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Synthesizing Photovoltaic Thin Films Of High Quality Copper Zinc Tin Alloy With At Least One Chalcogen Species
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Book Synopsis Synthesizing Photovoltaic Thin Films of High Quality Copper-Zinc-Tin Alloy with At Least One Chalcogen Species by :
Download or read book Synthesizing Photovoltaic Thin Films of High Quality Copper-Zinc-Tin Alloy with At Least One Chalcogen Species written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A method for synthesizing a thin film of copper, zinc, tin, and a chalcogen species ('CZTCh' or 'CZTSS') with well-controlled properties. The method includes depositing a thin film of precursor materials, e.g., approximately stoichiometric amounts of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and a chalcogen species (Ch). The method then involves re-crystallizing and grain growth at higher temperatures, e e.g., between about 725 and 925 degrees K, and annealing the precursor film at relatively lower temperatures, e.g., between 600 and 650 degrees K. The processing of the precursor film takes place in the presence of a quasi-equilibrium vapor, e.g., Sn and chalcogen species. The quasi-equilibrium vapor is used to maintain the precursor film in a quasi-equilibrium condition to reduce and even prevent decomposition of the CZTCh and is provided at a rate to balance desorption fluxes of Sn and chalcogens.
Book Synopsis Synthesizing Photovoltaic Thin Films of High Quality Copper-zinc-tin Alloy with at Least One Chalcogen Species by :
Download or read book Synthesizing Photovoltaic Thin Films of High Quality Copper-zinc-tin Alloy with at Least One Chalcogen Species written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A method for synthesizing a thin film of copper, zinc, tin, and a chalcogen species ("CZTCh" or "CZTSS") with well-controlled properties. The method includes depositing a thin film of precursor materials, e.g., approximately stoichiometric amounts of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and a chalcogen species (Ch). The method then involves re-crystallizing and grain growth at higher temperatures, e.g., between about 725 and 925 degrees K, and annealing the precursor film at relatively lower temperatures, e.g., between 600 and 650 degrees K. The processing of the precursor film takes place in the presence of a quasi-equilibrium vapor, e.g., Sn and chalcogen species. The quasi-equilibrium vapor is used to maintain the precursor film in a quasi-equilibrium condition to reduce and even prevent decomposition of the CZTCh and is provided at a rate to balance desorption fluxes of Sn and chalcogens.
Book Synopsis Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Thin Films for Photovoltaics by : Jonathan J. Scragg
Download or read book Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Thin Films for Photovoltaics written by Jonathan J. Scragg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jonathan Scragg documents his work on a very promising material suitable for use in solar cells. Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) is a low cost, earth-abundant material suitable for large scale deployment in photovoltaics. Jonathan pioneered and optimized a low cost route to this material involving electroplating of the three metals concerned, followed by rapid thermal processing (RTP) in sulfur vapour. His beautifully detailed RTP studies – combined with techniques such as XRD, EDX and Raman – reveal the complex relationships between composition, processing and photovoltaic performance. This exceptional thesis contributes to the development of clean, sustainable and alternative sources of energy
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterization of Earth Abundant and Nontoxic Metal Chalcogenides Produced Via Aerosol Spray Pyrolysis for Photovoltaic Applications by : Patrick John Davis
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Earth Abundant and Nontoxic Metal Chalcogenides Produced Via Aerosol Spray Pyrolysis for Photovoltaic Applications written by Patrick John Davis and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A novel synthesis technique for the production of copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) nanocrystals has been developed using aerosol spray pyrolysis. CZTS is a quaternary semiconducting material that shows promise as a replacement to common semiconductors such as CdTe and CIGS for use in photovoltaic devices. CIGS is currently being commercialized in the photovoltaic industry, but rare and expensive indium and gallium components threaten its long term viability. CZTS looks to be one of the best alternatives to CIGS with all earth abundant and non-toxic materials and recent impressive gains in efficiency. A number of synthesis techniques have been thoroughly studied and detailed previously. In our novel approach, we synthesis single phase nanocrystals, starting with zinc, copper, and tin diethyldithiocarbamate precursors in a toluene solvent. The precursor solution is aerosolized using an ultrasonic nebulizer wherein the droplets are vacuumed through a tube furnace and nucleation occurs. We reproducibly synthesize kesterite, Cu2ZnSnS4, nanocrystals. This technique continuously converts the chemical precursor into high-purity nanopowder with a production rate of ~50 mg/hour for an un-optimized, lab-scale reactor. Using the same precursor chemistry, we have also been able to deposit high-quality CZTS thin films directly onto Mo-coated Swiss glass substrates using the aerosol spray pyrolysis technique. A thorough discussion of the current photovoltaic field, the processing parameters and challenges of nanocrystal and thin film production, and the experimental results will be presented. Characterization via Raman spectroscopy, EDS, XRD, TEM and XPS will be offered along with future recommendations and considerations.
Book Synopsis Solution-based Chalcogenide Thin Film Deposition by : Changqing Pan
Download or read book Solution-based Chalcogenide Thin Film Deposition written by Changqing Pan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a group of promising semiconductor materials, metal chalcogenides in thin film form have been widely used in electronics and optoelectronics applications, such as solar cell devices and photon sensors. Unfortunately, the film size and product throughput are limited by the current vacuum-based thin film deposition techniques. Solution-based thin film deposition could archive a continuous large area thin film deposition of chalcogenides. Also by eliminating the vacuum requirement, the total process cost can be significantly reduced. Here three different routes to deposit the chalcogenide thin film have been studied: from solution-based deposited metal oxide film, from electroplated metal thin film, and from bulk chalcogenide powder. By a hydrogen-assisted selenization process, an oxide thin film of copper, indium, and gallium has been successfully transited to CuIn1-xGaxSe2 chalcopyrite thin film, and the solar devices have been fabricated based on this p-type chalcogenide material. In a similar way, a metal stack of copper, zinc, and tin has been converted to Cu2ZnSnS4 kesterite thin film solar cell material. The last one, powder molybdenum disulfide is transformed into thin film through a dimensional reduction process with the help of microreactor design and simulation. This research also includes the fabrication of photovoltaic devices, thin film transistors, and their characterizations in both structural and electronic properties. There are advantages and disadvantages from each of these solution-based deposition techniques, and by selecting one of these methods, it could archive a generic process route for a large range of metal chalcogenide thin film deposition.
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Nanoparticles and Thin Films by : Ankur Khare
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Nanoparticles and Thin Films written by Ankur Khare and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of Low Cost Solar Cells based on Earth Abundant Materials for Sustainable Photovoltaics by : Mahmoud Abdelfatah
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Low Cost Solar Cells based on Earth Abundant Materials for Sustainable Photovoltaics written by Mahmoud Abdelfatah and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2016-07-08 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The low cost and low temperature electrochemical deposition technique was employed to grow Cu2O thin films and ZnO:Al thin films were deposited by d.c. magnetron sputtering in order to fabricate solar cells. The potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrodeposition modes were used to deposit the Cu2O thin films. Raman spectra of thin films have shown characteristic frequencies of crystalline Cu2O. The contact between Cu2O and Au is found to be an Ohmic contact. The devices grown by a potentiostatic mode have higher efficiency than those grown by a galvanostatic mode. The optimum thickness of Cu2O thin films as an absorber layer in solar cells. was found to be around 3 µm respect to a high efficiency. Flexible and light weight solar cell was fabricated on plastic substrate.
Book Synopsis Solution Processed High Efficiency Thin Film Solar Cells by : Zhaoning Song
Download or read book Solution Processed High Efficiency Thin Film Solar Cells written by Zhaoning Song and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photovoltaics (PV) is increasingly recognized as an important component of renewable energy sources after the rapid progress in the last decade due to increasing energy demand and reducing manufacturing costs. Despite the enormous growth of the PV market, the present solar technologies that are dominated by crystalline silicon are still limited by the relatively more expensive cost of electricity compared with power generation in the conventional fossil fuel plants. Consequently, there is an urgent need to increase the performance and reduce the manufacturing costs of solar cells. While the commercial thin film solar cells (CdTe and CuInGaSe2) have already demonstrated high efficiencies, the current fabrication processes heavily rely on intensive capital investment on expensive vacuum-based techniques. To reduce solar module costs, solution-processing techniques have been proposed as a promising route towards low cost, high throughput, large scale manufacturing of high efficiency thin film solar cells. In this thesis, we investigate the solution-processing of copper indium chalcogenides and methylammonium lead halides materials and their applications as high efficiency photovoltaic cells. In the first approach, we develop an ultrasonic spray deposition system to prepare the CuIn(S,Se)2 thin films. Spray deposition is a controllable, scalable, and high throughput process that is suitable for industrial manufacturing. Here we first explore the Cu-In-S films prepared by an aqueous precursor ink. By controlling the precursor composition, we fabricate PV devices consisting of the n-type In2S3 window and p-type CuInS2 absorber layers and demonstrate 2% efficiency in the preliminary devices. After replacing the aqueous ink by a hydrazine-based precursor solution and incorporating a selenization process, we are able to fabricate high quality CuIn(S,Se)2 thin film solar cells in both conventional substrate and the backwall superstrate configurations. The efficiency of 7.2% has been achieved in the sprayed CuIn(S,Se)2 devices in the substrate configuration. In the second approach, we investigate solution-processing of the inorganic-organic hybrid metal halide perovskites. We study the impact of reaction temperature and precursor composition on the formation of perovskite materials and propose a pseudo binary phase diagram to guide the processing of the materials. We develop a laser beam induced current (LBIC) technique to spatially resolve the photocurrent collection in the solution-processed devices. Processing defects and impurities phases have been identified as the origins of lower current generation. On the basis of these results, we apply advanced processing techniques in device processing and obtain the champion perovskite device with a 16% efficiency. Additionally, we image the photocurrent generated in the sub-cells of the Si/perovskite tandem devices. The result can be used to improve the design the device structure. Finally, to study the stability of perovskite solar cells, we investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of photocurrent collection across the devices and observe the partially reversible phase transition of perovskite in humid air.
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Reliability of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) Thin Film Solar Cells by : Chien-Yi Peng
Download or read book Fabrication and Reliability of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) Thin Film Solar Cells written by Chien-Yi Peng and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Molecular Solution Processing of Metal Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells by : Wenbing Yang
Download or read book Molecular Solution Processing of Metal Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells written by Wenbing Yang and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The barrier to utilize solar generated electricity mainly comes from their higher cost relative to fossil fuels. However, innovations with new materials and processing techniques can potentially make cost effective photovoltaics. One such strategy is to develop solution processed photovoltaics which avoid the expensive vacuum processing required by traditional solar cells. The dissertation is mainly focused on two absorber material system for thin film solar cells: chalcopyrite CuIn(S, Se)2 (CISS) and kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 organized in chronological order. Chalcopyrite CISS is a very promising material. It has been demonstrated to achieve the highest efficiency among thin film solar cells. Scaled-up industry production at present has reached the giga-watt per year level. The process however mainly relies on vacuum systems which account for a significant percentage of the manufacturing cost. In the first section of this dissertation, hydrazine based solution processed CISS has been explored. The focus of the research involves the procedures to fabricate devices from solution. The topics covered in Chapter 2 include: precursor solution synthesis with a focus on understanding the solution chemistry, CISS absorber formation from precursor, properties modification toward favorable device performance, and device structure innovation toward tandem device. For photovoltaics to have a significant impact toward meeting energy demands, the annual production capability needs to be on TW-level. On such a level, raw materials supply of rare elements (indium for CIS or tellurium for CdTe) will be the bottleneck limiting the scalability. Replacing indium with zinc and tin, earth abundant kesterite CZTS exhibits great potential to reach the goal of TW-level with no limitations on raw material availability. Chapter 3 shows pioneering work towards solution processing of CZTS film at low temperature. The solution processed devices show performances which rival vacuum-based techniques and is partially attributed to the ease in controlling composition and CZTS phase through this technique. Based on this platform, comprehensive characterization on CZTS devices is carried out including solar cells and transistors. Especially defects properties are exploited in Chapter 4 targeting to identify the limiting factors for further improvement on CZTS solar cells efficiency. Finally, molecular structures and precursor solution stability have been explored, potentially to provide a universal approach to process multinary compounds.
Book Synopsis Preparation Of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide Films For Solar Cells by :
Download or read book Preparation Of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide Films For Solar Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High quality thin films of copper-indium-gallium-diselenide useful in the production of solar cells are prepared by electrodepositing at least one of the constituent metals onto a glass/Mo substrate, followed by physical vapor deposition of copper and selenium or indium and selenium to adjust the final stoichiometry of the thin film to approximately Cu(In, Ga)Se.sub. 2. Using an AC voltage of 1-100 KHz in combination with a DC voltage for electrodeposition improves the morphology and growth rate of the deposited thin film. An electrodeposition solution comprising at least in part an organic solvent may be used in conjunction with an increased cathodic potential to increase the gallium content of the electrodeposited thin film.
Book Synopsis A Study of CZTS Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications by : Vardaan Chawla
Download or read book A Study of CZTS Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications written by Vardaan Chawla and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, a lot of attention has been given to the link between the rise in fossil fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and the average temperature of the planet. Multiple models have shown that if this trend is allowed to continue, the consequences for the environment could be quite significant. Furthermore, even if we are able to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels and reduce the CO2 levels, it will not change the fact that fossil fuels are a limited resource and are likely to be exhausted within the next 100-150 years. Addressing this problem will require the development of a renewable source of energy that is carbon neutral. Solar radiation is one of the most abundant forms of energy available on the planet, but harnessing this energy has been hampered by the high costs of current solar technologies. These costs stem from the use of non-optimal (silicon), toxic (cadmium) and expensive (indium) materials. To further reduce the costs of solar energy, a novel, earth abundant, non-toxic and inexpensive material is required that can make this energy source competitive with fossil fuels. Previous work on Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe) has shown that it is an excellent candidate for use in thin film solar cells due to its earth abundant, inexpensive, non-toxic constituents and optimal material properties. The focus of this work was to use sputter deposition to synthesize this material as a thin film, incorporate it into a device and develop techniques to improve efficiency. Reactive sputtering was used to grow thin films of the pure sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) material while compound sputtering was used to incorporate selenium into the film and grow the sulfo-selenide hybrid material Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe). The thin films were incorporated into devices based on the the widely accepted Cu(InGa)Se2 (CIGS) device stack. The composition of the films was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Morphology and interfaces between device layers were imaged using scanning electron microscopy. Phase analysis was conducted using x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The devices were characterized using current-voltage and external quantum efficiency measurements. Reactive sputtering of CZTS films results in a unique morphology that can be controlled by varying the deposition parameters. Short circuit current (Isc) and efficiency were highly dependent on film composition while open circuit voltage (Voc) was not. The films phase separated when grown off stoichiometry but the secondary phases detected did not always agree with the established phase diagram. This phase separation was also controlled using deposition parameters and used to form nano-structured CZTS-ZnS films. Compound sputtering of CZTSSe films resulted in significantly larger grains as compared with CZTS films. The device performance was also significantly higher with all device parameters (Isc, Voc etc.) showing improvement. The secondary phases detected in this material did agree with the established phase diagram and it was shown that copper sulfide phase (Cu2S) is very detrimental to device performance while SnS2 and ZnS are not. Thus, the ideal composition regime for growth of CZTSSe would be copper poor and zinc/tin rich. The best efficiencies achieved during this work were 3.4% for CZTS and 9.3% for CZTSSe.
Book Synopsis Synthesis & Characterisation of Mixed Metal Chalogenide Thin Films by : Rahul M. Mane
Download or read book Synthesis & Characterisation of Mixed Metal Chalogenide Thin Films written by Rahul M. Mane and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesis of Nanocrystalline mixed/alloyed chalcogenide thin films has been carried out especially for MoBi2Se5 & MoBiInSe5 thin films. While preparing these thin films preparative parameters such as concentration of precursors, pH of solution, temperature of the bath etc. were optimized and characterized. Our aim is to prepare these films for Solar cell applications. This interesting material especially used to develop solid-state photovoltaic devices such as solar display.
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide Photovoltaic Materials in Bulk and Single Crystal Forms by : Tat Ming Ng
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide Photovoltaic Materials in Bulk and Single Crystal Forms written by Tat Ming Ng and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Preparation and Characterization of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide and Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Powders Used as the Absorber of Thin-film Solar Cells by : 林詣軒
Download or read book Preparation and Characterization of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide and Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Powders Used as the Absorber of Thin-film Solar Cells written by 林詣軒 and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide Photovoltaic Materials in Bulk and Single Crystal Forms by : Mako Ng
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide Photovoltaic Materials in Bulk and Single Crystal Forms written by Mako Ng and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Applications of Chalcogenides: S, Se, and Te by : Gurinder Kaur Ahluwalia
Download or read book Applications of Chalcogenides: S, Se, and Te written by Gurinder Kaur Ahluwalia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to a wide range of applications for elements in Group 16 of the periodic table, such as, optical fibers for communication and sensing, X-ray imaging, electrochemical sensors, data storage devices, biomedical applications, photovoltaics and IR detectors, the rationale for these uses, the future scope of their applications, and expected improvements to existing technologies. Following an introductory section, the book is broadly divided into three parts—dealing with Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium. The sections cover the basic structure of the elements and their compounds in bulk and nanostructured forms; properties that make these useful for various applications, followed by applications and commercial products. As the global technology revolution necessitates the search for new materials and more efficient devices in the electronics and semiconductor industry, Applications of Chalcogenides: S, Se, and Te is an ideal book for a wide range of readers in industry, government and academic research facilities looking beyond silicon for materials used in the electronic and optoelectronic industry as well as biomedical applications.
