Surface Modification of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biomolecular Sensing

Download Surface Modification of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biomolecular Sensing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Surface Modification of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biomolecular Sensing by : Sunmook Lee

Download or read book Surface Modification of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biomolecular Sensing written by Sunmook Lee and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Gold Nanoparticles

Download Gold Nanoparticles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gold Nanoparticles by : Xiong Liu

Download or read book Gold Nanoparticles written by Xiong Liu and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents a systematic study on gold nanoparticles: from their chemical synthesis, modification of surface functionalities, optical properties studies with emphasis on the absorption and scattering properties, to applications of gold nanoparticles in biomolecular detection, imaging and photothermal therapy. In chapter 2, we studied the kinetics of gold nanoparticle growth under Brust-Shiffrin reaction conditions. In chapter 3, we further examined the reaction mechanism and growth kinetics of gold nanoparticles using oleylamine as both a reducing reagent and particle growth passivation ligand. From these two projects, important understanding was revealed on gold nanoparticle formation and growth mechanism. Chapter 4 describes the synthesis of a monofunctional gold nanoparticle through a solid phase place exchange reaction. From Chapter 5, we moved to the optical property study of gold nanoparticles, particularly the absorption and scattering phenomenon. In this work a systematic analysis on the extinction coefficient of gold nanoparticles was performed, providing meaningful references for applications based on optical absorption properties of gold nanoparticles. In Chapter 6 and Chapter 7, we developed a one-step homogeneous immunoassay for protein detection and analysis based on the strong light scattering of gold nanoparticles and dynamic light scattering detection technique. In Chapter 8, we further improved the stability of gold nanoparticle bioconjugates using a poly(ethylene glycol)-coated gold nanoparticles and further tested this nanoparticle in the one-step homogeneous immunoassay. Finally in Chapter 9, we demonstrated the application of gold nanoparticles for in vitro bioimaging and photothermal therapy of a lung cancer cell. In summary, this dissertation presents a comprehensive study on the synthesis, surface modification, property study of gold nanoparticles and their applications in biomolecular imaging and analysis.

Development of Gold Supraparticles for Nanomedicine Applications

Download Development of Gold Supraparticles for Nanomedicine Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Development of Gold Supraparticles for Nanomedicine Applications by : Surreya Paterson

Download or read book Development of Gold Supraparticles for Nanomedicine Applications written by Surreya Paterson and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gold nanoparticles are widely used in bionanotechnology due to their unique optical properties and ease of surface modification with biomolecules. By assembling these gold nanoparticles into ordered structures their physiochemical properties can be fine-tuned. Gold nanoparticle assemblies have shown a remarkable increase in surface enhanced Raman signals (SERS) which can be further used for biological sensing applications. In addition, their efficient conversion of light to heat energy allows them to be promising candidates for photothermal therapies. A new method for assembling citrate capped gold nanoparticles into crystallographically aligned supraparticles is reported. These are biocompatible and have a strong SERS response. Additionally, these have been shown to convert light to heat more efficiently than their nanoparticle building blocks. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles were assembled onto a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPION) core. These anisotropic assemblies called suprashells have a plasmon band in the near-infrared (NIR) region which makes them suitable candidates for biological applications. They also make efficient thermal transducers and promising SERS substrates due to the enhancement of signal. Finally, self-assembled structures of monomer fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protected amino acids are used as potential templates for gold nanoparticle assemblies. Each Fmoc-amino acid assembles into its own unique structure depending on the intrinsic property of its side chain. These soft templates are used to guide the assembly of gold nanoparticles. It has been found that there is a symbiotic relationship between the gold nanoparticle and amino acid side chain which can dictate the final degree of order.

Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

Download Gold and Silver Nanoparticles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323994555
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gold and Silver Nanoparticles by : Suban K. Sahoo

Download or read book Gold and Silver Nanoparticles written by Suban K. Sahoo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-01-20 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications provides detailed information on the preparation and utilization of Au- and Ag-based nanoparticles in a range of novel areas. Gold and silver nanoparticles offer a range of interesting properties, including unique size-dependent optoelectronic properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility, ease of synthesis and surface modification, excellent resistance to corrosion, and catalytic properties, hence paving the way to a wide range of cutting-edge applications with continual advances and innovations. Sections introduce gold and silver nanoparticles, fundamental theory, synthesis, and characterization techniques before focusing on requirements and preparation methods. Specific applications areas, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), sensing and biosensing, imaging, drug and gene delivery, disease diagnosis, catalysis, and optoelectronic device fabrication are covered. Finally, synthesis and applications of platinum- and palladium-based nanoparticles are discussed. This is a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students across nanoscience and nanotechnology, chemistry, and materials science, as well as scientists, engineers, and R&D professionals with an interest in noble metal nanomaterials for a range of industrial applications. - Explains theory, synthesis, characterization, and properties of Au- and Ag- based nanoparticles - Explores a range of novel applications across biomedicine, optoelectronics, and other areas - Analyzes the latest developments in the field and considers noble metal nanoparticles beyond gold and silver

Nanobiosensors for Biomolecular Targeting

Download Nanobiosensors for Biomolecular Targeting PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128139013
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanobiosensors for Biomolecular Targeting by : Subash C.B. Gopinath

Download or read book Nanobiosensors for Biomolecular Targeting written by Subash C.B. Gopinath and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-10-16 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanobiosensors for Bio-molecular Targeting presents the latest analytical methods for the detection of different substances in the range of small molecules to whole cells, exploring the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Biosensors combine the component of biological origin and physicochemical detector to show the presence of analytes in a given sample. The use of bionanotechnology has led to a significant advancement in the progression of nanobiosensors and has been effectively used for biomedical diagnosis. - Explains the detection techniques used by nanosensors, exploring the strengths and weaknesses of each for the detection of disease - Shows how biosensors are used to detect various types of biomolecules - Demonstrates how the use of nanomaterials makes biosensors both cheaper and more efficient

Gold Nanoparticles For Physics, Chemistry And Biology (Second Edition)

Download Gold Nanoparticles For Physics, Chemistry And Biology (Second Edition) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1786341263
Total Pages : 681 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gold Nanoparticles For Physics, Chemistry And Biology (Second Edition) by : Catherine Louis

Download or read book Gold Nanoparticles For Physics, Chemistry And Biology (Second Edition) written by Catherine Louis and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2017-06-02 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gold Nanoparticles for Physics, Chemistry and Biology offers an overview of recent research into gold nanoparticles, covering their discovery, usage and contemporary practical applications.This Second Edition begins with a history of over 2000 years of the use of gold nanoparticles, with a review of the specific properties which make gold unique. Updated chapters include gold nanoparticle preparation methods, their plasmon resonance and thermo-optical properties, their catalytic properties and their future technological applications. New chapters have been included, and reveal the growing impact of plasmonics in research, with an introduction to quantum plasmonics, plasmon assisted catalysis and electro-photon conversion. The growing field of nanoparticles for health is also addressed with a study of gold nanoparticles as radiosensibiliser for radiotherapy, and of gold nanoparticle functionalisation. This new edition also considers the relevance of bimetallic nanoparticles for specific applications.World-class scientists provide the most up-to-date findings for an introduction to gold nanoparticles within the related areas of chemistry, biology, material science, optics and physics. It is perfectly suited to advanced level students and researchers looking to enhance their knowledge in the study of gold nanoparticles.

Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications

Download Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351360477
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications by : Lev Dykman

Download or read book Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications written by Lev Dykman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-12 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses fabrication of functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and multifunctional nanocomposites, their optical properties, and applications in biological studies. This is the very first book of its kind to comprehensively discuss published data on in vitro and in vivo biodistribution, toxicity, and uptake of GNP by mammalian cells providing a systematization of data over the GNP types and parameters, their surface functionalization, animal and cell models. As distinct from other related books, Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications discusses the immunological properties of GNPs and summarizes their applications as an antigen carrier and adjuvant in immunization for the preparation of antibodies in vivo. Although the potential of GNPs in nanobiotechnology has been recognized for the past decade, new insights into the unique properties of multifunctional nanostructures have recently emerged. With these developments in mind, this book unites ground breaking experimental data with a discussion of hybrid nanoparticle systems that combine different nanomaterials to create multifunctional structures. These novel hybrids constitute the material basis of theranostics, bringing together the advanced properties of functionalized GNPs and composites into a single multifunctional nanostructure with simultaneous diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Such nanohybrids can be physically and chemically tailored for a particular organ, disease, and patient thus making personalized medicine available.

Nanobiosensors

Download Nanobiosensors PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128043725
Total Pages : 928 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanobiosensors by : Alexandru Grumezescu

Download or read book Nanobiosensors written by Alexandru Grumezescu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-09-28 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanobiosensors: Nanotechnology in the Agri-Food Industry, Volume 8, provides the latest information on the increasing demand for robust, rapid, inexpensive, and safe alternative technologies that monitor, test, and detect harmful or potentially dangerous foods. Due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, nanobiosensors have attracted attention for their use in monitoring not only biological contaminants in food, but also potential chemical and physical hazards. This book offers a broad overview regarding the current progress made in the field of nanosensors, including cutting-edge technological progress and the impact of these devices on the food industry. Special attention is given to the detection of microbial contaminants and harmful metabolotes, such as toxins and hormones, which have a great impact on both humans and animal health and feed. - Includes the most up-to-date information on nanoparticles based biosensors and quantum dots for biological detection - Provides application methods and techniques for research analysis for bacteriological detection and food testing - Presents studies using analytical tools to improve food safety and quality analysis

Plasmonic Biosensors

Download Plasmonic Biosensors PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 1607509660
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plasmonic Biosensors by : A.B. Dahlin

Download or read book Plasmonic Biosensors written by A.B. Dahlin and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2012-01-11 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book Andreas Dahlin has written a comprehensive and thorough review of plasmonic biosensors that operate by refractometric detection. After an introductory chapter on biosensors, in which he sets out the concepts of biosensing in its application to such areas as proteomics, medical diagnostics and environmental control, he undertakes an integrated coverage of surface chemistry, surface physics and optics, specifically related to the requirements of design of a plasmonic biosensor. Sections on nanoparticle plasmons and surface plasmons follow, leading to a review of SPR technology for biosensing. The optical properties of nanoholes in metal films and other more complicated plasmonic nanostructures are also briefly discussed. Later chapters discuss experimental plasmon spectroscopy and spectral analysis while the final sections discuss topics such as sensor response and the extent to which quantitative measurements can be made. The book introduces a few relatively controversial opinions on some open questions, such as how best to define sensor performance and the practical use of highly miniaturized sensors. Each of the chapters is extensively referenced and contains appropriate illustrations. The book contains a wealth of information that will be highly beneficial to both existing and new users of refractometric sensing techniques in life science research. It will be a valuable resource for post-graduate research students, academic researchers and those working in industry.

Nanosensors for Chemical and Biological Applications

Download Nanosensors for Chemical and Biological Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857096729
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanosensors for Chemical and Biological Applications by : Kevin C. Honeychurch

Download or read book Nanosensors for Chemical and Biological Applications written by Kevin C. Honeychurch and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-02-28 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nano-scale materials are proving attractive for a new generation of devices, due to their unique properties. They are used to create fast-responding sensors with good sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of chemical species and biological agents. Nanosensors for Chemical and Biological Applications provides an overview of developments brought about by the application of nanotechnology for both chemical and biological sensor development. Part one addresses electrochemical nanosensors and their applications for enhanced biomedical sensing, including blood glucose and trace metal ion analysis. Part two goes on to discuss spectrographic nanosensors, with chapters on the use of nanoparticle sensors for biochemical and environmental sensing and other techniques for detecting nanoparticles in the environment. Nanosensors for Chemical and Biological Applications serves as a standard reference for R&D managers in a range of industrial sectors, including nanotechnology, electronics, biotechnology, magnetic and optical materials, and sensors technology, as well as researchers and academics with an interest in these fields. - Reviews the range electrochemical nanosensors, including the use of carbon nanotubes, glucose nanosensors, chemiresistor sensors using metal oxides, and nanoparticles - Discusses spectrographic nanosensors, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticle sensors, the use of coated gold nanoparticles, and semiconductor quantum dots

Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery

Download Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030061159
Total Pages : 499 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery by : Yashwant V Pathak

Download or read book Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery written by Yashwant V Pathak and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-11 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book is the only one to discuss various new techniques developed to enhance the application of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems using surface modification of nanoparticles. The understanding of the surface characteristics nano-particles is growing significantly with the advent of new analytical techniques. Polymer chemistry is contributing to the development of many new versatile polymers which have abilities to accommodate many different, very reactive chemical groups, and can be used as a diagnostic tool, for better targeting, for more effective therapeutic results as well as for reducing the toxic and side effects of the drugs. Surface modification of such polymeric nanoparticles has been found by many scientists to enhance the application of nanoparticles and also allows the nano particles to carry specific drug molecule and disease /tumor specific antibodies which refine and improve drug delivery. Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery is a collection essential information with various applications of surface modification of nanoparticles and their disease specific applications for therapeutic purposes.

Nanoscale Surface Modification for Enhanced Biosensing

Download Nanoscale Surface Modification for Enhanced Biosensing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319174797
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoscale Surface Modification for Enhanced Biosensing by : Guigen Zhang

Download or read book Nanoscale Surface Modification for Enhanced Biosensing written by Guigen Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-04 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a comprehensive overview of electrochemical-based biosensors and their crucial components. Practical examples are given throughout the text to illustrate how the performance of electrochemical-based biosensors can be improved by nanoscale surface modification and how an optimal design can be achieved. All essential aspects of biosensors are considered, including electrode functionalization, efficiency of the mass transport of reactive species, and long term durability and functionality of the sensor. This book also: · Explains how the performance of an electrochemical-based biosensor can be improved by nanoscale surface modification · Gives readers the tools to evaluate and improve the performance of a biosensor with a multidisciplinary approach that considers electrical, electrostatic, electrochemical, chemical, and biochemical events · Links the performance of a sensor to the various governing physical and chemical principles so readers can fully understand how a biosensor with nanoscale modified electrode surface functions.

Nanoparticle–Protein Corona

Download Nanoparticle–Protein Corona PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788018532
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoparticle–Protein Corona by : Ashutosh Kumar

Download or read book Nanoparticle–Protein Corona written by Ashutosh Kumar and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-07-26 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoparticles have numerous biomedical applications including drug delivery, bone implants and imaging. A protein corona is formed when proteins existing in a biological system cover the nanoparticle surface. The formation of a nanoparticle–protein corona, changes the behaviour of the nanoparticle, resulting in new biological characteristics and influencing the circulation lifetime, accumulation, toxicity, cellular uptake and agglomeration. This book provides a detailed understanding of nanoparticle–protein corona formation, its biological significance and the factors that govern the formation of coronas. It also explains the impact of nanoparticle–protein interactions on biological assays, ecotoxicity studies and proteomics research. It will be of interest to researchers studying the application of nanoparticles as well as toxicologists and pharmaceutical chemists.

Colloidal Gold

Download Colloidal Gold PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323139027
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Colloidal Gold by :

Download or read book Colloidal Gold written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its introduction in 1971, the development and application of colloidal gold as a marker in electron microscopy has been phenomenal. Colloidal gold has become the method of choice in immunocytochemistry and many areas of cell biology. This universal method is applicable to most microscopical systems including optical microscopy; scanning, transmission, and high voltage electron microscopy; photoelectron, photon, fluorescent darkfield, and epipolarization microscopy. Colloidal gold allows high and low resolution studies, enzyme and nucleic acid labeling, study of dynamic cellular processes, and virus detection. This book is among the first available to cover the principles and methodology of colloidal gold in microscopy. - Methods are described step by step, to enable researchers to learn these complex procedures solely by reference to these books - Problems and limitations of techniques are discussed - Guides users to avoid problems and choose the correct procedures for specific applications - Contributors are eminent authorities in their fields

Surface-modified Nanobiomaterials for Electrochemical and Biomedicine Applications

Download Surface-modified Nanobiomaterials for Electrochemical and Biomedicine Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303055502X
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Surface-modified Nanobiomaterials for Electrochemical and Biomedicine Applications by : Alain R. Puente-Santiago

Download or read book Surface-modified Nanobiomaterials for Electrochemical and Biomedicine Applications written by Alain R. Puente-Santiago and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-27 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Formation, Characterization and Applications of Gold Nanoparticles and Surface-modified Gold

Download Formation, Characterization and Applications of Gold Nanoparticles and Surface-modified Gold PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Formation, Characterization and Applications of Gold Nanoparticles and Surface-modified Gold by : Janelle Dawn Secl Newman

Download or read book Formation, Characterization and Applications of Gold Nanoparticles and Surface-modified Gold written by Janelle Dawn Secl Newman and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Smart Biomaterials

Download Smart Biomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 4431544003
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smart Biomaterials by : Mitsuhiro Ebara

Download or read book Smart Biomaterials written by Mitsuhiro Ebara and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-28 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides comprehensive coverage of smart biomaterials and their potential applications, a field that is developing at a very rapid pace. Because smart biomaterials are an emerging class of biomaterials that respond to small changes in external stimuli with large discontinuous changes in their physical properties, they have been designed to act as an “on–off” switch for, among others, bio separation, immunoanalysis, drug delivery technologies, gene therapy, diagnostics, bio sensors and artificial muscles. After an introduction to the topic and the history of smart biomaterials, the author gives the reader an in-depth look at the properties, mechanics, and characterization of smart biomaterials including hydrogels, particles, assemblies, surfaces, fibers and conjugates. Information on the wide range of applications for these materials follows, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, diagnostics, biosensors, bio separation and actuators. In addition, recent advances in shape memory biomaterials as active components of medical devices are also presented.