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Structures Of Rna Sequences From Influenza A Virus
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Book Synopsis Structures of RNA Sequences from Influenza A Virus by : Andrew D. Kauffmann
Download or read book Structures of RNA Sequences from Influenza A Virus written by Andrew D. Kauffmann and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "RNA is an extremely diverse biomolecule. Once thought of as simply a carrier of information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis, its functions have expanded to include regulation of mRNA expression through RNA interference (RNAi), regulation of mRNA translation, catalysis of protein synthesis, RNA splicing, and even comprising the entire genome in the case of many viruses. At the foundation of all RNA function is its structure. Therefore a better understanding RNA structure will likely give insight into function and how to modify it through means of small molecule or oligonucleotide therapeutics. Herein is presented two means of experimental determination of RNA structure from sequences derived from influenza A virus. These structures can be used as benchmarks for the development of RNA structure prediction programs, and may provide new targets for therapeutic design in influenza A virus."--Page iv.
Book Synopsis Discovery and Characterization of Influenza Virus RNA Secondary Structures by : Salvatore F. Priore
Download or read book Discovery and Characterization of Influenza Virus RNA Secondary Structures written by Salvatore F. Priore and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "PART I: Influenza virus is a significant public health threat, partially because of its capacity to readily exchange gene segments between different host species to form novel pandemic strains. Even though influenza virus uses RNA exclusively throughout its entire life cycle, little is known about the structure of the Influenza A genome and transcriptome. This works presents bioinformatics efforts to discover and characterize RNA secondary structures in both the (+) and ( - )RNA orientations of influenza A virus. All available unique influenza A sequences from the NCBI database were used to identify 20 likely structured regions, primarily in the (+)RNA. One of these predictions is verified and refined using small molecule mapping and isoenergetic microarrays for a conserved region of the Segment 8 (NS1/NEP) intron. Part II: In addition to locally conserved structure, this work examines the global RNA secondary structure in coding regions of both Influenza A and B. For Influenza A, segments 1, 5, 7 and 8 show evidence of wide-spread structure conservation. This phenomenon is referred to as Global Ordered RNA Structure, or GORS. On average the predicted thermodynamic stability of each coding region segregated based on the host species with avian having the most stable folding free energies followed by swine and then human. Similarly, a study of Influenza B virus, which infects primarily humans, showed GORS in Segments 1, 2, 5 and 8. In silico codon mutations that maintained the amino acid sequence for each segment demonstrate the relatively unstable folding free energies of influenza B coding regions. Together these results highlight some of the molecular similarities and differences between influenza A and B and demonstrate the evolutionary adaptation of Influenza"--Page ix.
Book Synopsis RNA Structure and Function of Influenza Virus by : Tian Jiang
Download or read book RNA Structure and Function of Influenza Virus written by Tian Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Influenza viruses are negative-sense RNA viruses, which are a significant public health threat. Among the three different species of influenza, influenza A virus poses the biggest health risk. Currently, few drugs treat influenza; neuraminidase inhibitors are essentially the only therapeutics available. Moreover, sporadic cases of drug-resistant influenza viruses have been detected worldwide. The once widely used adamantanes are now mostly ineffective towards currently circulating influenza (H3N2). Thus, it is important to develop novel antiviral treatments as well as more effective vaccines. RNA structure plays key roles in the replication, transcription and translation of many viruses including influenza. However, little is known about influenza RNA structure. Recently, bioinformatics analysis predicted conserved and stable secondary structure in segments 7 and 8 of influenza A, which are alternatively spliced. Part I: A region 79 nucleotides downstream from the 5' splice site in segment 7 was predicted to have an especially stable and conserved secondary structure, using a combination of thermodynamic stability and comparative sequence analysis. This sequence and predicted structure are conserved within influenza A viruses that infect human, swine, and avian species. A multi-branch model was predicted for the consensus sequence of all wild type sequences available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information influenza virus resource. A possible alternative hairpin structure was also hypothesized for this region, with equally conserved base pairing and similar predicted free energy. In this work, a combination of mutagenesis, nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, enzymatic/chemical mapping, isoenergetic microarray mapping, and NMR indicated that only the multi-branch structure forms in solution. Potential tertiary interactions in the structure were also identified. Part II: The biological function of the conserved structures in influenza A virus segments 7 and 8 were evaluated. A recombinant influenza H1N1 pandemic-causing strain containing mutations in structured regions were generated. Conserved RNA base pairs or loops in segments 7 and 8 were mutated to affect specific regions of secondary structure. In four cases, 2-nt mutations were made as designed with an ensemble defect program to completely change the predicted secondary structure. Virus growth kinetics of the wild type and mutant viruses were measured in vitro in tissue culture and in vivo in mice. qRT-PCR was used to measure the change in mRNA isoforms compared to the wild-type virus. The results show that disrupting conserved RNA structure may inhibit splicing of mRNA and/or attenuate viral replication. These motifs can serve as new targets for designing novel vaccines and therapeutics against influenza. In addition, it is proof of concept that therapeutic targets can be defined through genomic sequence analysis."--Pages vii-viii.
Book Synopsis Genetics of Influenza Viruses by : P. Palese
Download or read book Genetics of Influenza Viruses written by P. Palese and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the advent of genetic engineering methods and improved biochemical tech niques, much has been learned about the replication of influenza viruses, their structure and their epidemiology. It appears that the time is ripe to review these efforts and to provide a molecular perspective of influenza virology. It is hoped that this book will stimulate our thinking, help us in designing new experiments, and possibly show avenues leading to the control of the diseases associated with influenza viruses. Peter Palese, New York, N. Y. August 1983 David W. Kingsbury, Memphis, Tenn. Contents List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV 1. The Evolution of Influenza Viral Genetics - A Perspective. By E. D. Kilbourne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. The Development of Modern Influenza Viral Genetics 2 A. Early Evidence of Genetic Variation in the Laboratory 2 B. Application of Formal Genetic Techniques to Studies of Influenza Virus . . . . . . . 3 C. Genetic Markers. . . . . . . . . 3 D. Development of Plaquing Systems. . . 4 E. The Use of Conditional Lethal Mutants 5 F. New Approaches in Influenza Virus Genetics. 6 1. The Biochemical Identification of Viral Gene Products in the Unambiguous Definition of Viral Inheritance . . . 6 2. Mapping of the Influenza Virus Genome by Correlative Physico-Chemical and Biological Techniques. . . . . . 7 3. The Application of Molecular Biological Techniques to the Study of Viral Genetic Variation. . . . . . . . . 8 4. Oligonucleotide Mapping of Viral RNA's . . . . . . . 8 5. Contribution of Protein and RNA Sequencing to Influenza Viral Genetics-Intragenic Mapping . . . . . . . 8 III. Viral Genetics and the Understanding of Viral Virulence and Pathogenicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Book Synopsis Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume II by : Michael B. A. Oldstone
Download or read book Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume II written by Michael B. A. Oldstone and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-06 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume work covers the molecular and cell biology, genetics and evolution of influenza viruses, the pathogenesis of infection, resultant host innate and adaptive immune response, prevention of infection through vaccination and approaches to the therapeutic control of infection.. Experts at the forefront of these areas provide critical assessments with regard to influenza virology, immunology, cell and molecular biology, and pathogenesis. Volume I provides overviews of the latest findings on molecular determinants of viral pathogenicity, virus entry and cell tropism, pandemic risk assessment, transmission and pathogenesis in animal species, viral evolution, ecology and antigenic variation, while Volume II focuses on the role of innate and adaptive immunity in pathogenesis, development of vaccines and antivirals.
Book Synopsis Influenza Virus Sialidase - A Drug Discovery Target by : Mark Itzstein
Download or read book Influenza Virus Sialidase - A Drug Discovery Target written by Mark Itzstein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Influenza continues to be an ongoing problem despite the existence of vaccines and drugs. Disease outbreaks can occur relatively quickly as witnessed with the recent emergence of the influenza virus A/H1N1 pandemic. The development of new anti-influenza drugs is thus a major challenge. This volume describes all aspects of the virus structure and function relevant to infection. The focus is on drug discovery of inhibitors to the enzyme sialidase, which plays a key role in the infectious lifecycle of the virus. Following an overview of the influenza virus, the haemagglutinin, the interactions with the cell receptors and the enzymology of virus sialidase, recent results in drug design are presented. These include a full coverage of the design, synthesis and evaluation of carbohydrate as well as non-carbohydrate influenza virus sialidase inhibitors. Further reviews of the clinical experience with influenza virus sialidase inhibitors and of the development of resistance to these inhibitor drugs complement the topic.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Higher Order RNA Structures in the Influenza A Virus Genome by : Bernadeta Dadonaite
Download or read book Analysis of Higher Order RNA Structures in the Influenza A Virus Genome written by Bernadeta Dadonaite and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Threat of Pandemic Influenza by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book The Threat of Pandemic Influenza written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-04-09 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public health officials and organizations around the world remain on high alert because of increasing concerns about the prospect of an influenza pandemic, which many experts believe to be inevitable. Moreover, recent problems with the availability and strain-specificity of vaccine for annual flu epidemics in some countries and the rise of pandemic strains of avian flu in disparate geographic regions have alarmed experts about the world's ability to prevent or contain a human pandemic. The workshop summary, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? addresses these urgent concerns. The report describes what steps the United States and other countries have taken thus far to prepare for the next outbreak of "killer flu." It also looks at gaps in readiness, including hospitals' inability to absorb a surge of patients and many nations' incapacity to monitor and detect flu outbreaks. The report points to the need for international agreements to share flu vaccine and antiviral stockpiles to ensure that the 88 percent of nations that cannot manufacture or stockpile these products have access to them. It chronicles the toll of the H5N1 strain of avian flu currently circulating among poultry in many parts of Asia, which now accounts for the culling of millions of birds and the death of at least 50 persons. And it compares the costs of preparations with the costs of illness and death that could arise during an outbreak.
Book Synopsis Antiviral Drug Resistance by : Douglas D. Richman
Download or read book Antiviral Drug Resistance written by Douglas D. Richman and published by Wiley. This book was released on 1996-12-02 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of antiviral drug resistance has provided important insights into the structure of virus enzymes, the functions of certain genes, mechanisms of action of antiviral drugs, the design of new antiviral compounds and the pathogenesis of viral diseases. The emergence of resistant strains must be explored at all stages of drug development: during the preclinical evaluation of candidate compounds; during the early clinical evaluation of new drugs; and as part of epidemiological surveillance for the prevalence of resistance during use of approved treatments. Accumulating understanding of antiviral drug resistance thus reflects progress in the chemotherapy of viral infection. Antiviral Drug Resistance provides state-of-the-art coverage of the basic and clinical aspects of this subject. It deals with the basic science, including the mechanisms of drug resistance and drug action, genetics of drug resistance, cross resistance, and X-ray crystallographic structural aspects of resistance, as well as the clinical aspects, including issues of assay of susceptibility of clinical isolates, descriptive aspects of emergence of reduced susceptibility, and clinical significance and impact of resistance. As such this unique volume will be essential to basic researchers in drug discovery and viral pathogenesis, as well as clinicians involved in antiviral chemotherapy.
Book Synopsis Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes by : Ales Iglic
Download or read book Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes written by Ales Iglic and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-09-04 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes volumes cover a broad range of topics, including main arrangements of the reconstituted system, namely planar lipid bilayers as well as spherical liposomes. The invited authors present the latest results of their own research groups in this exciting multidisciplinary field. Incorporates contributions from newcomers and established and experienced researchers Explores the planar lipid bilayer systems and spherical liposomes from both theoretical and experimental perspectives Serves as an indispensable source of information for new scientists
Book Synopsis Genetic Variation Among Influenza Viruses by : Debi P. Nayak
Download or read book Genetic Variation Among Influenza Viruses written by Debi P. Nayak and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-09-24 with total page 695 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic Variation Among Influenza Viruses documents the proceedings of ICN-UCLA symposium held in Salt Lake City, Utah, 8-13 March 1981. The symposium brought together people from different disciplines working with the common objective of reducing the ravages of influenza and to expose them to the totality of the problem of influenza. The papers presented at the meeting included nearly all major aspects of influenza in which important advances are being made. Because of recombinant DNA technology and rapid DNA sequencing, a number of genes of influenza virus from a number of strains have been either completely or partially sequenced. Among these, the gene coding for hemagglutinin (HA) has been most intensively studied and the HA of one or more strains from each subtype (H1, H2, H3) has been completely sequenced. Other topics discussed include the question of drift and shift at the genomic level; the role of the capped host mRNA is the process of initiation of transcription; and the regulation of viral transcription. This volume also includes papers presented by the speakers of the plenary sessions and that of keynote speaker, Sir Charles Stuart-Harris as well as the selected papers presented in the poster sessions.
Download or read book Flu written by Gina Kolata and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2011-04-01 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Veteran journalist Gina Kolata's Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It presents a fascinating look at true story of the world's deadliest disease. In 1918, the Great Flu Epidemic felled the young and healthy virtually overnight. An estimated forty million people died as the epidemic raged. Children were left orphaned and families were devastated. As many American soldiers were killed by the 1918 flu as were killed in battle during World War I. And no area of the globe was safe. Eskimos living in remote outposts in the frozen tundra were sickened and killed by the flu in such numbers that entire villages were wiped out. Scientists have recently rediscovered shards of the flu virus frozen in Alaska and preserved in scraps of tissue in a government warehouse. Gina Kolata, an acclaimed reporter for The New York Times, unravels the mystery of this lethal virus with the high drama of a great adventure story. Delving into the history of the flu and previous epidemics, detailing the science and the latest understanding of this mortal disease, Kolata addresses the prospects for a great epidemic recurring, and, most important, what can be done to prevent it.
Book Synopsis Molecular Virology by : Susanne Modrow
Download or read book Molecular Virology written by Susanne Modrow and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-09-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book gives a comprehensive overview on the knowledge of virus infection relevant for humans and animals. For each virus family the molecular details of the virus particle and the viral replication cycle are described. In the case of virus types with relevance for human and/or animal health the data on molecular biology, genetics and virus-cell interaction are combined with those concerning, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinics, prevention and therapy.
Book Synopsis Textbook of Influenza by : Robert G. Webster
Download or read book Textbook of Influenza written by Robert G. Webster and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-01-06 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Textbook of Influenza is a comprehensive resource covering all aspects of influenza, from the genetic and molecular biology of the virus through to clinical aspects of the disease and the latest drug developments and treatments. This new edition has been completely revised and reflects the integration of disciplines concerning the emergence, evolution, pathogenesis and control of influenza viruses in the field of human and veterinary public health. Textbook of Influenza examines the lessons learnt from the latest pandemic and provides the current state of knowledge for many yet unresolved issues related to virus origin, spread, pathogenesis and disease severity to better prepare for future pandemics. It covers the background to recent advances in influenza genomics and reverse genetics which have allowed the identification of virus virulence factors and the analysis and reconstruction of influenza viruses such as the 1918 Spanish flu strain. This new edition is divided into eight key sections, containing chapters co-written by international experts from both the clinical and scientific communities, covering: • Influenza Perspectives • Structure and Replication • Evolution and Ecology • Epidemiology and Surveillance • Immunology • Vaccines and Vaccine Development • Clinical Aspects and Antivirals • Public Health Textbook of Influenza is for all those working in the area of influenza including clinical and basic scientists, immunologists, molecular and structural virologists, public health officials and global pandemic control planners.
Book Synopsis Virus Protein and Nucleoprotein Complexes by : J. Robin Harris
Download or read book Virus Protein and Nucleoprotein Complexes written by J. Robin Harris and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Subcellular Biochemistry series has recently embarked upon an almost encyclopaedic coverage of topics relating to the structure and function of macromolecular complexes (Volumes 82, 83 and 87). The present multi-author text covers numerous aspects of current research into molecular virology, with emphasis upon viral protein and nucleoprotein structure and function. Structural data from cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography is displayed throughout the book. The 17 chapters in the book cover diverse interesting topics, all currently under investigation, contributed by authors who are active actively involved in present-day research. Whilst structural aspects predominate, there is much consideration of the structure-function relationship. In addition, the book correlates with and extends from Volume 68 of the series “Structure and Physics of Viruses: An Integrated Textbook”. This book is directed primarily at professionals that work in the broad field of Structural Biology and will be of particular interest to Structural Virologists. The editors, David Bhella and Robin Harris, have much experience in virology and protein structure, respectively. Dr Bhella is Director of the Scottish Macromolecular Imaging Centre. Professor Robin Harris is the long-standing Series Editor of the Subcellular Biochemistry series. He has edited and contributed to several books in the series.
Book Synopsis The Influenza Viruses by : Robert M. Krug
Download or read book The Influenza Viruses written by Robert M. Krug and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Influenza virus is an important human pathogen, frequently causing widespread disease and a significant loss of life. Much has been learned about the structure of the virus, its genetic variation, its mode of gene expression and replication, and its interaction with the host immu nologic system. This knowledge has the potential of leading to ap proaches for the control of influenza virus. In addition, research on influ enza virus has led to important advances in eukaryotic molecular and cellular biology and in immunology. A major focus of this book is the molecular biology of influenza virus. The first chapter, which serves as an introduction, describes the structure of each of the genomic RNA segments and their encoded pro teins. The second chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the expression and replication of the viral genome. In addition to other subjects, this chapter deals with one of the most distinctive features of influenza virus, namely the unique mechanism whereby viral messenger RNA synthesis is initiated by primers deaved from newly synthesized host-cell RNAs in the nudeus. Among the most significant accomplish ments in influenza virus research has been the delineation of the three dimensional structure of the two surface glycoproteins of the virus, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. This has provided a structural basis for mapping both the antigenic sites and the regions involved in the major biological functions of these two molecules.
Book Synopsis Virus Bioinformatics by : Manja Marz
Download or read book Virus Bioinformatics written by Manja Marz and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-02-21 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus bioinformatics is evolving and succeeding as an area of research in its own right, representing the interface of virology and computer science. Bioinformatic approaches to investigate viral infections and outbreaks have become central to virology research, and have been successfully used to detect, control, and treat infections of humans and animals. As part of the Third Annual Meeting of the European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), we have published this Special Issue on Virus Bioinformatics.
