this volume in the Untimely Meditations series, Byung-Chul Han traces the thread of deconstruction, or “decreation,” in Chinese thought, from ancient masterpieces that invite inscription and transcription to Maoism—“a kind a shanzhai Marxism,” Han writes. Han discusses the Chinese concepts of quan, or law, which literally means the weight that slides back and forth on a scale, radically different from Western notions of absoluteness; zhen ji, or original, determined not by an act of creation but by unending process; xian zhan, or seals of leisure, affixed by collectors and part of the picture's composition; fuzhi, or copy, a replica of equal value to the original; and shanzhai. The Far East, Han writes, is not familiar with such “pre-deconstructive” factors as original or identity. Far Eastern thought begins with deconstruction.

Topology of Violence

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262534959
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Topology of Violence by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book Topology of Violence written by Byung-Chul Han and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2018-04-20 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of today's most widely read philosophers considers the shift in violence from visible to invisible, from negativity to excess of positivity. Some things never disappear—violence, for example. Violence is ubiquitous and incessant but protean, varying its outward form according to the social constellation at hand. In Topology of Violence, the philosopher Byung-Chul Han considers the shift in violence from the visible to the invisible, from the frontal to the viral to the self-inflicted, from brute force to mediated force, from the real to the virtual. Violence, Han tells us, has gone from the negative—explosive, massive, and martial—to the positive, wielded without enmity or domination. This, he says, creates the false impression that violence has disappeared. Anonymized, desubjectified, systemic, violence conceals itself because it has become one with society. Han first investigates the macro-physical manifestations of violence, which take the form of negativity—developing from the tension between self and other, interior and exterior, friend and enemy. These manifestations include the archaic violence of sacrifice and blood, the mythical violence of jealous and vengeful gods, the deadly violence of the sovereign, the merciless violence of torture, the bloodless violence of the gas chamber, the viral violence of terrorism, and the verbal violence of hurtful language. He then examines the violence of positivity—the expression of an excess of positivity—which manifests itself as over-achievement, over-production, over-communication, hyper-attention, and hyperactivity. The violence of positivity, Han warns, could be even more disastrous than that of negativity. Infection, invasion, and infiltration have given way to infarction.

Good Entertainment

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262537508
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Good Entertainment by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book Good Entertainment written by Byung-Chul Han and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2019-10-08 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A philosopher considers entertainment, in all its totalizing variety—infotainment, edutainment, servotainment—and traces the notion through Kant, Zen Buddhism, Heidegger, Kafka, and Rauschenberg. In Good Entertainment, Byung-Chul Han examines the notion of entertainment—its contemporary ubiquity, and its philosophical genealogy. Entertainment today, in all its totalizing variety, has an apparently infinite capacity for incorporation: infotainment, edutainment, servotainment, confrontainment. Entertainment is held up as a new paradigm, even a new credo for being—and yet, in the West, it has had inescapably negative connotations. Han traces Western ideas of entertainment, considering, among other things, the scandal that arose from the first performance of Bach's Saint Matthew's Passion (deemed too beautiful, not serious enough); Kant's idea of morality as duty and the entertainment value of moralistic literature; Heidegger's idea of the thinker as a man of pain; Kafka's hunger artist and the art of negativity, which takes pleasure in annihilation; and Robert Rauschenberg's refusal of the transcendent. The history of the West, Han tells us, is a passion narrative, and passion appears as a killjoy. Achievement is the new formula for passion, and play is subordinated to production, gamified. And yet, he argues, at their core, passion and entertainment are not entirely different. The pure meaninglessness of entertainment is adjacent to the pure meaning of passion. The fool's smile resembles the pain-racked visage of Homo doloris. In Good Entertainment, Han explores this paradox.

The Burnout Society

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804797501
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis The Burnout Society by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book The Burnout Society written by Byung-Chul Han and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2015-08-12 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our competitive, service-oriented societies are taking a toll on the late-modern individual. Rather than improving life, multitasking, "user-friendly" technology, and the culture of convenience are producing disorders that range from depression to attention deficit disorder to borderline personality disorder. Byung-Chul Han interprets the spreading malaise as an inability to manage negative experiences in an age characterized by excessive positivity and the universal availability of people and goods. Stress and exhaustion are not just personal experiences, but social and historical phenomena as well. Denouncing a world in which every against-the-grain response can lead to further disempowerment, he draws on literature, philosophy, and the social and natural sciences to explore the stakes of sacrificing intermittent intellectual reflection for constant neural connection.

Psychopolitics

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1784785776
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (847 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychopolitics by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book Psychopolitics written by Byung-Chul Han and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2017-12-05 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring how neoliberalism has discovered the productive force of the psyche Byung-Chul Han, a star of German philosophy, continues his passionate critique of neoliberalism, trenchantly describing a regime of technological domination that, in contrast to Foucault’s biopower, has discovered the productive force of the psyche. In the course of discussing all the facets of neoliberal psychopolitics fueling our contemporary crisis of freedom, Han elaborates an analytical framework that provides an original theory of Big Data and a lucid phenomenology of emotion. But this provocative essay proposes counter models too, presenting a wealth of ideas and surprising alternatives at every turn.

Camille and the Raising of Eros

Author : William Rose
Publisher : Sphinx
ISBN 13 : 191257313X
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Camille and the Raising of Eros by : William Rose

Download or read book Camille and the Raising of Eros written by William Rose and published by Sphinx. This book was released on 2019-05-13 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spain, 1920s. The lives of three Carmelite nuns intersect and develop through a period of intense experience. In their personal histories there is great contrast, but they share a past element that has deeply affected each one. This novel is a striking exploration of personal history and what lies beneath the surface of polite society. It is also an emotive reflection on the agony of maternal loss and betrayal, and on love.

German Philosophy

Author : Alain Badiou
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262348365
Total Pages : 91 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis German Philosophy by : Alain Badiou

Download or read book German Philosophy written by Alain Badiou and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2018-09-18 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two eminent French philosophers discuss German philosophy—including the legacy of Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Adorno, Fichte, Marx, and Heidegger—from a French perspective. In this book, Alain Badiou and Jean-Luc Nancy, the two most important living philosophers in France, discuss German philosophy from a French perspective. Written in the form of a dialogue, and revised and expanded from a 2016 conversation between the two philosophers at the Universität der Künste Berlin, the book offers not only Badiou's and Nancy's reinterpretations of German philosophers and philosophical concepts, but also an accessible introduction to the greatest thinkers of German philosophy. Badiou and Nancy discuss and debate such topics as the legacies of Kant, Hegel, and Marx, as well as Nietzsche, Adorno, Fichte, Schelling, and the unavoidable problem of Heidegger and Nazism. The dialogue is contentious, friendly, and often quotable, with strong—at times passionate—positions taken by both Badiou and Nancy, who find themselves disagreeing over Kant, for example, and in unexpected agreement on Marx, for another. What does it mean, then, to conduct a dialogue on German philosophy from a French perspective? As volume editor Jan Völker observes, “German philosophy” and “French philosophy” describe complex constellations that, despite the reference to nation-states and languages, above all encompass shared concepts and problems—although these take a range of forms. Perhaps they can reveal their essential import only in translation.

Saving Beauty

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509515135
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Saving Beauty by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book Saving Beauty written by Byung-Chul Han and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-10-27 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beauty today is a paradox. The cult of beauty is ubiquitous but it has lost its transcendence and become little more than an aspect of consumerism, the aesthetic dimension of capitalism. The sublime and unsettling aspects of beauty have given way to corporeal pleasures and 'likes', resulting in a kind of 'pornography' of beauty. In this book, cultural theorist Byung-Chul Han reinvigorates aesthetic theory for our digital age. He interrogates our preoccupation with all things slick and smooth, from Jeff Koon's sculptures and the iPhone to Brazilian waxing. Reaching far deeper than our superficial reactions to viral videos and memes, Han reclaims beauty, showing how it manifests itself as truth, temptation and even disaster. This wide-ranging and profound exploration of beauty, encompassing ethical and political considerations as well as aesthetic, will appeal to all those interested in cultural and aesthetic theory, philosophy and digital media.

The Agony of Alice

Author : Phyllis Reynolds Naylor
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 144246576X
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (424 download)

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Book Synopsis The Agony of Alice by : Phyllis Reynolds Naylor

Download or read book The Agony of Alice written by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-05-15 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life, Alice McKinley feels, is just one big embarrassment. Here she is, about to be a teenager and she doesn't know how. It's worse for her than for anyone else, she believes, because she has no role model. Her mother has been dead for years. Help and advice can only come from her father, manager of a music store, and her nineteen-year-old brother, who is a slob. What do they know about being a teen age girl? What she needs, Alice decides, is a gorgeous woman who does everything right, as a roadmap, so to speak. If only she finds herself, when school begins, in the classroom of the beautiful sixth-grade teacher, Miss Cole, her troubles will be over. Unfortunately, she draws the homely, pear-shaped Mrs. Plotkin. One of Mrs. Plotkin's first assignments is for each member of the class to keep a journal of their thoughts and feelings. Alice calls hers "The Agony of Alice," and in it she records all the embarrassing things that happen to her. Through the school year, Alice has lots to record. She also comes to know the lovely Miss Cole, as well as Mrs. Plotkin. And she meets an aunt and a female cousin whom she has not really known before. Out of all this, to her amazement, comes a role model -- one that she would never have accepted before she made a few very important discoveries on her own, things no roadmap could have shown her. Alice moves on, ready to be a wise teenager.

The Darkest Joy

Author : Marata Eros
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1476752222
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (767 download)

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Book Synopsis The Darkest Joy by : Marata Eros

Download or read book The Darkest Joy written by Marata Eros and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2014-02-18 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sexy and poignant new adult novel in the vein of Jamie McGuire’s Beautiful Disaster from New York Times bestseller Marata Eros, about two lost souls who find each other in the wake of tragedy—only to learn that love may not be enough to heal the wounds of a dark and tortured past… “I don’t want my broken fixed. . . .” Six months ago, Brooke Starr was one impeccable piano performance away from Juilliard. Now, she is lonely, devastated, orphaned . . . seeking solace in a place where the sun never sets and trying to make sense of the dark tragedy that clouds her shattered heart. There are no coincidences. . . . Deep-sea fisherman Chance Taylor can’t imagine what his life would be if he’d never taken that midnight stroll to the pier. Had never seen the intriguing, raven-haired girl swan dive into the Alaskan sea. Had never plunged into the icy waters to rescue her . . . and finally felt her electric charge. As their blazing chemistry consumes them, Chance is determined to save Brooke from her demons. But Brooke knows she must find her own footing. She thinks she’s already lost everything—until the terror of her past catches up with her and threatens all that she has left: her life, her love, and the freedom to choose between drowning in grief and finding joy in the darkness.

In Praise of Love

Author : Alain Badiou
Publisher : New Press/ORIM
ISBN 13 : 1595588892
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (955 download)

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Book Synopsis In Praise of Love by : Alain Badiou

Download or read book In Praise of Love written by Alain Badiou and published by New Press/ORIM. This book was released on 2012-11-27 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The renowned French philosopher’s “ode to love’s power to unite in the face of eternity, and its optimism in the face of pain” (Publishers Weekly). In a world rife with consumerism, where online dating promises risk-free romance and love is all too often seen as a mere variant of desire and hedonism, Alain Badiou believes that love is under threat. Taking to heart Rimbaud’s famous line “love needs reinventing,” In Praise of Love is the celebrated French intellectual’s passionate treatise in defense of love. For Badiou, love is an existential project, a constantly unfolding quest for truth. This quest begins with the chance encounter, an event that forever changes two individuals, challenging them “to see the world from the point of view of two rather than one.” This, Badiou believes, is love’s most essential transforming power. Through thought-provoking dialogue edited from a conversation between Badiou and Truong, a vibrant cast of thinkers are invoked: Kierkegaard, Plato, de Beauvoir, Proust, and more, create a new narrative of love in the face of twenty-first-century modernity. Moving, zealous, and wise, Badiou’s “paean to the anticapitalist, antiessentialist, unifying power of love” urges us not to fear it but to see it as a magnificent undertaking that compels us to explore others and to move away from an obsession with ourselves (Publishers Weekly). “Finally, the cure for the pornographic, utilitarian exchange of favors to which love has been reduced in America. Alain Badiou is our philosopher of love.” —Simon Critchley, author of The Faith of the Faithless

Non-things

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509551719
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-things by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book Non-things written by Byung-Chul Han and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-05-10 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We no longer inhabit earth and dwell under the sky: these are being replaced by Google Earth and the Cloud. The terrestrial order is giving way to a digital order, the world of things is being replaced by a world of non-things – a constantly expanding ‘infosphere’ of information and communication which displaces objects and obliterates any stillness and calmness in our lives. Byung-Chul Han’s critique of the infosphere highlights the price we are paying for our growing preoccupation with information and communication. Today we search for more information without gaining any real knowledge. We communicate constantly without participating in a community. We save masses of data without keeping track of our memories. We accumulate friends and followers without encountering other people. This is how information develops a form of life that has no stability or duration. And as we become increasingly absorbed in the infosphere, we lose touch with the magic of things which provide a stable environment for dwelling and give continuity to human life. The infosphere may seem to grant us new freedoms but it creates new forms of control too, and it cuts us off from the kind of freedom that is tied to acting in the world. This new book by one of the most creative cultural theorists writing today will be of interest to a wide readership.

Capitalism and the Death Drive

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509545026
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Capitalism and the Death Drive by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book Capitalism and the Death Drive written by Byung-Chul Han and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-05-18 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What we call growth today is in fact a tumorous growth, a cancerous proliferation which is disrupting the social organism. These tumours endlessly metastasize and grow with an inexplicable, deadly vitality. At a certain point this growth is no longer productive, but rather destructive. Capitalism passed this point long ago. Its destructive forces cause not only ecological and social catastrophes but also mental collapse. The destructive compulsion to perform combines self-affirmation and self-destruction in one. We optimize ourselves to death. Brutal competition ends in destruction. It produces an emotional coldness and indifference towards others as well as towards one’s own self. The devastating consequences of capitalism suggest that a death drive is at work. Freud initially introduced the death drive hesitantly, but later admitted that he ‘couldn’t think beyond it’ as the idea of the death drive became increasingly central to his thought. Today, it is impossible to think about capitalism without considering the death drive.

The Expulsion of the Other

Author : Byung-Chul Han
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 150952309X
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis The Expulsion of the Other by : Byung-Chul Han

Download or read book The Expulsion of the Other written by Byung-Chul Han and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The days of the Other are over in this age of excessive communication, information and consumption. What used to be the Other, be it as friend, as Eros or as hell, is now indistinguishable from the self in our narcissistic desire to assimilate everything and everyone until there are no boundaries left. The result is a 'terror of the Same', lives in which we no longer pursue knowledge, insight and experience but are instead reduced to the echo chambers and illusory encounters offered by social media. In extreme cases, this feeling of disorientation and senselessness is compensated through self-harm, or even harming others through acts of terrorism. Byung-Chul Han argues that our times are characterized not by external repression but by an internal depression, whereby the destructive pressure comes not from the Other but from the self. It is only by returning to a society of listeners and lovers, by acknowledging and desiring the Other, that we can seek to overcome the isolation and suffering caused by this crushing process of total assimilation.