Taking Moral Action

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Taking Moral Action

Author : Chuck Huff
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1444335375
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis Taking Moral Action by : Chuck Huff

Download or read book Taking Moral Action written by Chuck Huff and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-12-04 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a systematic framework for understanding and shaping moral action Taking Moral Action offers a timely and comprehensive overview of the emerging field of moral psychology, introducing readers to one of the most vibrant areas of research in contemporary psychology. With an inclusive and interdisciplinary approach, authors Chuck Huff and Almut Furchert incorporate a wide range of scholarly traditions, philosophical theories, empirical findings, and practical moral writings to explore the complex network of influences, contexts, and processes involved in producing and structuring moral action. Integrating key empirical and theoretical literature, this unique volume helps readers grasp the different aspects of both habitual and intentional acts of moral action. Thematically organized chapters examine moral action in contexts such as evolution, moral ecology, personality, moral identity and the self, moral reason, moral emotion, and more. Each chapter features a discussion of how neuroscience underlies or supports the influence and process addressed. Throughout the book, historical stories of moral action and examples of humanistic and experiential traditions of moral formation highlight what is possible, relevant, and appropriate in taking moral action in a variety of settings. Explores the relationships between moral psychology, empirical psychology, philosophy, and theology Considers the various ways that individuals experience and construct moral identity Emphasizes the practical application of the science of morality in service of moral good Reviews cultural, organizational, group, and social influences to investigate how individuals actively shape their moral environment Discusses the role of emotions in morality and considers if individuals can change or train their emotional responses Taking Moral Action is essential reading for those new to the field and experienced practitioners alike. Containing extensive references and links to further readings, Taking Moral Action is also an excellent textbook for college and university courses in areas such as psychology, ethics, theology, philosophy, anthropology, and neuroscience.

Moral Imagination

Author : Mark Johnson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022622323X
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Moral Imagination by : Mark Johnson

Download or read book Moral Imagination written by Mark Johnson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2014-12-10 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using path-breaking discoveries of cognitive science, Mark Johnson argues that humans are fundamentally imaginative moral animals, challenging the view that morality is simply a system of universal laws dictated by reason. According to the Western moral tradition, we make ethical decisions by applying universal laws to concrete situations. But Johnson shows how research in cognitive science undermines this view and reveals that imagination has an essential role in ethical deliberation. Expanding his innovative studies of human reason in Metaphors We Live By and The Body in the Mind, Johnson provides the tools for more practical, realistic, and constructive moral reflection.

Kant and the Role of Pleasure in Moral Action

Author : Iain P. D. Morrisson
Publisher : Ohio University Press
ISBN 13 : 0821418300
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Kant and the Role of Pleasure in Moral Action by : Iain P. D. Morrisson

Download or read book Kant and the Role of Pleasure in Moral Action written by Iain P. D. Morrisson and published by Ohio University Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kant scholars since the early nineteenth century have disagreed about how to interpret his theory of moral motivation. Kant tells us that the feeling of respect is the incentive to moral action, but he is notoriously ambiguous on the question of what exactly this means. In Kant and the Role of Pleasure in Moral Action, Iain Morrisson offers a new view on Kant's theory of moral action. In a clear, straightforward style, Morrisson responds to the ongoing interpretive stalemate by taking an original approach to the problem. Whereas previous commentators have attempted to understand Kant's feeling of respect by studying the relevant textual evidence in isolation, Morrisson illuminates this evidence by determining what Kant's more general theory of action commits him to regarding moral action. After looking at how Kant's treatment of desire and feeling can be reconciled with his famous account of free maxim-based action, Morrisson argues that respect moves us to moral action in a way that is structurally parallel to the way in which nonmoral pleasure motivates nonmoral action. In reconstructing a unified theory of action in Kant, Morrisson integrates a number of distinct elements in his practical philosophy. Kant and the Role of Pleasure in Moral Action is part of a new wave of interest in Kant's anthropological (that is, psychological) works.

Giving Voice to Values

Author : Mary C. Gentile
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300161328
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Giving Voice to Values by : Mary C. Gentile

Download or read book Giving Voice to Values written by Mary C. Gentile and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2010-08-24 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can you effectively stand up for your values when pressured by your boss, customers, or shareholders to do the opposite? Drawing on actual business experiences as well as on social science research, Babson College business educator and consultant Mary Gentile challenges the assumptions about business ethics at companies and business schools. She gives business leaders, managers, and students the tools not just to recognize what is right, but also to ensure that the right things happen. The book is inspired by a program Gentile launched at the Aspen Institute with Yale School of Management, and now housed at Babson College, with pilot programs in over one hundred schools and organizations, including INSEAD and MIT Sloan School of Management. She explains why past attempts at preparing business leaders to act ethically too often failed, arguing that the issue isn’t distinguishing what is right or wrong, but knowing how to act on your values despite opposing pressure. Through research-based advice, practical exercises, and scripts for handling a wide range of ethical dilemmas, Gentile empowers business leaders with the skills to voice and act on their values, and align their professional path with their principles. Giving Voice to Values is an engaging, innovative, and useful guide that is essential reading for anyone in business.

Moral Ground

Author : Kathleen Dean Moore
Publisher : Trinity University Press
ISBN 13 : 1595341056
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Moral Ground by : Kathleen Dean Moore

Download or read book Moral Ground written by Kathleen Dean Moore and published by Trinity University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-15 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moral Ground brings together the testimony of over eighty visionaries—theologians and religious leaders, scientists, elected officials, business leaders, naturalists, activists, and writers—to present a diverse and compelling call to honor our individual and collective moral responsibility to our planet. In the face of environmental degradation and global climate change, scientific knowledge alone does not tell us what we ought to do. The missing premise of the argument and much-needed center piece in the debate to date has been the need for ethical values, moral guidance, and principled reasons for doing the right thing for our planet, its animals, its plants, and its people. Contributors from throughout the world (including North America, Africa, Australia, Asia, and Europe) bring forth a rich variety of heritages and perspectives. Their contributions take many forms, illustrating the rich variety of ways we express our moral beliefs in letters, poems, economic analyses, proclamations, essays, and stories. In the end, their voices affirm why we must move beyond a scientific study and response to embrace an ongoing model of repair and sustainability. These writings demonstrate that scientific analysis and moral conviction can work successfully side-by-side. This is a book that can speak to anyone, regardless of his or her worldview, and that also includes a section devoted to “what next” thinking that helps the reader put the words and ideas into action in their personal lives. Thanks to generous support from numerous landmark organizations, such as the Kendeda Fund and Germeshausen Foundation, the book is just the starting point for a national, and international, discussion that will be carried out in a variety of ways, from online debate to “town hall” meetings, from essay competitions for youth to sermons from pulpits in all denominations. The “Moral Ground movement” will result in a newly discovered, or rediscovered, commitment on a personal and community level to consensus about our ethical obligation to the future. Contributors include: Fred W. Allendorf, Bartholomew I, Mary Catherine Bateson, Thomas Berry, Wendell Berry, Marcus J. Borg, J. Baird Callicott, Courtney S. Campbell, F. Stuart Chapin III, Robin Morris Collin, Michael M. Crow, Dalai Lama, Alison Hawthorne Deming, Brian Doyle, David James Duncan, Massoumeh Ebtekar, Jesse M. Fink, Dave Foreman, Thomas L. Friedman, James Garvey, Thich Nhat Hanh, Paul Hawken, Bernd Heinrich, Linda Hogan, bell hooks, Dale Jamieson, Derrick Jensen, John Paul II, Martin S. Kaplan, Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, Stephen R. Kellert, Robin W. Kimmerer, Barbara Kingsolver, Shepard Krech III, Ursula K. Le Guin, Hank Lentfer, Carly Lettero, Oren Lyons, Wangari Maathai, Sallie McFague, Bill McKibben, Katie McShane, Curt Meine, Ming Xu, N. Scott Momaday, Kathleen Dean Moore, Hylton Murray-Philipson, Gary Paul Nabhan, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Michael P. Nelson, Barack Obama, Ernest Partridge, John Perry, Edwin P. Pister, Carl Pope, Robert Michael Pyle, David Quammen, Daniel Quinn, Kate Rawles, Tri Robinson, Libby Roderick, Holmes Rolston III, Deborah Bird Rose, Jonathan F. P. Rose, Carl Safina, Scott Russell Sanders, Lauret Savoy, Nirmal Selvamony, Ismail Serageldin, Peter Singer, Sulak Sivaraksa, Gary Snyder, James Gustave Speth, Brian Swimme, Bron Taylor, Paul B. Thompson, George Tinker, Joerg Chet Tremmel, Quincy Troupe, Mary Evelyn Tucker, José Galizia Tundisi, Brian Turner, Desmond Tutu, Steve Vanderheiden, John A. Vucetich, Kimberly A. Wade-Benzoni, Sheila Watt-Cloutier, Alan Weisman, Terry Tempest Williams, E. O. Wilson, and Xin Wei.

Catholic Ethics in Today's World

Author : Jozef D. Zalot
Publisher : Anselm Academic Christian Brothers Pub.
ISBN 13 : 9781599821023
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (21 download)

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Book Synopsis Catholic Ethics in Today's World by : Jozef D. Zalot

Download or read book Catholic Ethics in Today's World written by Jozef D. Zalot and published by Anselm Academic Christian Brothers Pub.. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Business ethics - The Death Penalty - War and peace - Medical ethics Euthanasia - Medical ethics at the end of life - Sexual ethics - Global economic ethics.

Theology and the Science of Moral Action

Author : American Academy of Religion. Conference
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415895790
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (158 download)

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Book Synopsis Theology and the Science of Moral Action by : American Academy of Religion. Conference

Download or read book Theology and the Science of Moral Action written by American Academy of Religion. Conference and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past decade has witnessed a renaissance in scientific approaches to the study of morality. Once understood to be the domain of moral psychology, the newer approach to morality is largely interdisciplinary, driven in no small part by developments in behavioural economics and evolutionary biology, as well as advances in neuroscientific imaging capabilities, among other fields. To date, scientists studying moral cognition and behaviour have paid little attention to virtue theory, while virtue theorists have yet to acknowledge the new research results emerging from the new science of morality. Theology and the Science of Moral Action explores a new approach to ethical thinking that promotes dialogue and integration between recent research in the scientific study of moral cognition and behaviour—including neuroscience, moral psychology, and behavioural economics—and virtue theoretic approaches to ethics in both philosophy and theology. More particularly, the book evaluates the concept of moral exemplarity and its significance in philosophical and theological ethics as well as for ongoing research programs in the cognitive sciences.

Moral Action

Author : Robert Sokolowski
Publisher : CUA Press
ISBN 13 : 0813230071
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Moral Action by : Robert Sokolowski

Download or read book Moral Action written by Robert Sokolowski and published by CUA Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “In this carefully written study of the constituents of human decision making, Robert Sokolowski lays an elaborate groundwork to develop the importance of the distinction between choice and the voluntary in moral discourse...offers a new way of looking at m

Moral Action and Christian Ethics

Author : Jean Porter
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521657105
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (571 download)

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Book Synopsis Moral Action and Christian Ethics by : Jean Porter

Download or read book Moral Action and Christian Ethics written by Jean Porter and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-03-11 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A highly sophisticated account of moral reasoning, developed out of the thought of Thomas Aquinas.

Ethics for A-Level

Author : Mark Dimmock
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1783743913
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (837 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethics for A-Level by : Mark Dimmock

Download or read book Ethics for A-Level written by Mark Dimmock and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2017-07-31 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does pleasure have to do with morality? What role, if any, should intuition have in the formation of moral theory? If something is ‘simulated’, can it be immoral? This accessible and wide-ranging textbook explores these questions and many more. Key ideas in the fields of normative ethics, metaethics and applied ethics are explained rigorously and systematically, with a vivid writing style that enlivens the topics with energy and wit. Individual theories are discussed in detail in the first part of the book, before these positions are applied to a wide range of contemporary situations including business ethics, sexual ethics, and the acceptability of eating animals. A wealth of real-life examples, set out with depth and care, illuminate the complexities of different ethical approaches while conveying their modern-day relevance. This concise and highly engaging resource is tailored to the Ethics components of AQA Philosophy and OCR Religious Studies, with a clear and practical layout that includes end-of-chapter summaries, key terms, and common mistakes to avoid. It should also be of practical use for those teaching Philosophy as part of the International Baccalaureate. Ethics for A-Level is of particular value to students and teachers, but Fisher and Dimmock’s precise and scholarly approach will appeal to anyone seeking a rigorous and lively introduction to the challenging subject of ethics. Tailored to the Ethics components of AQA Philosophy and OCR Religious Studies.

A Utilitarian General Theory of Value

Author : C.L. Sheng
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004495118
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis A Utilitarian General Theory of Value by : C.L. Sheng

Download or read book A Utilitarian General Theory of Value written by C.L. Sheng and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-07-18 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thesis of this book is to develop a theory of value covering all kinds of values, based on my unified utilitarian theory. It is unique and is different from all traditional and existing theories of value. Like the views of most psychologists and decision-scientists, value is asserted to be subjective in nature because value exists only for a subject. Value and value judgment are considered statistical in nature in three dimensions, namely in the dimensions of subject, object, and judge. This theory covers a modified von Neumann-Morgenstern utility theory as an integral part. The three conceptions of utility held by philosophers, economicsts, and decision-scientists are unified. The traditional and conventional classification of value into intrinsic and instrumental, which may lead to confusion, misunderstanding, and circularity, is not used. Instead, a classification based on the classification of good things in life according to the principle of exchangeability and replaceability is emphasized and used. A decision-theoretic approach is taken for the study of actions in life. All the actions in a person's life are for the pursuit of values, and all the values pursued are related, directly or indirectly, closely or remotely, to a life plan. Thus, this utilitarian general theory of value eventually leads to a philosophy of life, which is also consequential, teleological, and utilitarian.

The Moral Foundation of Economic Behavior

Author : David C. Rose
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019978177X
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis The Moral Foundation of Economic Behavior by : David C. Rose

Download or read book The Moral Foundation of Economic Behavior written by David C. Rose and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-01 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains why moral beliefs can and likely do play an important role in the development and operation of market economies. It provides new arguments for why it is important that people genuinely trust others-even those whom they know don't particularly care about them-because in key circumstances institutions are incapable of combating opportunism. It then identifies specific characteristics that moral beliefs must have for the people who possess them to be regarded as trustworthy. When such moral beliefs are held with sufficient conviction by a sufficiently high proportion of the population, a high trust society emerges that supports maximum cooperation and creativity while permitting honest competition at the same time. Such moral beliefs are not tied to any particular religion and have nothing to do with moral earnestness or the set of moral values-what matters is how they affect the way people think about morality. Such moral beliefs are based on abstract ideas that must be learned so they are matters of culture, not genes, and are therefore able to explain differences in economic performance across societies.

Moral Courage

Author : Rushworth M. Kidder
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 0061749788
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (617 download)

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Book Synopsis Moral Courage by : Rushworth M. Kidder

Download or read book Moral Courage written by Rushworth M. Kidder and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2009-03-17 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why did a group of teenagers watch a friend die instead of putting their own reputations at risk? Why did a top White House official decide to come clean and accept a prison sentence during Watergate? Why did a finance executive turn down millions out of respect for her employer? Why are some willing to risk their futures to uphold principles? What gives us the strength to stand up for what we believe? As these questions suggest, the topic of moral courage is front and center in today's culture. Enron, Arthur Andersen, the U.S. Olympic Committee, abusive priests, cheating students, domestic violence -- all these remind us that taking ethical stands should be a higher priority in our culture. Why, when people discern wrongdoing, are they sometimes unready, unable, or unwilling to act? In a book rich with examples, Rushworth Kidder reveals that moral courage is the bridge between talking ethics and doing ethics. Defining it as a readiness to endure danger for the sake of principle, he explains that the courage to act is found at the intersection of three elements: action based on core values, awareness of the risks, and a willingness to endure necessary hardship. By exploring how moral courage spurs us to strive for core values, he demonstrates the benefits of ethical action to the individual and to society -- and the severe consequences that can result from remaining morally dormant. Moral Courage puts indispensable concepts and tools into our hands, equipping us to respond to the increasingly complicated moral challenges we face at work, at home, and in our communities. It enables us to make clear, confident decisions by exploring some litmus-test questions: Is the benefit worth the risk? Am I motivated by my desire to uphold my beliefs or just to impose them on others? Will my actions create collateral damage among those with no stake in the outcome? While physical courage may no longer be a necessary survival skill or an essential rite of passage out of childhood, few would dispute the growing need for moral courage as the true gauge of maturity. Treating this subject not as an esoteric branch of philosophy but as a practical necessity for modern life, Kidder deftly leads us to a clear understanding of what moral courage is, what it does, and how to get it.

Human Conduct; Problems of Ethics

Author : John Hospers
Publisher : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt P
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Conduct; Problems of Ethics by : John Hospers

Download or read book Human Conduct; Problems of Ethics written by John Hospers and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt P. This book was released on 1972 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HUMAN CONDUCT strives to motivate and challenge ethics students through the use of realistic dialogues that bring ethical dilemmas to life. An engaging narrative style (including fiction) and an extensive series of examples illustrate theories of right and wrong as this introductory text describes and critiques traditional and contemporary moral problems.

Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development

Author : William M. Kurtines
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1317783077
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development by : William M. Kurtines

Download or read book Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development written by William M. Kurtines and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-02-04 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication of this unique three-volume set represents the culmination of years of work by a large number of scholars, researchers, and professionals in the field of moral development. The literature on moral behavior and development has grown to the point where it is no longer possible to capture the “state of the art” in a single volume. This comprehensive multi-volume Handbook marks an important transition because it provides evidence that the field has emerged as an area of scholarly activity in its own right. Spanning many professional domains, there is a striking variety of issues and topics surveyed: anthropology, biology, economics, education, philosophy, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, social work, and more. By bringing together work on diverse topics, the editors have fostered a mutually-beneficial exchange not only between alternative approaches and perspectives, but also between “applied” and “pure” research interests. The Theory volume presents current and ongoing theoretical advances focusing on new developments or substantive refinements and revisions to existing theoretical frameworks. The Research volume summarizes and interprets the findings of specific, theory-driven, research programs; reviews research in areas that have generated substantial empirical findings; describes recent developments in research methodology/techniques; and reports research on new and emerging issues. The Application volume describes a diverse array of intervention projects — educational, clinical, organizational, and the like. Each chapter includes a summary report of results and findings, conceptual developments, and emerging issues or topics. Since the contributors to this publication are active theorists, researchers, and practitioners, it may serve to define directions that will shape the emerging literature in the field.

Humanitarian Action and Ethics

Author : Ayesha Ahmad
Publisher : Zed Books Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1786992701
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (869 download)

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Book Synopsis Humanitarian Action and Ethics by : Ayesha Ahmad

Download or read book Humanitarian Action and Ethics written by Ayesha Ahmad and published by Zed Books Ltd.. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From natural disaster areas to conflict zones, humanitarian workers today find themselves operating in diverse and difficult environments. While humanitarian work has always presented unique ethical challenges, such efforts are now further complicated by the impact of globalization, the escalating refugee crisis, and mounting criticisms of established humanitarian practice. Featuring contributions from humanitarian practitioners, health professionals, and social and political scientists, this book explores the question of ethics in modern humanitarian work, drawing on the lived experience of humanitarian workers themselves. Its essential case studies cover humanitarian work in countries ranging from Haiti and South Sudan to Syria and Iraq, and address issues such as gender based violence, migration, and the growing phenomenon of ‘volunteer tourism’. Together, these contributions offer new perspectives on humanitarian ethics, as well as insight into how such ethical considerations might inform more effective approaches to humanitarian work.

A New Approach to Utilitarianism

Author : C.L. Sheng
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401131929
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis A New Approach to Utilitarianism by : C.L. Sheng

Download or read book A New Approach to Utilitarianism written by C.L. Sheng and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1.1 Utilitarian Theories This book is a monograph on moral philosophy and social philosophy, particularly the part of the philosophy of economics that is related to the general distribution problem. It presents a comprehensive ethical theory, together with an application of the theory to distributive justice. The viewpoint of this theory is utilitarian. However, this theory is different in some crucial points, as well as in minor details, from all existing forms of utilitarianism. Moral philosophy deals essentially with the moral judgment of actions, i. e., whether a moral action is right or wrong, good or bad. The judgment is usually based on a line of logical reasoning, which can be traced to a final reason called the justification or ultimate principle. An ethical theory is a self-consistent system built upon a basic, or ultimate, principle. An ultimate principle can never be rigorously proven, and is not unique. Different philosophers establish different ethical theories upon different principles. Therefore, in the history of development of moral philosophy, there have been a large number of ethical theories and schools. Even wi thin the same school having the same ultimate principle, different philosophers may have different versions of the theory, because of small variations in the interpretation of the ultimate principle or in the elaboration of the details.