Study of Amorphous Metals for Nano-scale Electronic Devices

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Study of Amorphous Metals for Nano-scale Electronic Devices by : Jiaomin Ouyang

Download or read book Study of Amorphous Metals for Nano-scale Electronic Devices written by Jiaomin Ouyang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As CMOS technology continues to scale down, metal gate electrodes are replacing doped polycrystalline silicon gates to eliminate several deleterious effects. However, the use of metal gates presents another problem, namely work function variability ([sigma] GWF), which contributes to the overall threshold voltage variability ([sigma] VT)). [sigma] GWF arises due to the dependence of work function on grain orientation for polycrystalline gate materials. Amorphous metal gates have the potential to eliminate [sigma] GWF. In addition, amorphous metal can be used as a diffusion barrier for copper interconnects, as an electrode for memory devices, and a corrosion resistant coating. This research examines the structural and electrical properties of a variety of amorphous metal alloys, including TaWSiC, TaNi, RuTiN, CoTiN and TiHfN. We present experimental and theoretical discussions on growth mechanism and crystal structure of sputtered and atomic layer deposited films. In the first part, I focus on sputtered amorphous metal gate systems. For the TaWSiC alloy system, I focus on how the composition affects the crystal structure, thermal stability, and electrical properties. It is concluded that both the Ta-to-W ratio and the percentage of Si and C play important roles in stabilizing the amorphous structure. The films with same amount of Ta and W are the most thermally stable, up to 1100°C annealing. At least 5at% Si and C are required to stabilize the amorphous structure for annealing above 400°C. By changing the percentage of each component, a work function tunability of 0.4 eV is achieved in metal/HfO2/SiO2/Si MOSCap structures. For the TaNi alloy system, I focus on how co-deposition and multilayer structure affects the crystal structure. It is found that a wide range of composition of the alloy is amorphous as deposited and are stable above 400°C anneal. For multilayer Ta/Ni structures, samples with individual layer thickness of 0.12nm and 1.2nm are amorphous as-deposited due to intermixing during deposition, and stay amorphous until annealed at 500°C. It is also found that the work function values of the alloy stay close to the Ta work function value of 4.6eV for a large range of compositions due to Ta segregation at the metal oxide interface, which is confirmed by XPS depth profile. In the second part, I focus on the development of ALD titanium nitride-based amorphous gates. The process development and challenges of TiN-based amorphous metal gates are discussed for Ru/CoTiN and TiHfN systems. For Ru/CoTiN, the technical challenges and equipment limitations of Ru and Co ALD deposition in our facility is explored. It is concluded that the Fiji ALD system in Stanford Nano-fabrication Facility (SNF) is not capable of depositing Ru or Co using a non-oxygen chemistry. This limits co-deposition of Ru or Co with TiN, since TiN oxides easily when exposed to oxygen. For the TiHfN alloy system, the crystal structure as a function of the cycle number for each constituent is investigated. It is observed that the columnar growth mechanism of ALD TiN can be either enhanced or interrupted by doping with HfN. Typical grain size for PE-ALD TiN is 5-6nm. By adding HfN, the grain size can vary from near-amorphous (1nm), to up to 10nm. This is attributed to the different nucleation and growth mechanisms of TDMA-Hf on TiN sites, or vice versa. The crystal growth mechanism of the alloy is discussed.

Nanoscale Electronic Devices and Their Applications

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000163563
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanoscale Electronic Devices and Their Applications by : Khurshed Ahmad Shah

Download or read book Nanoscale Electronic Devices and Their Applications written by Khurshed Ahmad Shah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-08-03 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoscale Electronic Devices and Their Applications helps readers acquire a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of solids at the nanoscale level in addition to their applications including operation and properties of recent nanoscale devices. This book includes seven chapters that give an overview of electrons in solids, carbon nanotube devices and their applications, doping techniques, construction and operational details of channel-engineered MOSFETs, and spintronic devices and their applications. Structural and operational features of phase-change memory (PCM), memristor, and resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) are also discussed. In addition, some applications of these phase-change devices to logic designs have been presented. Aimed at senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering, micro-electronics engineering, physics, and device physics, this book:  Covers a wide area of nanoscale devices while explaining the fundamental physics in these devices  Reviews information on CNT two- and three-probe devices, spintronic devices, CNT interconnects, CNT memories, and NDR in CNT FETs  Discusses spin-controlled devices and their applications, multi-material devices, and gates in addition to phase-change devices  Includes rigorous mathematical derivations of the semiconductor physics  Illustrates major concepts thorough discussions and various diagrams

Amorphous Nanomaterials

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527826351
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

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Book Synopsis Amorphous Nanomaterials by : Lin Guo

Download or read book Amorphous Nanomaterials written by Lin Guo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A valuable overview covering important fundamental and applicative aspects of amorphous nanomaterials! Amorphous nanomaterials are very important in non-crystalline solids, which have emerged as a new category of advanced materials. Compared to the crystalline counterpart, amorphous nanomaterials with isotropic nature always exhibit fast ion diffusion, relieved strain, and higher reactivity, enabling such materials to exhibit high performance in mechanics and catalysis, as well as other interesting properties. Amorphous Nanomaterials: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications covers the fundamental concept, synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of nanoscaled amorphous materials. It starts with the introduction of amorphous materials, then gives a global view of the history, structure, and growth mechanism of amorphous nanomaterials. Subsequently, some powerful techniques to characterize amorphous materials, such as X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, spherical aberration electron microscope, in-situ-Transmission Electron Microscope, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, and some other defect characterization technologies are included. Furthermore, the emerging innovative methods to fabricate well-defined, regularshaped amorphous nanomaterials, including zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional amorphous nanomaterials are systematically introduced. The fascinating properties and applications related to amorphous nanomaterials including the applications in electrocatalysis, batteries, supercapacitors, photocatalysis, mechanics, etc., are presented. It will greatly help the researchers to find professional answers related to amorphous materials. Great topic: amorphous nanomaterials are a very large and important field in both academia and industry Comprehensive: in-depth discussion of various important aspects, from both a fundamental and an applied point of view, on the chemistry, physics and technological importance of the amorphous nanomaterials are presented Vitally needed: the understanding of the fundamentals of amorphous nanomaterials is a prerequisite for devising new applications of such materials Highly relevant: amorphous nanomaterials have found specific applications in chemistry, catalysis, physics, sensing, batteries, supercapacitors, and engineering Amorphous Nanomaterials is a vital resource for materials scientists, inorganic and physical chemists, solid state chemists, physicists, catalytic and analytical chemists, as well as organic chemists.

Nano-scale Heat Transfer in Nanostructures

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319738828
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Nano-scale Heat Transfer in Nanostructures by : Jihong Al-Ghalith

Download or read book Nano-scale Heat Transfer in Nanostructures written by Jihong Al-Ghalith and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-06 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book introduces modern atomistic techniques for predicting heat transfer in nanostructures, and discusses the applications of these techniques on three modern topics. The study of heat transport in screw-dislocated nanowires with low thermal conductivity in their bulk form represents the knowledge base needed for engineering thermal transport in advanced thermoelectric and electronic materials, and suggests a new route to lower thermal conductivity that could promote thermoelectricity. The study of high-temperature coating composite materials facilitates the understanding of the role played by composition and structural characterization, which is difficult to approach via experiments. And the understanding of the impact of deformations, such as bending and collapsing on thermal transport along carbon nanotubes, is important as carbon nanotubes, due to their exceptional thermal and mechanical properties, are excellent material candidates in a variety of applications, including thermal interface materials, thermal switches and composite materials.

Bulk Metallic Glasses

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498763685
Total Pages : 543 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Bulk Metallic Glasses by : C. Suryanarayana

Download or read book Bulk Metallic Glasses written by C. Suryanarayana and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reflecting the fast pace of research in the field, the Second Edition of Bulk Metallic Glasses has been thoroughly updated and remains essential reading on the subject. It incorporates major advances in glass forming ability, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties. Several of the newly proposed criteria to predict the glass-forming ability of alloys have been discussed. All other areas covered in this book have been updated, with special emphasis on topics where significant advances have occurred. These include processing of hierarchical surface structures and synthesis of nanophase composites using the chemical behavior of bulk metallic glasses and the development of novel bulk metallic glasses with high-strength and high-ductility and superelastic behavior. New topics such as high-entropy bulk metallic glasses, nanoporous alloys, novel nanocrystalline alloys, and soft magnetic glassy alloys with high saturation magnetization have also been discussed. Novel applications, such as metallic glassy screw bolts, surface coatings, hyperthermia glasses, ultra-thin mirrors and pressure sensors, mobile phone casing, and degradable biomedical materials, are described. Authored by the world’s foremost experts on bulk metallic glasses, this new edition endures as an indispensable reference and continues to be a one-stop resource on all aspects of bulk metallic glasses.

Functionalized Nanoscale Materials, Devices and Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402089031
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Functionalized Nanoscale Materials, Devices and Systems by : Ashok K. Vaseashta

Download or read book Functionalized Nanoscale Materials, Devices and Systems written by Ashok K. Vaseashta and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-10-23 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary objective of the NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) titled “Functionalized Nanoscale Materials, Devices, and Systems for Chem. -Bio Sensors, Photonics, and Energy Generation and Storage” was to present a contemporary and comprehensive overview of the field of nanostructured materials and devices and its applications in chem. -bio sensors, nanophotonics, and energy generation and storage devices. The study has become one of the most promising disciplines in science and technology, as it aims at the fundamental understanding of new physical, che- cal, and biological properties of systems and the technological advances arising from their exploration. Such systems are intermediate in size, between the isolated atoms and molecules and bulk material, where the unique transitional characteristics between the two can be understood, controlled, and manipulated. Nanotechnologies refer to the creation and utilization of functional materials, devices, and systems with novel properties and functions that are achieved through the control of matter, atom-by-atom, molecule-by-molecule, or at a micro-mo- cular level. Advances made over the last few years provide new opportunities for scientific and technological developments in nanostructures and nanosystems with new architectures with improved functionality. The field is very actively and rapidly evolving and covers a wide range of disciplines. Recently, various nanoscale materials, devices, and systems with remarkable properties have been developed, with numerous unique applications in chemical and biological sensors, nanophotonics, nano-biotechnology, and in-vivo analysis of cellular processes at the nanoscale.

Nanostructured Semiconductors

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 131534078X
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanostructured Semiconductors by : Konstantinos Termentzidis

Download or read book Nanostructured Semiconductors written by Konstantinos Termentzidis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is devoted to nanostructures and nanostructured materials containing both amorphous and crystalline phases with a particular focus on their thermal properties. It is the first time that theoreticians and experimentalists from different domains gathered to treat this subject. It contains two distinct parts; the first combines theory and simulations methods with specific examples, while the second part discusses methods to fabricate nanomaterials with crystalline and amorphous phases and experimental techniques to measure the thermal conductivity of such materials. Physical insights are given in the first part of the book, related with the existing theoretical models and the state of art simulations methods (molecular dynamics, ab-initio simulations, kinetic theory of gases). In the second part, engineering advances in the nanofabrication of crystalline/amorphous heterostructures (heavy ion irradiation, electrochemical etching, aging/recrystallization, ball milling, PVD, laser crystallization and magnetron sputtering) and adequate experimental measurement methods are analyzed (Scanning Thermal Microscopy, Raman, thermal wave methods and x-rays neutrons spectroscopy).

Emerging Nanoelectronic Devices

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118958268
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Nanoelectronic Devices by : An Chen

Download or read book Emerging Nanoelectronic Devices written by An Chen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-11-12 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Nanoelectronic Devices focuses on the future direction of semiconductor and emerging nanoscale device technology. As the dimensional scaling of CMOS approaches its limits, alternate information processing devices and microarchitectures are being explored to sustain increasing functionality at decreasing cost into the indefinite future. This is driving new paradigms of information processing enabled by innovative new devices, circuits, and architectures, necessary to support an increasingly interconnected world through a rapidly evolving internet. This original title provides a fresh perspective on emerging research devices in 26 up to date chapters written by the leading researchers in their respective areas. It supplements and extends the work performed by the Emerging Research Devices working group of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Key features: • Serves as an authoritative tutorial on innovative devices and architectures that populate the dynamic world of “Beyond CMOS” technologies. • Provides a realistic assessment of the strengths, weaknesses and key unknowns associated with each technology. • Suggests guidelines for the directions of future development of each technology. • Emphasizes physical concepts over mathematical development. • Provides an essential resource for students, researchers and practicing engineers.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319400398
Total Pages : 537 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Triboelectric Nanogenerators by : Zhong Lin Wang

Download or read book Triboelectric Nanogenerators written by Zhong Lin Wang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-17 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces an innovative and high-efficiency technology for mechanical energy harvesting. The book covers the history and development of triboelectric nanogenerators, basic structures, working principles, performance characterization, and potential applications. It is divided into three parts: Part A illustrates the fundamental working modes of triboelectric nanogenerators with their prototype structures and theoretical analysis; Part B and Part C introduce two categories of applications, namely self-powered systems and self-powered active sensors. The book will be an ideal guide to scientists and engineers beginning to study triboelectric nanogenerators or wishing to deepen their knowledge of the field. Readers will be able to place the technical details about this technology in context, and acquire the necessary skills to reproduce the experimental setups for fabrication and measurement.

Nanoscale Devices, Materials, and Biological Systems

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 682 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Nanoscale Devices, Materials, and Biological Systems by : M. Cahay

Download or read book Nanoscale Devices, Materials, and Biological Systems written by M. Cahay and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advanced Experimental Methods for Noise Research in Nanoscale Electronic Devices

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402021704
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Experimental Methods for Noise Research in Nanoscale Electronic Devices by : Josef Sikula

Download or read book Advanced Experimental Methods for Noise Research in Nanoscale Electronic Devices written by Josef Sikula and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-02-21 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A discussion of recently developed experimental methods for noise research in nanoscale electronic devices, conducted by specialists in transport and stochastic phenomena in nanoscale physics. The approach described is to create methods for experimental observations of noise sources, their localization and their frequency spectrum, voltage-current and thermal dependences. Our current knowledge of measurement methods for mesoscopic devices is summarized to identify directions for future research, related to downscaling effects. The directions for future research into fluctuation phenomena in quantum dot and quantum wire devices are specified. Nanoscale electronic devices will be the basic components for electronics of the 21st century. From this point of view the signal-to-noise ratio is a very important parameter for the device application. Since the noise is also a quality and reliability indicator, experimental methods will have a wide application in the future.

Amorphous and Nano Alloys Electroless Depositions

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128027061
Total Pages : 774 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Amorphous and Nano Alloys Electroless Depositions by : Bangwei Zhang

Download or read book Amorphous and Nano Alloys Electroless Depositions written by Bangwei Zhang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 774 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amorphous and Nano Alloys Electroless Depositions: Technology, Theory, Structure and Property describes the whole development and the most important subjects (technology, theory, structure and property) up to date of electroless plating (EP). The author concentrates on the fundamental scientific and academic problems (principle, mechanism and theory) in EP today. Based on the history of EP, this valuable reference describes lots of new EP processes, including electroless Fe based alloy system deposits, formation and theoretical description of electroless alloys, microscopic theory of electroless plating deposits, microscopic structures and surface morphology of electroless deposits, and weldability property of electroless deposits. Focus on the fundamental scientific and academic problems (principles, mechanisms and theory) in electroless plating The book gives a very good overview of the research and development in this field and each chapter is fully referenced Detailed analysis and review of the current data, logically structured for ease of use

Properties and Applications of Nanocrystalline Alloys from Amorphous Precursors

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781402029646
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Properties and Applications of Nanocrystalline Alloys from Amorphous Precursors by : Bogdan Idzikowski

Download or read book Properties and Applications of Nanocrystalline Alloys from Amorphous Precursors written by Bogdan Idzikowski and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-03-10 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metallic (magnetic and non-magnetic) nanocrystalline materials have been known for over ten years but only recent developments in the research into those complex alloys and their metastable amorphous precursors have created a need to summarize the most important accomplishments in the field. This book is a collection of articles on various aspects of metallic nanocrystalline materials, and an attempt to address this above need. The main focus of the papers is put on the new issues that emerge in the studies of nanocrystalline materials, and, in particular, on (i) new compositions of the alloys, (ii) properties of conventional nanocrystalline materials, (iii) modeling and simulations, (iv) preparation methods, (v) experimental techniques of measurements, and (vi) different modern applications. Interesting phenomena of the physics of nanocrystalline materials are a consequence of the effects induced by the nanocrystalline structure. They include interface physics, the influence of the grain boundaries, the averaging of magnetic anisotropy by exchange interactions, the decrease in exchange length, and the existence of a minimum two-phase structure at the atomic scale. Attention is also paid to the special character of the local atomic ordering and to the corresponding interatomic bonding as well as to anomalies and particularities of electron density distributions, and to the formation of metastable, nanocrystalline (or quasi-crystalline) phases built from exceptionally small grains with special properties. Another important focus of attention are new classes of materials which are not based on new compositions, but rather on the original and special crystalline structure in the nanoscale.

FIB Nanostructures

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 331902874X
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis FIB Nanostructures by : Zhiming M. Wang

Download or read book FIB Nanostructures written by Zhiming M. Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-04 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FIB Nanostructures reviews a range of methods, including milling, etching, deposition, and implantation, applied to manipulate structures at the nanoscale. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is an important tool for manipulating the structure of materials at the nanoscale, and substantially extends the range of possible applications of nanofabrication. FIB techniques are widely used in the semiconductor industry and in materials research for deposition and ablation, including the fabrication of nanostructures such as nanowires, nanotubes, nanoneedles, graphene sheets, quantum dots, etc. The main objective of this book is to create a platform for knowledge sharing and dissemination of the latest advances in novel areas of FIB for nanostructures and related materials and devices, and to provide a comprehensive introduction to the field and directions for further research. Chapters written by leading scientists throughout the world create a fundamental bridge between focused ion beam and nanotechnology that is intended to stimulate readers' interest in developing new types of nanostructures for application to semiconductor technology. These applications are increasingly important for the future development of materials science, energy technology, and electronic devices. The book can be recommended for physics, electrical engineering, and materials science departments as a reference on materials science and device design.

Advances in Condensed Matter and Materials Research

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Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781590338018
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Condensed Matter and Materials Research by : Francois Gerard

Download or read book Advances in Condensed Matter and Materials Research written by Francois Gerard and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2001 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nine articles written especially for the series synthesize international research in condensed matter. Among the topics are fiber debonding and bridging toughening in fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites, analyzing the electron transport phenomena in high- temperature superconductivity materials by studying the band spectrum and its transformation under doping by different impurities, a functional integral approach in superconductivity theory, dye molecules in zeolite L nano crystals for efficient light harvesting, luminescent properties of some substituted 1,8 naphthyridines, and the discrete dependence of powder steels properties on porosity. No information is provided about future volumes. c. Book News Inc.

Nanoscale Spectroscopy and Its Applications to Semiconductor Research

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540458506
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanoscale Spectroscopy and Its Applications to Semiconductor Research by : Y. Watanabe

Download or read book Nanoscale Spectroscopy and Its Applications to Semiconductor Research written by Y. Watanabe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-01-11 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fabrication technologies for nanostructured devices have been developed recently, and the electrical and optical properties of such nanostructures are a subject of advanced research. This book describes the different approaches to spectroscopic microscopy, i.e., Electron Beam Probe Spectroscopy, Spectroscopic Photoelectron Microscopy, and Scanning Probe Spectroscopy. It will be useful as a compact source of reference for the experienced reseracher, taking into account at the same time the needs of postgraduate students and nonspecialist researchers by using a tutorial approach throughout.

Amorphous-Nanocrystalline Alloys

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 135138354X
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Amorphous-Nanocrystalline Alloys by : A.M. Glezer

Download or read book Amorphous-Nanocrystalline Alloys written by A.M. Glezer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amorphous-nanocrystalline alloys are a relatively new class of materials born from the rapid development of new technologies and different methods of producing amorphous and nanocrystalline powders and films, compacting, melt quenching, megaplastic deformation, implantation, laser, plasma, and other high-energy methods. This book considers methods of producing these materials (melt quenching, controlled crystallization, deformation effect, and pulse treatments (photon, laser and ultrasound), spraying thin films, and ion implantation). Theoretical and experimental studies describe plastic deformation mechanisms and physico-mechanical properties. Practical applications are also presented.