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Taxing And Regulating College And University Endowment Income
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Book Synopsis Taxing and Regulating College and University Endowment Income by : Mark J. Cowan
Download or read book Taxing and Regulating College and University Endowment Income written by Mark J. Cowan and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: College and university endowments have reported outstanding investment returns in recent years. While annual investment returns have averaged around 15.2%, colleges and universities have only been spending about 4.6% of their endowment assets each year. This has drawn the attention of the Senate Committee on Finance, which recently held a hearing regarding the accumulation of endowment income at colleges and universities and debated whether endowments should be taxed or regulated (for example, by the use of the minimum distribution requirement that applies to private foundations). This Article marshals and fuses the existing literature on endowments, the rationales for tax exemptions, the justifications for the unrelated business income tax, and the reasoning behind the private foundation minimum distribution requirements to determine whether a tax on endowment income or a minimum distribution requirement would be consistent with our current understanding of how colleges and universities should be taxed. The Article concludes that the existing literature would not justify taxing or regulating endowment accumulation and that any attempt to tax or regulate endowments should only be undertaken in light of a fundamental re-imagining of our tax exempt system.
Book Synopsis College and University Endowments by : Jeanette O'Brien
Download or read book College and University Endowments written by Jeanette O'Brien and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colleges and universities maintain endowments to directly support their activities as institutions of higher education. Endowments are typically investment funds, but may also consist of cash or property. Current tax law benefits endowments and the accumulation of endowment assets. Specifically, endowment fund earnings are exempt from federal income tax. Additionally, taxpayers making contributions to college and university endowment funds may be able to deduct the value of their contribution from income subject to tax. The purpose of this book is to provide background information on college and university endowments, and discuss various options for changing their tax treatment.
Book Synopsis The Tax Law of Colleges and Universities by : Bertrand M. Harding, Jr.
Download or read book The Tax Law of Colleges and Universities written by Bertrand M. Harding, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-09-24 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, The Tax Law of Colleges and Universities includes additions and modifications such as a discussion of new rules regarding Internet fundraising and advertising, allowing charitable remainder trusts to invest in a school's endowment, deferred compensation arrangements, and penalties for engaging in certain tax-shelter transactions.
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Oversight Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :76 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Hearing on Tax-exempt College and University Endowments by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Oversight
Download or read book Hearing on Tax-exempt College and University Endowments written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Oversight and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis College and University Endowments by :
Download or read book College and University Endowments written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis College and University Endowments by : Jessica I. Bellfleur
Download or read book College and University Endowments written by Jessica I. Bellfleur and published by Nova Novinka. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: U.S. colleges and universities hold hundreds of billions of dollars in endowments. In congressional hearings and in academic literature, some have argued that certain college and university endowments have grown very large without a concurrent increase in the use of endowment proceeds to reduce the cost of attending those schools. The topic of college affordability continues to be an issue of great concern and many are concerned that increases in the cost of college may be discouraging large numbers of individuals, particularly minority and low income individuals, from pursing higher education. This book provides information about endowments that will help inform policymakers and others as they consider college and university endowment issues.
Book Synopsis The Exemption of College Endowments from Taxation by : Edgar Hutchinson Johnson
Download or read book The Exemption of College Endowments from Taxation written by Edgar Hutchinson Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1905 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nonprofit Law for Colleges and Universities by : Bruce R. Hopkins
Download or read book Nonprofit Law for Colleges and Universities written by Bruce R. Hopkins and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-05-04 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A hands-on guide to the most pertinent and critical legal issues facing those who lead and manage tax-exempt colleges and universities Nonprofit Law for Colleges and Universities is a practical, accessible guide to nonprofit law as it is specifically applicable to exempt colleges and universities, and their related entities, such as fundraising foundations, endowment funds, supporting organizations, for-profit subsidiaries, and limited liability companies. Topics discussed will include governance, endowment funds management, the annual reporting requirements, and the unrelated business rules Written by the country's leading authorities on tax-exempt organizations Features essential, practical legal information in easy-to-understand English Presented in question-and-answer format, divided according to major topic areas that are of interest to those who lead and manage tax-exempt colleges and universities Designed for the management and leadership of colleges and universities, as well as others working in the higher education field, such as lawyers, accountants, and fundraising/development personnel, Nonprofit Law for Colleges and Universities allows readers to easily search for and find answers to questions, putting all the information they need right at their fingertips.
Book Synopsis How Big Is Too Big by : James Fishman
Download or read book How Big Is Too Big written by James Fishman and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Section 13701 of the 2017 Tax Reform Act created new Internal Revenue Code § 4968 that imposes a 1.4% excise tax on the net investment income of certain large private college and university endowments. The affected institutions must have at least 500 tuition-paying students during the preceding taxable year, provided more than 50% of its students are located in the United States, plus assets (other than assets used directly in carrying out the institution's exempt purpose) with an aggregate fair market value at the end of the preceding taxable year equal to at least $500,000 per full-time or full-time equivalent student. Approximately twenty-seven to thirty-five colleges and universities are affected.This paper argues that the legislation as enacted is politically motivated and fatally flawed. The “assets per student” ratio that triggers the tax is both over and under-inclusive, and irrelevant and arbitrary as a guide to excessive endowment accumulation. The legislation serves to exempt multi-billion dollar endowments of many universities yet ensnare smaller colleges that may have more limited resources, but the endowment to student ration exceeds $500,000. The growing income inequality in American society is reflected in the inequality of access to elite schools with billion dollar endowments. While large endowment schools have increased financial aid, the percentage of students from lower income families has remained the same. A student whose parents come from the top one percent of income distribution is 77 times more likely to attend an Ivy League college than one from the bottom income quintile. Among “Ivy League Plus” colleges (the eight Ivy League colleges plus Chicago, Stanford, MIT and Duke), more students come from families in the top 1% of income distribution (14.5%) than the bottom half of the income distribution (13.5%).Recommended is that the investment income tax be triggered for all billion dollar endowment institutions when the endowment earns $75 million in net investment income ($150 million for public school billion dollar endowments). The endowment per student ratio should be jettisoned. Schools could offset the net income investment tax on a one dollar to one dollar basis by increasing financial assistance to the student body. If the school increases the admission of students from underrepresented constituencies, the tax offset would be two dollars for each dollar spent in expanding the number of such students.
Book Synopsis College and University Endowment Investments by : W. Robert Bokelman
Download or read book College and University Endowment Investments written by W. Robert Bokelman and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Proposal for a University Endowment Fund by : University of Minnesota
Download or read book A Proposal for a University Endowment Fund written by University of Minnesota and published by . This book was released on 1929 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Tax Law of Colleges and Universities by : Bertrand M. Harding
Download or read book The Tax Law of Colleges and Universities written by Bertrand M. Harding and published by Jossey-Bass. This book was released on 2003-09-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Institutions of higher education are under increasing scrutiny from the Internal Revenue Service for the wide spectrum of unrelated business income they can generate, from real estate income to football ticket sales. This comprehensive guide to the tax rules these institutions face includes thorough coverage of employment taxes, fringe benefits, lobbying and other political activities, plus strategies for handling an IRS audit. This book is supplemented annually.
Book Synopsis Investment Policies and Procedures at Selected Colleges and Universities by : National Association of College and University Business Officers
Download or read book Investment Policies and Procedures at Selected Colleges and Universities written by National Association of College and University Business Officers and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Taxation for Universities and Colleges by : Steve Hoffman
Download or read book Taxation for Universities and Colleges written by Steve Hoffman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-08-20 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "Tax Translator" offers much needed advice and guidance on tax compliance for institutions of higher learning College and university officials often are unaware of their institutions' tax obligations. Especially for institutions without designated tax compliance officers, the consequences of such ignorance can devastating. Based on its author's decades of experiences as a tax manager at three universities, this handbook was written for all university staff involved with tax compliance—from the account clerk in the Accounts Payable Department, up through vice presidents, controllers, treasurers and directors. Steve Hoffman explains the core principles and practices that inform current tax policy and develops a framework for building a system for effective tax compliance, reporting and filing. Satisfies the urgent demand for timely, authoritative advice and guidance on a area of increasing concern for colleges and universities Sheds new light on the impact of current tax obligations for both four-year and community colleges, which are often left out of the discussion The Federal Government has recently stepped up its enforcement of tax law compliance for colleges and universities
Book Synopsis College and University Finance by : Trevor Arnett
Download or read book College and University Finance written by Trevor Arnett and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Saving for College & the Tax Code by : Andrew P. Roth
Download or read book Saving for College & the Tax Code written by Andrew P. Roth and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2001 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Placing the recent rush to use tax incentives as a new source of student financial assistance in both its historical and theoretical contexts, this book documents the rise of tax-advantaged college savings plans and how they signal the shift to solving the challenge of middle-class affordability and its replacement of the twin goals of access and equity as public policy's greatest higher education funding priority. Including an in-depth analysis of the affordability crisis, a detailed encapsulation of the public-versus-private responsibility to pay for higher education debate and its historic roots, and the theoretical studies of student aid and the tax code, the book develops concrete definitions of the various types of tax-advantaged college savings plans, their origin and development and a detailed taxonomy of all such state-sponsored programs in the United States. Unique to this book, the taxonomy is based upon detailed State Profiles of all tax-advantaged college savings plans in existence circa 1999. Building upon the State Profiles and their taxonomic summary, the book analyzes the rhetoric of the documents surrounding each state's program's adoption in order to understand what the state's say such programs mean. Further, each program's characteristics are evaluated against a Continuum of "Publicness" in order to ascertain the state's position regarding the public-versus-private responsibility debate. The results is both a rhetorical and behavioral data set documenting the states' policy position elevating solving the challenge of middle-class affordability above the issues of access and equity. Although the concept of "publicness" is discovered to be highly ambiguous, thebook concludes with a Best Practices description of an ideal tax-advantaged college savings plan that maximizes public responsibility to pay for higher education. Such a program will be of great interest to all policy analysts and public officials concerned about maintaining the historic American commitment to access and equity.
Book Synopsis The Administration of College and University Endowments by : Charles Richard Sattgast
Download or read book The Administration of College and University Endowments written by Charles Richard Sattgast and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
