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Studies On The Biosynthesis Of Cocaine And Related Alkaloids In Erythroxylum Coca
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Book Synopsis Studies on the Biosynthesis of Cocaine and Related Alkaloids in Erythroxylum Coca by : Jeffrey Allen Bjorklund
Download or read book Studies on the Biosynthesis of Cocaine and Related Alkaloids in Erythroxylum Coca written by Jeffrey Allen Bjorklund and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Studies on the Biosynthesis and Biomimetic Synthesis of Coca Alkaloids by : Sung Hoon Kim
Download or read book Studies on the Biosynthesis and Biomimetic Synthesis of Coca Alkaloids written by Sung Hoon Kim and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Biosynthesis of Cocaine and Related Alkaloids by : Marcy Newquist Huang
Download or read book Biosynthesis of Cocaine and Related Alkaloids written by Marcy Newquist Huang and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Final Steps of Cocaine Biosynthesis in the Erythroxylaceae Provide Insight Into the Biochemistry, Physiology and Evolution of Tropane Alkaloid Biosynthesis by : Jan Jirschitzka
Download or read book The Final Steps of Cocaine Biosynthesis in the Erythroxylaceae Provide Insight Into the Biochemistry, Physiology and Evolution of Tropane Alkaloid Biosynthesis written by Jan Jirschitzka and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropane alkaloids are medicinally-valued plant secondary metabolites found in ten angiosperm plant families. Despite their medicinal value and socioeconomic impact on mankind, their biosynthesis and ecological function remains to be understood. The most biochemically investigated angiosperm family producing tropane alkaloids is the Solanaceae, predominantly known for atropine and scopolamine from belladonna (Atropa belladonna), datura (Datura stramonium), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and mandrake (Mandragora officinalis). The Erythroxylaceae, another important tropane alkaloid producing angiosperm family, is predominantly known for cocaine from the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca). In this thesis, I review the current state of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in plants, their occurrence in the angiosperms and their ecological functions. Besides the Solanaceae, biochemical investigations on tropane alkaloid production in other plant families have been neglected. Therefore the last two steps of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in E. coca were investigated. Interestingly, the penultimate step in cocaine biosynthesis in Erythroxylaceae is performed by a different family of oxidoreductase enzymes, than reported from the Solanaceae. Short chain reductases / dehydrogenases (SDR) reduce tropinone in Solanaceae and an aldo-keto reductase (AKR) reduces 2-carbomethoxy-3-tropinone in the Erythroxylaceae. The utilization of both SDR and AKR enzymes in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in angiosperms is an example of convergent evolution. In addition, the enzyme responsible for the last step of cocaine biosynthesis, the esterification of 2-carbomethoxy-3[beta]-tropine and benzoyl-CoA, in E. coca was characterized and belongs to the BAHD acyltransferase enzyme superfamily. The importance of biochemical investigations of plant secondary metabolite pathways is further reviewed in the context of metabolic engineering.
Download or read book Coca written by W. GOLDEN MORTIMER, M.D. and published by Ronin Publishing. This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coca is a plant with a complex array of mineral nutrients, essential oils, and varied compounds with greater or lesser pharmacological effects – one of which happens to be the alkaloid cocaine, which in its concentrated, synthesized form is a stimulant drug with possible addictive properties. Of all the plants introduced to the world by American Indian societies, few have been as controversial as the coca bush. Part of the Erythroxylum genus, the coca plant, whose leaves were first consumed by Andean Indians, is the source of the raw alkaloids that are refined to make cocaine. In Coca: The Divine Plant of the Incas, W. Golden Mortimer, M.D. presents an exhaustive, encyclopedic look at the plant’s history and pharmacology. He traces its origins among the Native American peoples, who chewed the plant leaves for their stimulating and analgesic properties. From there, he examines the early European colonists’ first encounters with the plant, how it became an object of intense study among naturalists and scientists, and how chemists first used it to create cocaine extract. Coca: The Divine Plant of the Incas includes: • Traditional Indian uses for coca • Early European explorers’ impressions of the plant, first damned as an immoral intoxicant, and then praised as a stimulant for work and travel • The story of Angelo Mariani’s coca-leaf wine, which won accolades from European royalty and the Pope • Botanical aspects of the coca plant varietals • Soil, humidity, elevation, latitude, and other factors necessary for the plant’s growth • How to grow and harvest the plant, and cure and store coca leaf • Chemistry of the leaf, its alkaloids, and its extracts • How to extract cocaine from coca leaf • How to determine the purity and strength of coca extract • Coca and muscular energy, exercise, diet, and fatigue • Coca’s effects on the body, the brain, and the nervous system • The pathology of cocaine use and addiction Filled with rare illustrations and diagrams, Coca: The Divine Plant of the Incas is a thorough historical and scientific examination of this little-understood plant and its products. It belongs in the library of anyone interested in pharmacology, botany, natural studies, or the history and culture of indigenous Americans. Coca explores the fascinating history of Coca, know as the Divine Plant of the Incas. The coca leaf has been chewed and brewed for tea traditionally for centuries among its indigenous peoples in the Andean region – and does not cause any harm and is beneficial to human health when the leaf is chewed. When chewed, coca is a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue. It helps overcome altitude sickness, which is helpful in the Andes Mountains. It covers the Incan empire, its conquest by the Spaniards, the existence of coca within Incan society, early use of the drug, and the "present day" Indians of Peru. Coca chewing and drinking of coca tea is carried out daily by millions of people in the Andes without problems, and is considered sacred by indigenous cultures. Coca tea is widely used, even outside the Andean Amazon region. Coca leaf was originally used in the soft drink Coca Cola for its stimulant effect, but was removed in 1903 it was removed and replaced by a decocainized coca extract. Traditional medical uses of coca are foremost as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, and thirst. It also is used as an anesthetic to alleviate the pain of headache and sores. Before stronger anesthetics were available, coca leaves were used for broken bones, childbirth, and during operations on the skull. Coca leaves have been used for centuries as a stimulant. Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the Andes, or the highlands depending on the species grown. Since ancient times, its leaves have been an important trade commodity between the lowlands where it is grown and the higher altitudes where it is widely consumed by the Andean peoples of Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia.
Book Synopsis Advances in Plant Alkaloid Research by : John C D'Auria
Download or read book Advances in Plant Alkaloid Research written by John C D'Auria and published by . This book was released on 2020-10 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant alkaloids are critical components of modern medicine and pharmaceuticals. These compounds are also becoming increasingly important for industrial uses as part of the green chemistry revolution. This Special Issue will focus on the molecular advances being made in understanding how such a large and diverse class of compounds are made by plants and how metabolic engineering advances are increasing the overall yield of crucial precursors.
Book Synopsis Plant Toxins by : P. Gopalakrishnakone
Download or read book Plant Toxins written by P. Gopalakrishnakone and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ecological Experiments by : Nelson G. Hairston
Download or read book Ecological Experiments written by Nelson G. Hairston and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1989-11-24 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecological Experiments stresses the importance to ecology of field experiments, where variables are manipulated in order to collect data on specific hypotheses, as opposed to the more passive observational method. The book begins by introducing a series of ecological questions that can be addressed experimentally for example, what is the significance of competition among species? The minimal requirements of experimental design that must be met are then introduced, together with examples of good and poor experiments from the ecological literature and a consideration of the trade-offs that may be forced on the experimenter by field conditions. All ecologists, and especially students beginning their careers in field study, will find in this text a good introduction to the experimental foundation of ecology.
Book Synopsis Biochemical Targets of Plant Bioactive Compounds by : Gideon Polya
Download or read book Biochemical Targets of Plant Bioactive Compounds written by Gideon Polya and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-05-15 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When introduced to the human body, bioactive metabolites produced by plants for self defense bind to particular biochemical targets, most notably to proteins involved in signaling by hormones and neurotransmitters. This, essentially, is the basis for the effects of herbal medicine. While herbal medicine preparations may act by complex synergistic interactions, molecular explanations of herbal medicine efficacy and side effects ultimately require definition of the biochemical targets of individual plant bioactive constituents. Biochemical Targets of Plant Bioactive Compounds is a comprehensive and user-friendly reference guide to biochemical targets of plant defensive compounds. With 500 pages of tables, it presents a mine of succinctly summarized information relating to bioactive compound structures, plant sources, biochemical targets and physiological effects that can be readily accessed via chemical compound, plant genus, plant common name and subject indexes. With introductory chapters providing reviews of the structural diversity of plant defensive compounds and biochemistry, this book is an invaluable reference for biomedical professionals in the fields of alternative/complementary medicine, natural product chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology, and botany.
Book Synopsis Essentials of Organic Chemistry by : Paul M. Dewick
Download or read book Essentials of Organic Chemistry written by Paul M. Dewick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essentials of Organic Chemistry is an accessible introduction to the subject for students of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. Designed to provide a thorough grounding in fundamental chemical principles, the book focuses on key elements of organic chemistry and carefully chosen material is illustrated with the extensive use of pharmaceutical and biochemical examples. In order to establish links and similarities the book places prominence on principles and deductive reasoning with cross-referencing. This informal text also places the main emphasis on understanding and predicting reactivity rather than synthetic methodology as well as utilising a mechanism based layout and featuring annotated schemes to reduce the need for textual explanations. * tailored specifically to the needs of students of Pharmacy Medical Chemistry and Biological Chemistry * numerous pharmaceutical and biochemical examples * mechanism based layout * focus on principles and deductive reasoning This will be an invaluable reference for students of Pharmacy Medicinal and Biological Chemistry.
Book Synopsis Plant-derived Natural Products by : Anne E. Osbourn
Download or read book Plant-derived Natural Products written by Anne E. Osbourn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-07-07 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants produce a huge array of natural products (secondary metabolites). These compounds have important ecological functions, providing protection against attack by herbivores and microbes and serving as attractants for pollinators and seed-dispersing agents. They may also contribute to competition and invasiveness by suppressing the growth of neighboring plant species (a phenomenon known as allelopathy). Humans exploit natural products as sources of drugs, flavoring agents, fragrances and for a wide range of other applications. Rapid progress has been made in recent years in understanding natural product synthesis, regulation and function and the evolution of metabolic diversity. It is timely to bring this information together with contemporary advances in chemistry, plant biology, ecology, agronomy and human health to provide a comprehensive guide to plant-derived natural products. Plant-derived natural products: synthesis, function and application provides an informative and accessible overview of the different facets of the field, ranging from an introduction to the different classes of natural products through developments in natural product chemistry and biology to ecological interactions and the significance of plant-derived natural products for humans. In the final section of the book a series of chapters on new trends covers metabolic engineering, genome-wide approaches, the metabolic consequences of genetic modification, developments in traditional medicines and nutraceuticals, natural products as leads for drug discovery and novel non-food crops.
Book Synopsis Tropane Alkaloids by : Vikas Srivastava
Download or read book Tropane Alkaloids written by Vikas Srivastava and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-27 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the current research on the plant-based tropane alkaloids (TA) and TA-bearing plants. The first part includes an overview of “tropane alkaloids in context to diversity, biosynthesis and significance. The second part covers aspects of in-vitro and allied interventions in these alkaloids. TAs belong to one of the world’s oldest phytomedicines with their valuable ethno-pharmacological applications. The book compiles scientific ideas, perspectives and challenges in this area. Further, the book attempts to investigate the loopholes in existing methodologies, challenges and possible solutions through well thought-out scientific discussions from various eminent research groups. This book is of high interest to students and researchers in biotechnology, plant biology and pharmacology. As the TAs are of high commercial medicinal value, this book is also a relevant collection of articles for industry experts.
Download or read book Alkaloids written by Joanna Kurek and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-11-13 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Alkaloids" is intended for by chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacy, and other medical students, biologists, chemists, biochemists, and other professionals involved in the field of alkaloids. All chapters in this book are written by professionals in the areas of alkaloid chemistry, biology, pharmacy, and other interesting applications. The chapters cover interesting and less obvious information about different groups of alkaloids.
Book Synopsis Principles of Forensic Toxicology by : Barry Levine
Download or read book Principles of Forensic Toxicology written by Barry Levine and published by Amer. Assoc. for Clinical Chemistry. This book was released on 2003 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients by : Ikhlas A. Khan
Download or read book Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients written by Ikhlas A. Khan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-21 with total page 1079 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of the unparalleled reference on natural ingredients and their commercial use This new Third Edition of Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients: Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics arrives in the wake of the huge wave of interest in dietary supplements and herbal medicine resulting from both trends in health and the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). This fully updated and revised text includes the most recent research findings on a wide variety of ingredients, giving readers a single source for understanding and working with natural ingredients. The Encyclopedia continues the successful format for entries listed in earlier editions (consisting of source, description, chemical composition, pharmacology, uses, commercial preparations, regulatory status, and references). The text also features an easily accessible alphabetical presentation of the entries according to common names, with the index cross-referencing entries according to scientific names. This Third Edition also features: More than 50 percent more information than the Second Edition, reflecting the greatly increased research activity in recent years A new section on traditional Indian medicine, with information on nine commonly used herbs More than 6,500 references Two new appendices explaining and illustrating the botanical terminology frequently encountered in the text A revised and expanded index Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients: Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, Third Edition will continue to provide a comprehensive compilation of the existing literature and prominent findings on natural ingredients to readers with an interest in medicine, nutrition, and cosmetics.
Book Synopsis Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism by : R. Verpoorte
Download or read book Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism written by R. Verpoorte and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant secondary metabolism is an economically important source of fine chemicals, such as drugs, insecticides, dyes, flavours, and fragrances. Moreover, important traits of plants such as taste, flavour, smell, colour, or resistance against pests and diseases are also related to secondary metabolites. The genetic modification of plants is feasible nowadays. What does the possibility of engineering plant secondary metabolite pathways mean? In this book, firstly a general introduction is given on plant secondary metabolism, followed by an overview of the possible approaches that could be used to alter secondary metabolite pathways. In a series of chapters from various authorities in the field, an overview is given of the state of the art for important groups of secondary metabolites. No books have been published on this topic so far. This book will thus be a unique source of information for all those involved with plants as chemical factories of fine chemicals and those involved with the quality of food and ornamental plants. It will be useful in teaching graduate courses in the field of metabolic engineering in plants.
Book Synopsis Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants by : Ashish Tewari
Download or read book Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants written by Ashish Tewari and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants highlights the importance of synthesizing medicinal agents from plants and outlines methods for performing it effectively. Beginning with an introduction to the significance of medicinal plants, the book goes on to provide a historical overview of drug synthesis before exploring how this can be used to successfully replicate and adapt the active agents from natural sources. Chapters then explore the medicinal properties of a number of important plants, before concluding with a discussion of the future of drugs from medicinal plants. Illustrated with real-world examples, it is a practical resource for researchers in this field. In an age of rapid environmental destruction, hundreds of medicinal plants are at risk of extinction from overexploitation and deforestation, limiting the natural resources available for active agent extraction, thereby threatening the discovery of future cures for diseases. Simultaneously, with the increasing population and advances in medical sciences, the demand for drugs is continuously increasing and cannot be met with just plants. The ability to synthetically replicate the active compounds from these plants is essential in creating an ecologically-aware, sustainable future for drug design - Includes detailed coverage of therapeutic compound synthesis - Uses multiple real-world examples to support content - Lays out a sustainable template for the future of developing active agents from natural products
