Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Charter Schools in Indiana. Executive Summary

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Charter Schools in Indiana. Executive Summary by : Terri Akey

Download or read book Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Charter Schools in Indiana. Executive Summary written by Terri Akey and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Indiana General Assembly passed charter school enabling legislation in 2001, and the first charter schools opened their doors for the 2002-03 school year. As of fall 2008, 49 charter schools are operating in Indiana. A total of 17 of these schools are sponsored by the City of Indianapolis, Office of the Mayor, 29 schools are sponsored by Ball State University, the Evansville-Vanderburgh School Corporation sponsors two schools, and the Lafayette School Corporation sponsors one school. These schools are spread throughout the state, with the largest concentration located around the Indianapolis area, where 21 charter schools are located. Over two-thirds of Indiana's charter schools are located in the metropolitan areas in and surrounding Indianapolis, Gary, and Fort Wayne. In July of 2007, the Center for Evaluation and Education Policy (CEEP) at Indiana University was contracted by the legislature to conduct an evaluation of the Indiana charter schools. The current study reports the results of an evaluation that has been designed to ensure that all objectives of the provisions of HEA 1001-2007 are fulfilled. In addition, the framework of the study is based on IC 20-24-2-1, Purposes of Charter Schools, and IC 20-24-2-2, Discrimination Prohibited. These two sections of the Indiana Code lay out the purposes for charter schools and emphasize that students cannot be discriminated against regarding disability, race, gender, etc. The current report addresses a set of specific evaluation questions provided by the Indiana General Assembly. Specifically, the evaluation addresses research questions with respect to charter school enrollment patterns and policies, funding patterns and sources, innovations in charter schools, impacts on neighboring corporations and the educational landscape in general, accountability and performance of charter schools on achievement measures, and the effectiveness of the support provided by charter school sponsors. (Contains 14 figures, 4 tables, and 3 footnotes.) [This Executive Summary was prepared for the Indiana General Assembly. For the complete report, see ED504589.].

Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Charter Schools in Indiana

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Charter Schools in Indiana by : Terri Akey

Download or read book Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Charter Schools in Indiana written by Terri Akey and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In July of 2007, the Center for Evaluation and Education Policy (CEEP) at Indiana University was contracted to conduct an evaluation of the Indiana charter schools. The evaluation has been designed to ensure that all objectives of the provisions of HEA 1001-2007 are fulfilled. In addition, the framework of the study is based in IC 20-24-2-1, Purposes of Charter Schools, and IC 20-24-2-2, Discrimination Prohibited. The two sections of the Indiana Code lay out the purposes for charter schools and emphasize that students cannot be discriminated against regarding disability, race, gender, etc. The evaluation addresses a set of specific evaluation questions related to charter school process effectiveness and efficiency and nearly all of the questions framing the study fit into these two sections of the Code. The goal of the report is to use the framework to provide more useful results to policymakers and education leaders by presenting the findings according to the legislatively defined purposes of Indiana charter schools. Specifically, the evaluation addresses research questions with respect to charter school enrollment patterns and policies, funding patterns and sources, innovations in charter schools, impacts on neighboring school corporations and the educational landscape in general, accountability and performance of charter schools on achievement measures, and the effectiveness of the support provided by charter school authorizers. The report begins with a discussion of a brief history of Indiana charter schools to establish the context of charter schools in Indiana and the nation. Next, the report follows the structure of the memorandum of evaluation questions--beginning with a discussion of charter school enrollment patterns during the 2007-08 school year--including overall enrollment trends for charter schools, demographic makeup, special populations, length of student attendance in charter schools, and the degree to which charter schools are complying with open enrollment requirements. This section is followed by a discussion of charter school revenue and expenditures compared to school corporations. The subsequent section consists of a discussion of how charter schools are using their statutory flexibility to be more innovative and efficient. Next, the report examines the outputs and impact of charter schools. The discussion begins with the impact of charter schools on traditional public schools in Indiana and on the general educational landscape in the state with respect to enrollment, funding, school choice, and innovations. Next, a description of the accountability systems in place for charter schools is provided and the extent to which charter schools are meeting those accountability measures (e.g., parent satisfaction and student performance) is considered. A discussion of the effectiveness of charter school authorizer support is also included. Finally, the report concludes with a summary of general implications and recommendations that emerge from the earlier sections. (Contains 32 tables, 47 figures, and 18 footnotes.) [This report was prepared for the Indiana General Assembly. For the Executive Summary, see ED504590.].

Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Charter Schools in Indiana. Special Report

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Charter Schools in Indiana. Special Report by : Terri Akey

Download or read book Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Charter Schools in Indiana. Special Report written by Terri Akey and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In July of 2007, the Center for Evaluation and Education Policy (CEEP) at Indiana University was contracted by the state legislature to conduct an evaluation of the Indiana charter schools. The current study reports the results of an evaluation that has been designed to ensure that all objectives of the provisions of HEA 1001-2007 are fulfilled. In addition, the framework of the study is based on IC 20-24-2-1, Purposes of Charter Schools, and IC 20-24-2-2, Discrimination Prohibited. These two sections of the Indiana Code lay out the purposes for charter schools and emphasize that students cannot be discriminated against regarding disability, race, gender, etc. The current report addresses a set of evaluation questions provided by the Indiana General Assembly. Specifically, the evaluation addresses research questions with respect to charter school enrollment patterns and policies, funding patterns and sources, innovations in charter schools, impacts on neighboring corporations and the educational landscape in general, accountability and performance of charter schools on achievement measures, and the effectiveness of the support provided by charter school sponsors. The study finds that: (1) Charter schools educate a different student population than do school corporations--largely minority and low-income, with disproportionately few special education and LEP students; (2) There are no practical differences in student performance for charter and traditional public schools, although performance trends at the high school level should be interpreted with caution; and (3) In looking at the funding data, the case can be made that charter schools are either over-funded or under-funded, depending on the perspective taken. (Contains 14 figures, 4 tables, and 3 endnotes.).

Choices and Challenges

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Publisher : Harvard Education Press
ISBN 13 : 1612505430
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Choices and Challenges by : Priscilla Wohlstetter

Download or read book Choices and Challenges written by Priscilla Wohlstetter and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As charter schools enter their third decade, research in this key sector remains overwhelmingly contradictory and confused. Many studies are narrowly focused; some do not meet the standards for high-quality academic research. In this definitive work, Wohlstetter and her colleagues isolate and distill the high-quality research on charter schools to identify the contextual and operational factors that influence these schools’ performances. The authors examine the track record of the charter sector in light of the wide range of goals set for these schools in state authorizing legislation—at the classroom level, the level of the school community, and system-wide. In particular, they show how the evolution of the charter movement has shaped research questions and findings. By highlighting what we know about the conditions for success in charter schools, the authors make a significant contribution to current debates in policy and practice, both within the charter sector and in the larger landscape of public education.

WWC Quick Review of the Report

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis WWC Quick Review of the Report by : What Works Clearinghouse (ED)

Download or read book WWC Quick Review of the Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study featured in this What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) Quick Review examined the effect of charter school attendance on annual student achievement growth in math and reading. The study analyzed data from a large sample of students in grades 4 through 9 in Indiana from 2004 to 2008. The study found that charter school students' annual math score growth was 0.07 standard deviations higher, and that their annual reading test score growth was 0.05 standard deviations higher, than a group of similar students attending traditional public schools. These differences were statistically significant, and the WWC interprets them as roughly equivalent to moving a student from the 50th to the 53rd percentile in math and from the 50th to the 52nd percentile in reading. The study also found that, in general, charter school students with reading and math scores in the bottom half of the achievement distribution the previous year had significantly higher gains than their comparison counterparts. The research described in this report meets WWC evidence standards with reservations. (Contains 2 footnotes.) [The following study is the focus of this "Quick Review": "Charter School Performance in Indiana."].

Taking Measure of Charter Schools

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Publisher : R&L Education
ISBN 13 : 160709360X
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Taking Measure of Charter Schools by : Julian R. Betts

Download or read book Taking Measure of Charter Schools written by Julian R. Betts and published by R&L Education. This book was released on 2010-05-16 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book breaks new ground on how policymakers and journalists can fairly assess charter school performance. The editors and authors show how good approaches to charter school assessment would also work for regular public schools, which is important because of the requirements of No Child Left Behind.

Charter School Outcomes

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351572199
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Charter School Outcomes by : Mark Berends

Download or read book Charter School Outcomes written by Mark Berends and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sponsored by the National Center on School Choice, a research consortium headed by Vanderbilt University, this volume examines the growth and outcomes of the charter school movement. Starting in 1992-93 when the nation’s first charter school was opened in Minneapolis, the movement has now spread to 40 states and the District of Columbia and by 2005-06 enrolled 1,040,536 students in 3,613 charter schools. The purpose of this volume is to help monitor this fast-growing movement by compiling, organizing and making available some of the most rigorous and policy-relevant research on K-12 charter schools. Key features of this important new book include: Expertise – The National Center on School Choice includes internationally known scholars from the following institutions: Harvard University, Brown University, Stanford University, Brookings Institution, National Bureau of Economic Research and Northwest Evaluation Association. Cross-Disciplinary – The volume brings together material from related disciplines and methodologies that are associated with the individual and systemic effects of charter schools. Coherent Structure – Each section begins with a lengthy introduction that summarizes the themes and major findings of that section. A summarizing chapter by Mark Schneider, the Commissioner of the National Center on Educational Statistics, concludes the book. This volume is appropriate for researchers, instructors and graduate students in education policy programs and in political science and economics, as well as in-service administrators, policy makers, and providers.

Charter School Effects in an Urban School District

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Charter School Effects in an Urban School District by : Anna Nicotera

Download or read book Charter School Effects in an Urban School District written by Anna Nicotera and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current study aimed to reach a deeper understanding of the effects of charter schools by examining student achievement in one unique setting--Indianapolis. Although the charter school initiative in Indianapolis has received national recognition for its innovations, entrepreneurial leaders, and capacity to build local support (Skinner, 2007), there has been little systematic evidence regarding the impact of charter schools on student outcomes. Researchers from the National Center on School Choice examined the impact of attending charter schools on students who switched from traditional public schools to one of the charter schools authorized by the Indianapolis mayor's office. The study relied on student achievement data collected by the Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA) for the 2002-03 through 2005-06 school years in Indianapolis' charter and traditional public schools. A student fixed-effects model was utilized to limit selection bias. Central research questions of this study were: (1) What impact do charter schools authorized by the Indianapolis mayor's office have on student achievement?; and (2) What policy lessons can be learned from these charter schools? Researchers hypothesized that although students may experience an initial loss in achievement levels when transitioning to a charter school, over time their achievement gains will be larger than the gains they experienced while attending traditional public schools. Researchers also hypothesized that because of the levels of support and autonomy charter schools have been given in Indianapolis, students of these charter schools will make greater gains in mathematics and reading achievement than when they attended traditional public schools. Key findings include: (1) Students who switched to Indianapolis charter schools experienced significant gains in mathematics achievement; and (2) Several factors came together may have contributed to positive effects on student achievement, including support from key players for charter reform and independent authorization of the charter schools by the mayor's office. (Contains 3 footnotes.).

Learning from the Federal Market?Based Reforms

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Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1681235056
Total Pages : 720 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (812 download)

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Book Synopsis Learning from the Federal Market?Based Reforms by : William J. Mathis

Download or read book Learning from the Federal Market?Based Reforms written by William J. Mathis and published by IAP. This book was released on 2016-06-01 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past twenty years, educational policy has been characterized by top?down, market?focused policies combined with a push toward privatization and school choice. The new Every Student Succeeds Act continues along this path, though with decision?making authority now shifted toward the states. These market?based reforms have often been touted as the most promising response to the challenges of poverty and educational disenfranchisement. But has this approach been successful? Has learning improved? Have historically low?scoring schools “turned around” or have the reforms had little effect? Have these narrow conceptions of schooling harmed the civic and social purposes of education in a democracy? This book presents the evidence. Drawing on the work of the nation’s most prominent researchers, the book explores the major elements of these reforms, as well as the social, political, and educational contexts in which they take place. It examines the evidence supporting the most common school improvement strategies: school choice; reconstitutions, or massive personnel changes; and school closures. From there, it presents the research findings cutting across these strategies by addressing the evidence on test score trends, teacher evaluation, “miracle” schools, the Common Core State Standards, school choice, the newly emerging school improvement industry, and re?segregation, among others. The weight of the evidence indisputably shows little success and no promise for these reforms. Thus, the authors counsel strongly against continuing these failed policies. The book concludes with a review of more promising avenues for educational reform, including the necessity of broader societal investments for combatting poverty and adverse social conditions. While schools cannot single?handedly overcome societal inequalities, important work can take place within the public school system, with evidence?based interventions such as early childhood education, detracking, adequate funding and full?service community schools—all intended to renew our nation’s commitment to democracy and equal educational opportunity.

Exploring the School Choice Universe

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Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1623960452
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Exploring the School Choice Universe by : Kevin G. Welner

Download or read book Exploring the School Choice Universe written by Kevin G. Welner and published by IAP. This book was released on 2013-02-01 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the School Choice Universe: Evidence and Recommendations gives readers a comprehensive, complete picture of choice policies and issues. In doing so, it offers cross-cutting insights that are obscured when one looks only at single issue or a single approach to choice. The book examines choice in its various forms: charter schools, home schooling, online schooling, voucher plans that allow students to use taxpayer funds to attend private schools, tuition tax credit plans that provide a public subsidy for private school tuition, and magnet schools and other forms of public school intra- and interdistrict choice. It brings together some of the top researchers in the field, presenting a comprehensive overview of the best current knowledge of these important policies. The questions addressed in Exploring the School Choice Universe are of most importance to researchers and policy makers. What do choice programs actually do? What forms do they take? Who participates, and why? What are the funding implications? What are the results of different forms of school choice on outcomes that matter, like student performance, segregation, and competition effects? Do they affect teachers’ working conditions? Do they drive innovation? The contents of this book offer reason to believe that choice policies can further some educational goals. But they also suggest many reasons for caution. If choice policies are to be evidence-based, a re-examination is in order. The information, insights and recommendations facilitate a more nuanced understanding of school choice and provide the basis for designing sensible school choice reforms that can pursue a range of desirable outcomes.

Charter Schools in Eight States

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Publisher : Rand Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0833047116
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Charter Schools in Eight States by : Ron Zimmer

Download or read book Charter Schools in Eight States written by Ron Zimmer and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2009-03-17 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Charter schools now exist in 40 states, but the best charter-school studies to date have focused on individual states. This book examines charter schools in eight states with varied policy contexts. It assesses the characteristics of charter schools' students, their effectiveness in raising student achievement and promoting graduation and college entry, and their competitive effects on student achievement in traditional public schools.

Charter School Operations and Performance

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Publisher : Rand Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0833034146
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Charter School Operations and Performance by : Ron Zimmer

Download or read book Charter School Operations and Performance written by Ron Zimmer and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 1999-06-30 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzes an array of issues pertaining to accessibility, student achievement, governance, and operation of charter schools in California. Four specific research questions were investigated: (1) What population of students attends charter schools? (2) Is student achievement higher in charter schools than in conventional public schools? (3) What oversight and support do the chartering authorities provide? (4) How do charter schools differ from their conventional public school counterparts in terms of their operation, including finances, academic achievement, and staffing?

The Charter School Dust-up

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Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 9780807746158
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (461 download)

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Book Synopsis The Charter School Dust-up by : Martin Carnoy

Download or read book The Charter School Dust-up written by Martin Carnoy and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When federal statistics showed test scores lower in charter than in regular schools, some charter school supporters insisted this must result from charter schools enrolling harder-to-teach minority students. Data show, however, that typical charter school students are not more disadvantaged, yet their average achievement is not higher. Even if some charter schools are superior, deregulation also permits charter schools that are inferior, with average performance no higher than in regular public schools. Debates spurred by federal charter school test data show how all debates about education could be improved: by carefully accounting for the difficulty of educating particular groups of students before interpreting test scores, and by focusing on student gains, not their level of achievement at any particular time.

Charter Schools and Accountability in Public Education

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 9780815798583
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Charter Schools and Accountability in Public Education by : Paul T. Hill

Download or read book Charter Schools and Accountability in Public Education written by Paul T. Hill and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2004-05-13 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Charter schools are among the most debated and least understood phenomena in American education today. At the heart of these matters is a contested question of accountability. To survive, charter schools must make and keep promises about what students will experience and learn under their purview. However, unlike public schools, charter schools do not rely exclusively on their relationship with school districts. They must also look to parents, teachers, and donors to cooperatively establish expectations of a particular school and its mission. Aimed toward elected officials, school reform activists, and educators, this book is the result of the first national-scale study of charter school accountability. The authors researched one hundred-fifty schools and sixty authorizing agencies in Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Massachusetts, and Michigan. These states contain the majority of charter schools that have been operating for three years or more and represent the major differences in state charter school legislation. The authors include interviews from a range of participants in the field©¡from state legislators and administrators to principals, teachers, and parents. In assessing the structure of accountability as it works internally to bolster external confidence, Hill and Lake suggest the struggle of charter schools actually complements those of standards based reform. Both seek to transform public education to make schools responsible for performance, not compliance.

Taking Charge of Choice

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Taking Charge of Choice by : Claire Smrekar

Download or read book Taking Charge of Choice written by Claire Smrekar and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Against the backdrop of urban school politics, in which mayors play increasingly powerful and pivotal roles, the current study examines the origins and implications of mayoral control of charter school authorization and accountability in Indianapolis (see Henig & Rich, 2004; Wong & Shen, 2007). In contrast to analyses of mayoral takeovers of urban elementary education in cities such as Philadelphia, Chicago, and Baltimore, the study focuses on the advocacy coalitions and policy streams that made Indianapolis the first--and only--city with independent mayoral control over charter school authorization and accountability (see Bulkley, 2007; Kingdon, 1995; Orr, 1999; Sabatier & Jenkins-Smith, 1999; Shipps, 2006). The central research question of the study is: How (and why) did the policy landscape change to secure passage of the Indiana charter school law? To address this question, the author conducted more than 30 in-depth interviews with key stakeholders (e.g., charter and non-charter school leaders, school board members, business leaders, teachers union representatives, education foundation officers, former mayors of Indianapolis, and state legislators) involved in Indiana charter school law adoption and implementation. In addition, myriad documents were analyzed for descriptive evidence of the nature of governing coalitions and their members' educational and political values related to charter school policy. Key findings include: (1) The capacity to change the direction of education policy in Indianapolis was constituted by a public demonstration of collective action, trust among different institutions, and investment from partners external to the formal governance structures in the city; and (2) Civic capacity in Indianapolis coalesced measurably following charter school policy implementation and the establishment of the Mayor's Office of Charter Schools. (Contains 1 footnote.) [This brief summarizes a paper that was prepared for the National Center on School Choice Conference held in October 2009.].

Choosing Indianapolis Charter Schools

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Choosing Indianapolis Charter Schools by : Marc Stein

Download or read book Choosing Indianapolis Charter Schools written by Marc Stein and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much of the debate surrounding school choice in general and charter schools in particular revolves around the types of students who choose to leave their traditional public schools in favor of enrolling in charter schools and the possible effects of these choices on the schools that they leave behind (Dee & Fu, 2004; Henig, 1994; Schneider, Teske, & Marschall, 2000). As noted by Witte and Thorn (1996), "Who chooses and why?" are important questions because school choice decisions may have implications for the overall educational landscape. The current study aimed for a deeper understanding of the driving forces behind parents' decisions to enroll their children in charter schools. Researchers from the National Center on School Choice collected survey data from 2,493 parents (84 percent response rate) with children enrolled in 15 Indianapolis charter schools in the spring of 2007. To validate survey findings, researchers also looked at data from the Northwest Evaluation Association's (NWEA) growth research database (GRD) of student testing records as well as the adequate yearly progress (AYP) status of students' previous traditional public schools and current charter schools. Central research questions of this study were: (1) To what extent do parents say they enroll their children in charter schools for academic versus other reasons?; and (2) How do these espoused preferences compare to revealed (actual) preferences based on school-switching behavior? The study compared parents' espoused reasons for choosing specific charter schools for their children (gathered from surveys) with their actual choices of charter schools (NWEA and AYP data of both the sending and receiving schools were examined). Of specific interest to researchers was whether parents actually made school choice decisions based on factors related to academic quality or whether there were other considerations driving their behavior. Key findings include: (1) Surveyed parents indicate that academics are a top priority in their choice of a charter school; and (2) Academics do not always drive decision making when parents change their children's schools. (Contains 3 footnotes.).

West's Annotated Indiana Code

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1920 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis West's Annotated Indiana Code by : Indiana

Download or read book West's Annotated Indiana Code written by Indiana and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: