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Substation Grounding Optimization
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Book Synopsis Substation Grounding Optimization by : Vadim Balev
Download or read book Substation Grounding Optimization written by Vadim Balev and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Substation grounding is a critical part of the overall electric power system. It is designed to not only provide a path to dissipate electric currents into the earth without exceeding the operating limits of the equipment, but also provide a safe environment for any people that are in the vicinity. Design of a proper grounding system will be discussed as well as performing of calculations necessary to ensure a safe design. Aspects of soil resistivity measurements, area of the ground grid, calculation of tolerable limits of current to the body, typical shock situations, tolerable touch and step voltages, maximum fault current grid resistance, grid current, ground potential rise, and benefits of surface materials will be discussed. Simulation software will also be discussed and its functionality in a step-by-step manner. Sources of Data . IEEE Std. 80-2000 was used as the primary source of information. Conclusions Reached. An adequate grounding grid has been designed using concepts outlined in IEEE Std.80-2000 and applied into programming and simulating results in MATLAB.
Book Synopsis The Optimized Substation Grounding by Application of Ground Wells by : Esmail Mahsoul
Download or read book The Optimized Substation Grounding by Application of Ground Wells written by Esmail Mahsoul and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Guide to Substation Grounding and Bonding for Mine Power Systems by : Wils L. Cooley
Download or read book Guide to Substation Grounding and Bonding for Mine Power Systems written by Wils L. Cooley and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems by : Francisco G. Montoya
Download or read book Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems written by Francisco G. Montoya and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-07-26 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an interesting sample of the latest advances in optimization techniques applied to electrical power engineering. It covers a variety of topics from various fields, ranging from classical optimization such as Linear and Nonlinear Programming and Integer and Mixed-Integer Programming to the most modern methods based on bio-inspired metaheuristics. The featured papers invite readers to delve further into emerging optimization techniques and their real application to case studies such as conventional and renewable energy generation, distributed generation, transport and distribution of electrical energy, electrical machines and power electronics, network optimization, intelligent systems, advances in electric mobility, etc.
Book Synopsis Grounding Systems Analysis and Optimization by : Xuan Wu
Download or read book Grounding Systems Analysis and Optimization written by Xuan Wu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, more and more substations are created and reconstructed to satisfy the growing electricity demands for both industry and residence. It is always a big concern that the designed substation must guarantee the safety of persons who are in the area of the substation. As a result, the safety metrics (touch voltage, step voltage and grounding resistance), which should be considered at worst case, are supposed to be under the allowable values. To improve the accuracy of calculating safety metrics, at first, it is necessary to have a relatively accurate soil model instead of uniform soil model. Hence, the two-layer soil model is employed in this thesis. The new approximate finite equations with soil parameters (upper-layer resistivity, lower-layer resistivity and upper-layer thickness) are used, which are developed based on traditional infinite expression. The weighted- least-squares regression with new bad data detection method (adaptive weighted function) is applied to fit the measurement data from the Wenner-method. At the end, a developed error analysis method is used to obtain the error (variance) of each parameter. Once the soil parameters are obtained, it is possible to use a developed complex images method to calculate the mutual (self) resistance, which is the induced voltage of a conductor/rod by unit current form another conductor/rod. The basis of the calculation is Green's function between two point current sources, thus, it can be expanded to either the functions between point and line current sources, or the functions between line and line current sources. Finally, the grounding system optimization is implemented with developed three-step optimization strategy using MATLAB solvers. The first step is using "fmincon" solver to optimize the cost function with differentiable constraint equations from IEEE standard. The result of the first step is set as the initial values to the second step, which is using "patternsearch" solver, thus, the non-differentiable and more accurate constraint calculation can be employed. The final step is a backup step using "ga" solver, which is more robust but lager time cost.
Book Synopsis Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ by : Francisco G. Montoya
Download or read book Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ written by Francisco G. Montoya and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-16 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrical power systems are complex networks that include a set of electrical components that allow distributing the electricity generated in the conventional and renewable power plants to distribution systems so it can be received by final consumers (businesses and homes). In practice, power system management requires solving different design, operation, and control problems. Bearing in mind that computers are used to solve these complex optimization problems, this book includes some recent contributions to this field that cover a large variety of problems. More specifically, the book includes contributions about topics such as controllers for the frequency response of microgrids, post-contingency overflow analysis, line overloads after line and generation contingences, power quality disturbances, earthing system touch voltages, security-constrained optimal power flow, voltage regulation planning, intermittent generation in power systems, location of partial discharge source in gas-insulated switchgear, electric vehicle charging stations, optimal power flow with photovoltaic generation, hydroelectric plant location selection, cold-thermal-electric integrated energy systems, high-efficiency resonant devices for microwave power generation, security-constrained unit commitment, and economic dispatch problems.
Book Synopsis Design Analysis and Optimization of Ground Grid Mesh of Extra High Voltage Substation by : Akash Patel
Download or read book Design Analysis and Optimization of Ground Grid Mesh of Extra High Voltage Substation written by Akash Patel and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 750kv substation is chosen for given a particular type of soil to design square ground grid mesh. By using the line to ground fault current generated on 750kv substation by ETAP short circuit analysis, ground grid parameters are determined using simple hand calculations and results are verified by modeling the same ground grid using ETAP ground grid system. After getting a general idea about the effect on system generated fault on GGS,System data including fault current from existing 50kv Rawat substation is gathered to verify all the crucial parameters are within the defined limit or not. To evaluate important GGS parameters using ETAP-12 GGS Module, mesh analysis is undertaken by both the methods which are IEEE 80-2000 and FEM. The shortcoming in the already existing mesh are showed by ETAP warning followed by an alert dialog box and remedial actions are suggested to solve these problems. The increase in fault current by the xi expansion of substation is considered with possible solution and calibration of ground grid mesh is presented based on modern technology. Finally, the comparison between IEEE 80-2000 and FEM is done in order to design GGS and effect of ground grid area, a number of conductors/rods and spacing between conductors are explained by help of several case study results.
Book Synopsis High Voltage Grounding Systems by : Gary Gilbert
Download or read book High Voltage Grounding Systems written by Gary Gilbert and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Minimization of Construction Costs of Substation Grounding Grids: In every electrical installation, one of the most important aspects is adequate grounding; in particular, the grounding of high-voltage substations to protect people and equipment in the event of an electrical fault. Well-designed grounding systems ensure the performance of power systems and safety of personnel. It is desirable that the substation grounding provides a near zero resistance to remote earth. The prevailing practice of most utilities is to install a grid of horizontal ground electrodes (buried bare copper conductors) supplemented by a number of vertical ground rods connected to the grid, and by a number of equipment grounding mats and interconnecting cables. The grounding grid provides a common ground for the electrical equipment and for all metallic structures at the station. It also limits the surface potential gradient. Currently the IEEE 80-2000 standard for substations grounding limits the determination of the grounding parameters (namely step, touch and ground potential rise) to that of a uniform soil model unless the Sunde graphical method is used. With the Sunde graphical method, it relies on interpretation to obtain a two layer soil model. Without the use of the graphical method, the IEEE 81-1983 has several empirical equations that can be used for the two layer model; however, these equations rely on the use of images which retard the speed of calculations to the point where the overall optimization of the grounding grid (with respect to size and shape) has yet to be determined. The goal of the thesis was to improve upon the current restrictions for the grounding grid design, while minimizing the material (i.e., copper conductors) and installation costs of a grid.
Book Synopsis Performance of Grounding Grids at Faulty and Lightning Strokes Conditions by : Gouda, Osama El-Sayed
Download or read book Performance of Grounding Grids at Faulty and Lightning Strokes Conditions written by Gouda, Osama El-Sayed and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2024-08-28 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance of grounding grids is critical in safeguarding electrical systems from damage during fault conditions and lightning strikes. Their effectiveness may be compromised under extreme conditions, leading to system failures or safety incidents. Despite advancements in grounding technologies, there remains a need to evaluate and enhance the performance of grounding grids to withstand these scenarios. Engineers, researchers, and industry stakeholders must collaborate to advance testing methodologies, improve design standards, and develop innovative solutions. Effective research and practical improvements in grounding grid systems will ensure reliable protection is provided to safeguard infrastructure and improve safety. Performance of Grounding Grids at Faulty and Lightning Strokes Conditions presents the characteristics of grounding electrodes when subjected to lightning, including the impacts of soil ionization with frequency, soil resistivity, and permittivity variations. The study presents the effects of different reflection factors on human safety through various methods and simulations. This book covers topics such as fault currents, soil ionization, and grounding systems, and is a useful resource for scientists, engineers, technologists, academicians, researchers, and business owners.
Book Synopsis Optimal Substation Ground Grid Design Based on Genetic Algorithm and Pattern Research by : Qianzhi Zhang
Download or read book Optimal Substation Ground Grid Design Based on Genetic Algorithm and Pattern Research written by Qianzhi Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Substation ground system insures safety of personnel, which deserves considerable attentions. Basic substation safety requirement quantities include ground grid resistance, mesh touch potential and step potential, moreover, optimal design of a substation ground system should include both safety concerns and ground grid construction cost. In the purpose of optimal designing the ground grid in the accurate and efficient way, an application package coded in MATLAB is developed and its core algorithm and main features are introduced in this work. To ensure accuracy and personnel safety, a two-layer soil model is applied instead of the uniform soil model in this research. Some soil model parameters are needed for the two-layer soil model, namely upper-layer resistivity, lower-layer resistivity and upper-layer thickness. Since the ground grid safety requirement is considered under the earth fault, the value of fault current and fault duration time are also needed. After all these parameters are obtained, a Resistance Matrix method is applied to calculate the mutual and self resistance between conductor segments on both the horizontal and vertical direction. By using a matrix equation of the relationship of mutual and self resistance and unit current of the conductor segments, the ground grid rise can be calculated. Green's functions are applied to calculate the earth potential at a certain point produced by horizontal or vertical line of current. Furthermore, the three basic ground grid safety requirement quantities: the mesh touch potential in the worst case point can be obtained from the earth potential and ground grid rise; the step potential can be obtained from two points' earth potential difference; the grid resistance can be obtained from ground grid rise and fault current. Finally, in order to achieve ground grid optimization problem more accurate and efficient, which includes the number of meshes in the horizontal grid and the number of vertical rods, a novel two-step hybrid genetic algorithm-pattern search (GA-PS) optimization method is developed. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used first to search for an approximate starting point, which is used by the Pattern Search (PS) algorithm to find the final optimal result. This developed application provides an optimal grid design meeting all safety constraints. In the cause of the accuracy of the application, the touch potential, step potential, ground potential rise and grid resistance are compared with these produced by the industry standard application WinIGS and some theoretical ground grid model. In summary, the developed application can solve the ground grid optimization problem with the accurate ground grid modeling method and a hybrid two-step optimization method.
Author : Publisher :IOS Press ISBN 13 : Total Pages :7289 pages Book Rating :4./5 ( download)
Download or read book written by and published by IOS Press. This book was released on with total page 7289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding by : Jinliang He
Download or read book Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding written by Jinliang He and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-11-28 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grounding is the fundamental measures to ensure the safe operation of power systems, including power apparatus and control/monitoring systems, and guarantee the personal safety. Grounding technology is an interdiscipline involving electrical engineering, high voltage technology, electric safety, electromagnetics, numerical analysis, and geological exploration Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding: Covers all topics related to power system grounding Presents fundaments and theories of grounding systems Well balances technology and methodology related to grounding system design Helps to understand the grounding analysis softwares Highlights the advanced research works in the field of grounding systems Comprehensively introduces numerical analysis methods Discovers impulse ionization phenomenon of soil around the grounding conductors Touches on lightning impulse characteristics of grounding devices for towers and buildings As a comprehensive treatment of the topic, Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding is ideal for engineers and researchers in power system, lightning protection, and grounding. The book will also better equip postgraduates, senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering.
Book Synopsis Substation Grounding by : Inna Baleva
Download or read book Substation Grounding written by Inna Baleva and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designing a proper substation grounding system is quite complicating. Many parameters affect its design. In order for a grounding design to be safe, it needs to provide a way to carry the electric currents into the ground under both normal and faulted conditions. Also, it must provide assurance that a person in the vicinity would not be endangered. The grounding portion of substation design will be explored. In order to properly plan and design the grounding grid, calculations of the following will be done: maximum fault current, grid resistance, grid current, safe touch and step voltages, ground potential rise, as well as expected touch and step voltage levels. Background information and guidelines to design a substation grounding grid will be provided. A set of equations will be presented to calculate whether the design is safe, and finally, an example will be provided that can be used as a template. Sources of Data IEEE Std. 80-2000 A safe substation ground grid was designed.
Download or read book OLGGA written by Songyan Li and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The grounding system in a substation is used to protect personnel and equipment. When there is fault current injected into the ground, a well-designed grounding system should disperse the fault current into the ground in order to limit the touch potential and the step potential to an acceptable level defined by the IEEE Std 80. On the other hand, from the point of view of economy, it is desirable to design a ground grid that minimizes the cost of labor and material. To design such an optimal ground grid that meets the safety metrics and has the minimum cost, an optimal ground grid application was developed in MATLAB, the OptimaL Ground Grid Application (OLGGA). In the process of ground grid optimization, the touch potential and the step potential are introduced as nonlinear constraints in a two layer soil model whose parameters are set by the user. To obtain an accurate expression for these nonlinear constraints, the ground grid is discretized by using a ground-conductor (and ground-rod) segmentation method that breaks each conductor into reasonable-size segments. The leakage current on each segment and the ground potential rise (GPR) are calculated by solving a matrix equation involving the mutual resistance matrix. After the leakage current on each segment is obtained, the touch potential and the step potential can be calculated using the superposition principle.A genetic algorithm is used in the optimization of the ground grid and a pattern search algorithm is used to accelerate the convergence. To verify the accuracy of the application, the touch potential and the step potential calculated by the MATLAB application are compared with those calculated by the commercialized grounding system analysis software, WinIGS.The user's manual of the optimal ground grid application is also presented in this work.
Book Synopsis Substation Grounding System Design by : Ali Hamed Al-Ghafri
Download or read book Substation Grounding System Design written by Ali Hamed Al-Ghafri and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Design Analysis for Power Substation Grounding Systems by : Brett Simpson Allsup
Download or read book Design Analysis for Power Substation Grounding Systems written by Brett Simpson Allsup and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Grounding Grid Design for High Voltage Substations by : Farhan bin Hanaffi
Download or read book Grounding Grid Design for High Voltage Substations written by Farhan bin Hanaffi and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An electrical grounding system is an important element to ascertain a safe environment for both humans and equipment during fault or transient conditions. The performance of grounding systems under lightning current is quite different from the conventional frequency based power. In order to understand the grounding grid behaviour under lightning current, researchers typically carry out experiments on actual grounding systems or on laboratory scaled models. Although experiments can provide insights of the actual grounding operation, the shortcoming is that a large area of lab space is required which reflects into high costs. As an alternative, computer simulation has been introduced, and can be categorised into three different approaches, namely circuit approach, transmission line approach or electromagnetic approach.In this work, the simulations are performed based on the electromagnetic approach under three dimensions (3D) mode due to its accurate results. For further understanding, a comparison between circuit and electromagnetic approaches is also carried out, where the resulting outcome shows that the circuit approach underestimates the impulse impedance at injection point compared with simulations by the electromagnetic approach. When the electromagnetic approach is applied, a finite element method is used to solve the partial differential electromagnetic equations in the time domain. Thereafter, the simulations results are validated with the existing published results covering the electromagnetic simulations by using the method of moment (MOM), and as well as actual field experiments. In addition, simulations are performed to understand the effect of different parameters, including lightning current, soil parameters, grounding design, and location of injection point of lightning current.Moreover, a comparison study is carried out for potential rise between power frequency and impulse current at different grid sizes. The study shows the potential generated at injection point for both current and saturation point when the grid size reaches a certain point. It's important to consider both types of current to get better grounding grid design. Besides that, empirical equations are used out to calculate the effective area under lightning conditions, where the effect of the down-conductor is taken into consideration as part of the grounding model. The effective area is an important parameter for the optimization of the grounding grid design when increasing grounding size does not improve the impulse impedance.Transient ground potential rise (TGPR) above the ground is another interesting parameter to analyse. In this work, a good correlation is shown between the effective area and the impulse impedance at the injection point with rising transient ground potential. It is found that the TGPR is larger when it is closer to the injection point, but only lasts for a few microseconds. Step voltage evaluations are performed for different standing positions of the human above the grid, including the distance of the step voltage location from the injection point, and the effect of grid size to step voltage value.
