Summary of Justin Fox's The Myth of the Rational Market

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Publisher : Everest Media LLC
ISBN 13 : 1669348474
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (693 download)

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Book Synopsis Summary of Justin Fox's The Myth of the Rational Market by : Everest Media

Download or read book Summary of Justin Fox's The Myth of the Rational Market written by Everest Media and published by Everest Media LLC. This book was released on 2022-03-01T21:00:00Z with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Sample Book Insights: #1 After the theft of his manuscript, Yale University economics professor Irving Fisher went right back to work. He had a habit of overcoming setbacks that might cause a lesser person to despair. His ideas began to have an impact in his lifetime, and after his death, they took off. #2 The idea that the stock market is a place of pure rationality was first put forward by Irving Fisher in the 1920s. However, this idea was not unique to him. In Paris, mathematics student Louis Bachelier studied the price fluctuations on the Paris Bourse in a similar spirit. #3 Bachelier used the assumptions of the bell curve to depict price movements on the Paris exchange. He began with the insight that the mathematical expectation of the speculator is zero, and that price changes in an instant are unpredictable in direction but predictably small. #4 When he died in 1946, one year before Irving Fisher, no one on the trading floor was making use of his ideas. His colleagues were nonplussed by his interest in markets.

The Myth of the Rational Market

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Publisher : Harriman House
ISBN 13 : 9780857193698
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (936 download)

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Book Synopsis The Myth of the Rational Market by : Justin Fox

Download or read book The Myth of the Rational Market written by Justin Fox and published by Harriman House. This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronicling the rise and fall of the efficient market theory and the century-long making of the modern financial industry, Justin Fox's "The Myth of the Rational Market" is as much an intellectual whodunit as a cultural history of the perils and possibilities of risk. The book brings to life the people and ideas that forged modern finance and investing, from the formative days of Wall Street through the Great Depression and into the financial calamity of today. It's a tale that features professors who made and lost fortunes, battled fiercely over ideas, beat the house in blackjack, wrote bestselling books, and played major roles on the world stage. It's also a tale of Wall Street's evolution, the power of the market to generate wealth and wreak havoc, and free market capitalism's war with itself. The efficient market hypothesis - long part of academic folklore but codified in the 1960s at the University of Chicago - has evolved into a powerful myth. It has been the maker and loser of fortunes, the driver of trillions of dollars, the inspiration for index funds and vast new derivatives markets, and the guidepost for thousands of careers. The theory holds that the market is always right, and that the decisions of millions of rational investors, all acting on information to outsmart one another, always provide the best judge of a stock's value. That myth is crumbling. Celebrated journalist and columnist Fox introduces a new wave of economists and scholars who no longer teach that investors are rational or that the markets are always right. Many of them now agree with Yale professor Robert Shiller that the efficient markets theory "represents one of the most remarkable errors in the history of economic thought." Today the theory has given way to counterintuitive hypotheses about human behavior, psychological models of decision making, and the irrationality of the markets. Investors overreact, underreact, and make irrational decisions based on imperfect data. In his landmark treatment of the history of the world's markets, Fox uncovers the new ideas that may come to drive the market in the century ahead.

The Myth of the Rational Market

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Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 0060599030
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis The Myth of the Rational Market by : Justin Fox

Download or read book The Myth of the Rational Market written by Justin Fox and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2011-02-08 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent Great Recession demolished many cherished beliefs—most significantly, the theory that financial markets always get things right. Justin Fox's The Myth of the Rational Market explains where that idea came from, and where it went wrong. As much an intellectual whodunit as a cultural history of the perils and possibilities of risk, it also brings to life the people and ideas that forged modern finance and investing—from the formative days of Wall Street through the Great Depression and into the financial calamities of today. It's a tale featuring professors who made and lost fortunes, battled fiercely over ideas, beat the house at blackjack, wrote bestselling books, and played major roles on the world stage. It's also a story of free-market capitalism's war with itself.

Myth of the Rational Market

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788170947813
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (478 download)

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Book Synopsis Myth of the Rational Market by : Justin Fox

Download or read book Myth of the Rational Market written by Justin Fox and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Big Myth

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1635573580
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (355 download)

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Book Synopsis The Big Myth by : Naomi Oreskes

Download or read book The Big Myth written by Naomi Oreskes and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2023-02-21 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A carefully researched work of intellectual history, and an urgently needed political analysis." --Jane Mayer “[A] scorching indictment of free market fundamentalism ... and how we can change, before it's too late.”-Esquire, Best Books of Winter 2023 The bestselling authors of Merchants of Doubt offer a profound, startling history of one of America's most tenacious--and destructive--false ideas: the myth of the "free market." In their bestselling book Merchants of Doubt, Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway revealed the origins of climate change denial. Now, they unfold the truth about another disastrous dogma: the “magic of the marketplace.” In the early 20th century, business elites, trade associations, wealthy powerbrokers, and media allies set out to build a new American orthodoxy: down with “big government” and up with unfettered markets. With startling archival evidence, Oreskes and Conway document campaigns to rewrite textbooks, combat unions, and defend child labor. They detail the ploys that turned hardline economists Friedrich von Hayek and Milton Friedman into household names; recount the libertarian roots of the Little House on the Prairie books; and tune into the General Electric-sponsored TV show that beamed free-market doctrine to millions and launched Ronald Reagan's political career. By the 1970s, this propaganda was succeeding. Free market ideology would define the next half-century across Republican and Democratic administrations, giving us a housing crisis, the opioid scourge, climate destruction, and a baleful response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Only by understanding this history can we imagine a future where markets will serve, not stifle, democracy.

The Economics Anti-Textbook

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1848135483
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis The Economics Anti-Textbook by : Rod Hill

Download or read book The Economics Anti-Textbook written by Rod Hill and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2010-03-11 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mainstream textbooks present economics as an objective science free from value judgements; that settles disputes by testing hypotheses; that applies a pre-determined body of principles; and contains policy prescriptions supported by a consensus of professional opinion. The Economics Anti-Textbook argues that this is a myth - one which is not only dangerously misleading but also bland and boring. It challenges the mainstream textbooks' assumptions, arguments, models and evidence. It puts the controversy and excitement back into economics to reveal a fascinating and a vibrant field of study - one which is more an 'art of persuasion' than it is a science. The Economics Anti-Textbook's chapters parallel the major topics in the typical text, beginning with a boiled-down account of them before presenting an analysis and critique. Drawing on the work of leading economists, the Anti-Textbook lays bare the blind spots in the texts and their sins of omission and commission. It shows where hidden value judgements are made and when contrary evidence is ignored. It shows the claims made without any evidence and the alternative theories that aren't mentioned. It shows the importance of power, social context and legal framework. The Economics Anti-Textbook is the students' guide to decoding the textbooks and shows how real economics is much more interesting than most economists are willing to let on.

Reforming Capitalism

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415517389
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Reforming Capitalism by : Rogene A. Buchholz

Download or read book Reforming Capitalism written by Rogene A. Buchholz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the way science influences our understanding of ethics and values, economics, politics, culture, and nature. It then utilizes Classical American Pragmatism as a philosophy, which involves a different way of understanding science that has implications for business and its relation to these environments and well as for management and management education.

The Mystery of Market Movements

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118845005
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mystery of Market Movements by : Niklas Hageback

Download or read book The Mystery of Market Movements written by Niklas Hageback and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-03-25 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A quantifiable framework for unlocking the unconscious forcesthat shape markets There has long been a notion that subliminal forces play a greatpart in causing the seemingly irrational financial bubbles, whichconventional economic theory, again and again, fails to explain.However, these forces, sometimes labeled ‘animalspirits’ or ‘irrational exuberance, have remainedelusive - until now. The Mystery of Market Movementsprovides you with a methodology to timely predict and profit fromchanges in human investment behaviour based on the workings of thecollective unconscious. Niklas Hageback draws in on one of psychology's most influentialideas - archetypes - to explain how they form investor’sperceptions and can be predicted and turned into profit. TheMystery of Market Movements provides; A review of the collective unconscious and its archetypes basedon Carl Jung’s theories and empirical case studies thathighlights and assesses the influences of the collectiveunconscious on financial bubbles and zeitgeists For the first time being able to objectively measure the impactof archetypal forces on human thoughts and behaviour with a view toprovide early warning signals on major turns in the markets. Thisis done through a step-by-step guide on how to develop ameasurement methodology based on an analysis of the language of theunconscious; figurative speech such as metaphors and symbolism,drawn out and deciphered from Big Data sources, allowingfor quantification into time series The book is supplemented with an online resource that presentscontinuously updated bespoken archetypal indexes with predictivecapabilities to major financial indexes Investors are often unaware of the real reasons behindtheir own financial decisions. This book explains why psychologicaldrivers in the collective unconscious dictates not only investmentbehaviour but also political, cultural and social trends.Understanding these forces allows you to stay ahead of the curveand profit from market tendencies that more traditional methodscompletely overlook.

The Foundations and Future of Financial Regulation

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113504337X
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis The Foundations and Future of Financial Regulation by : Mads Andenas

Download or read book The Foundations and Future of Financial Regulation written by Mads Andenas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-11-20 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Financial regulation has entered into a new era, as many foundational economic theories and policies supporting the existing infrastructure have been and are being questioned following the financial crisis. Goodhart et al’s seminal monograph "Financial Regulation: Why, How and Where Now?" (Routledge:1998) took stock of the extent of financial innovation and the maturity of the financial services industry at that time, and mapped out a new regulatory roadmap. This book offers a timely exploration of the "Why, How and Where Now" of financial regulation in the aftermath of the crisis in order to map out the future trajectory of financial regulation in an age where financial stability is being emphasised as a key regulatory objective. The book is split into four sections: the objectives and regulatory landscape of financial regulation; the regulatory regime for investor protection; the regulatory regime for financial institutional safety and soundness; and macro-prudential regulation. The discussion ranges from theoretical and policy perspectives to comprehensive and critical consideration of financial regulation in the specifics. The focus of the book is on the substantive regulation of the UK and the EU, as critical examination is made of the unravelling and the future of financial regulation with comparative insights offered where relevant especially from the US. Running throughout the book is consideration of the relationship between financial regulation, financial stability and the responsibility of various actors in governance. This book offers an important contribution to continuing reflections on the role of financial regulation, market discipline and corporate responsibility in the financial sector, and upon the roles of regulatory authorities, markets and firms in ensuring the financial health and security of all in the future.

Stock Markets And Corporate Finance: A Primer

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1800611498
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Stock Markets And Corporate Finance: A Primer by : Michael Joseph Dempsey

Download or read book Stock Markets And Corporate Finance: A Primer written by Michael Joseph Dempsey and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-07-26 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stock Markets and Corporate Finance: A Primer examines the nature of the stock market and its implications for corporate management. In the historical context of financial institutions and business finance, students are stimulated to learn that traditional totems of corporate finance can no longer be presented as dogma, but rather as exceedingly frail models of reality. At the core of this text is the philosophy that financial institutions and corporate/business finance are more satisfactorily understood in relation to one another.This revised text from the 2017 Stock Markets and Corporate Finance has allowed for a reshaping of the material with the deletion of a number of chapters considered 'interesting' but overly academic. This additional space has allowed for an update on the chapter 'Financial Institutions and a History of Stock Markets' as well as accounting for the circumstances of a post-COVID-19 era. The chapter 'Financial Planning and Working Capital' has been reworked to demonstrate how a firm's financial management team might interrogate its financial accounts to assess the viability of the firm and the management of its working capital.From reading this book, the reader will achieve insight into the behaviour and importance of financial institutions and firms as they are presented in the media, and how they impact on their own lives. Exercises and solutions are designed to re-enforce chapter material, while animated PowerPoint presentations are available as supplementary material to the book.

The Poetics of Information Overload

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Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452944105
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis The Poetics of Information Overload by : Paul Stephens

Download or read book The Poetics of Information Overload written by Paul Stephens and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2015-07-30 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information overload is a subject of vital, ubiquitous concern in our time. The Poetics of Information Overload reveals a fascinating genealogy of information saturation through the literary lens of American modernism. Although technology has typically been viewed as hostile or foreign to poetry, Paul Stephens outlines a countertradition within twentieth- and twenty-first-century literature in which avant-garde poets are centrally involved with technologies of communication, data storage, and bureaucratic control. Beginning with Gertrude Stein and Bob Brown, Stephens explores how writers have been preoccupied with the effects of new media since the advent of modernism. He continues with the postwar writing of Charles Olson, John Cage, Bern Porter, Hannah Weiner, Bernadette Mayer, Lyn Hejinian, and Bruce Andrews, and concludes with a discussion of conceptual writing produced in the past decade. By reading these works in the context of information systems, Stephens shows how the poetry of the past century has had, as a primary focus, the role of data in human life.

Finance in America

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Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022650218X
Total Pages : 510 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis Finance in America by : Kevin R. Brine

Download or read book Finance in America written by Kevin R. Brine and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2017-11-16 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of what we call finance today does not begin in ancient Mesopotamia, or in Imperial China, or in the counting houses of Renaissance Europe. This timely and magisterial book shows that finance as we know it--the combination of institutions, regulations, and models, as well as the infrastructure that manages money, credit, claims, banking, assets, and liabilities--emerged gradually starting in the late nineteenth century and coalesced only after World War II. Kevin Brine, a financial industry veteran, and Mary Poovey, a historian, lay bare the history of finance in the United States over this critical period. They show how modern finance made itself known in episodes such as the 1907 Bankers' Panic on Wall Street, passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, and the marginalist tax policies adopted by the federal government in the 1920s. Over its long history, the distinctive feature of modern economics has been its reliance on mathematical modeling; Brine and Poovey show how this reliance came about, and how economists themselves understand it. "Finance in America: An Unfinished Story" provides the long view that we need to advance our national conversation about the place of finance. The story is unfinished because the 2009 financial crisis opened a perilous new chapter in this history, with reverberations that are still felt throughout the world. How we arrived at this most recent crisis is impossible to understand without the kind of history that Brine and Poovey provide here.

Jonathan Swift and Philosophy

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Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 1498521541
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Jonathan Swift and Philosophy by : Janelle Pötzsch

Download or read book Jonathan Swift and Philosophy written by Janelle Pötzsch and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2016-12-07 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jonathan Swift and Philosophy is the first book to analyse and interpret Swift’s writing from a philosophical angle. By placing key texts of Swift in their philosophical and cultural contexts and providing background to their history of ideas, it demonstrates how well informed Swift’s criticism of the politics, philosophy, and science of his age actually was. Moreover, it also sets straight preconceptions about Swift as ignorant about the scientific developments of his time. The authors offer insights into, and interpretations of, Swift’s political philosophy, ethics, and his philosophy of science and demonstrate how versatile a writer and thinker Swift actually was. This book will be of interest to scholars of philosophy, history of ideas, and 18th century literature and culture.

Portfolio Society

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 1935408836
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (354 download)

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Book Synopsis Portfolio Society by : Ivan Ascher

Download or read book Portfolio Society written by Ivan Ascher and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-09-16 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bold extension of Marx's Capital for the twenty-first century: at once a critique of modern finance and of the societies under its spell. As financial markets expand and continue to refashion the world in their own image, the wealth of capitalist societies no longer presents itself, as it did to Karl Marx in the nineteenth century, as a “monstrous collection of commodities.” Instead, it appears as an equally monstrous collection of financial securities, and the critique of political economy must proceed accordingly. But what would it mean to write Capital in the twenty-first century? Are we really to believe that risk, rather than labor, is now regarded as the true fount of economic value? Can it truly be the case that the credit relation—at least in the global North—has replaced the wage relation as the key site of exploitation and political struggle? And finally, if precarity is indeed the name of today's proletarian condition, what possible future does it actually portend, what analysis does it require? Through a series of creative substitutions, in Portfolio Society Ivan Ascherextends Marx's critical project in bold and unexpected ways. Ascher not only explains some of the often mystifying processes of contemporary finance, he also invites us to consider what becomes of capitalism itself in those places where the relation of capital to its own future is now mediated by financial markets. In the end, we may find that much has changed and much has not; relations of domination endure, and mystifications abound, but the devil is in the details, and that is where Ascher directs our attention. At once a critique of modern finance and of the societies under its spell, Portfolio Society succeeds in revealing the potential limits of Capital, while reveling still in its limitless potential.

Capitalism Contested

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Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812252624
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Capitalism Contested by : Romain Huret

Download or read book Capitalism Contested written by Romain Huret and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2020-12-11 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the historical narrative that prevails today, the New Deal years are positioned between two equally despised Gilded Ages—the first in the late nineteenth century and the second characterized by the world of Walmart, globalization, and right-wing populism in which we currently live. What defines these two ages is an increasing level of inequality legitimized by powerful ideologies, namely, Social Darwinism at the end of the nineteenth century and neoliberalism today. In stark contrast, the era of the New Deal was first and foremost an attempt to put an end to inequality in American society. In the historical longue durée, it appears today as a kind of golden age when policymakers and citizens sought to devise solutions to the two major "questions"—labor on one side, social on the other—that were at the heart of the American political economy during the twentieth century. Capitalism Contested argues that the New Deal order remains an effective framework to make sense of the transformation of American political economy over the last hundred years. Contributors offer an historicized analysis of the degree to which that political, economic, and ideological order persists and the ways in which it has been transcended or even overthrown. The essays pay attention not only to those ideas and social forces hostile to the New Deal, but to the contradictions and debilities that were present at the inauguration or became inherent within this liberal impulse during the last half of the twentieth century. The unifying thematic among the essays consists not in their subject matter—politics, political economy, social thought, and legal scholarship are represented—but in a historical quest to assess the transformation and fate of an economic and policy order nearly a century after its creation. Contributors: Kate Andrias, Romain Huret, William P. Jones, Nelson Lichtenstein, Nancy MacLean, Isaac William Martin, Margaret O'Mara, K. Sabeel Rahman, Timothy Shenk, Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, Jason Scott Smith, Samir Sonti, Karen M. Tani, Jean-Christian Vinel.

A Call for Judgment

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199779570
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis A Call for Judgment by : Amar Bhide

Download or read book A Call for Judgment written by Amar Bhide and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-10-01 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our prosperity requires the enterprise of innumerable individuals and businesses who exercise their imagination and judgment-and bear responsibility for outcomes. And widespread enterprise is fostered through dialogue and relationships, not merely prices in anonymous markets. Yet modern finance blatantly neglects these necessary elements for enterprise. In the last several decades finance has become increasingly centralized, distanced, and mechanistic. Instead of many lending officers making judgments about borrowers they know, credit decisions are the output of the models of a few Wall Street wizards and credit agencies. This robotic centralized finance stifles the dynamism of the real economy and leads to recurring collapses. A Call for Judgment clearly explains how bad theories and mis-regulation have caused a dangerous divergence between the real economy and finance. In simple language Bhidé takes apart the so-called advances in modern finance, showing how backward-looking, top-down models were used to mass-produce toxic products. Thanks to excessively tight securities laws and loose banking laws, anonymous transactions have displaced relationship-based finance. And Bhidé offers, tough simple rules for restoring relationships and case-by-case judgment: limit banks--and all deposit taking institutions--to basic lending and nothing else. A Call for Judgment is both a primer on the role of finance in a dynamic modern economy, and a cautionary tale about the pitfalls of banks functioning as highly centralized, mechanistic entities. It is essential reading for anyone interested in bringing the economy back to a point at which decisions can be made that foster organic economic growth without the potentially disastrous risks currently accepted by modern finance.

Historicizing Self-Interest in the Modern Atlantic World

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000364070
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Historicizing Self-Interest in the Modern Atlantic World by : Christine Zabel

Download or read book Historicizing Self-Interest in the Modern Atlantic World written by Christine Zabel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-15 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume historicizes the use of the notion of self-interest that at least since Bernard de Mandeville and Adam Smith’s theories is considered a central component of economic theory. Having in the twentieth century become one of the key-features of rational choice models, and thus is seen as an idealized trait of human behavior, self-interest has, despite Albert O. Hirschman’s pivotal analysis of self-interest, only marginally been historicized. A historicization(s) of self-interest, however, offers new insights into the concept by asking why, when, for what reason and in which contexts the notion was discussed or referred to, how it was employed by contemporaries, and how the different usages developed and changed over time. This helps us to appreciate the various transformations in the perception of the notion, and also to explore how and in what ways different people at different times and in different regions reflected on or realized the act of considering what was in their best interest. The volume focuses on those different usages, knowledges, and practices concerned with self-interest in the modern Atlantic World from the seventeenth to twentieth centuries, by using different approaches, including political and economic theory, actuarial science, anthropology, or the history of emotions. Offering a new perspective on a key component of Western capitalism, this is the ideal resource for researches and scholars of intellectual, political and economic history in the modern Atlantic World.