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Strategies For Reduced Unburned Hydrocarbon And Carbon Monoxide Emissions In Diesel Propane Dual Fuel Low Temperature Combustion
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Book Synopsis Strategies for Reduced Unburned Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions in Diesel Propane Dual Fuel Low Temperature Combustion by : Kyle Anthony Hodges
Download or read book Strategies for Reduced Unburned Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions in Diesel Propane Dual Fuel Low Temperature Combustion written by Kyle Anthony Hodges and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present manuscript discusses the use of two diesel injections in diesel-ignited propane dual fuel Low Temperature Combustion (LTC). Using propane fumigation into the intake runners of a single cylinder research engine, the maximum and minimum percent energy substitution (PES) values were obtained to be 90% and 53%, respectively at 3.3 bar BMEP. An optimal PES value of 80% was used to explore the effects of a secondary injection on the engine-out emissions. The secondary injection proved to have a strong influence on combustion phasing (CA50). As combustion is phased closer to TDC the IFCE shows and increase of 4% at 5 bar BMEP and 6% at 3.3 bar BMEP. Finally, a relationship between the IFCE and the CO to CO2 conversion was developed. An increase in the carbon to hydrogen ratio of the fuel shows a reduction of the CO output of the engine while the CO2 concentration increases. More importantly however, the CO to CO2 conversion shows a direct effect on the IFCE. It is shown that a decrease in CO emissions found in the engine-out emissions will correlate directly with an increase in the IFCE.
Book Synopsis Exploration of High Efficiency Pathways in Dual Fuel Low Temperature Combustion Engines by : Prabhat Ranjan Jha
Download or read book Exploration of High Efficiency Pathways in Dual Fuel Low Temperature Combustion Engines written by Prabhat Ranjan Jha and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It's crucial to use advanced combustion strategies to increase efficiency and decrease engine-out pollutants because of the compelling need to reduce the global carbon footprint. This dissertation proposes dual fuel low-temperature combustion as a viable strategy to decrease engine-out emissions and increase the thermal efficiency of future heavy-duty internal combustion (IC) engines. In dual fuel combustion, a low reactivity fuel (e.g. methane, propane) is ignited by a high reactivity fuel (diesel) in a compression-ignited engine. Generally, the energy fraction of low reactivity fuel is maintained at much higher levels than the energy fraction of the high reactivity fuel. For a properly calibrated engine, combustion occurs at lean and low-temperature conditions (LTC). This decreases the chances of the formation of soot and oxides of nitrogen within the engine. However, at low load conditions, this type of combustion results in high hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. The first part of this research experimentally examines the effect of methane (a natural gas surrogate) substitution on early injection dual fuel combustion at representative low loads of 3.3 and 5.0 bar BMEPs in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine (SCRE). Gaseous methane fumigated into the intake manifold at various methane energy fractions was ignited using a high-pressure diesel pilot injection at 310 CAD. Cyclic combustion variations at both loads were also analyzed to obtain further insights into the combustion process and identify opportunities to further improve fuel conversion efficiencies at low load operation. In the second part, the cyclic variations in dual fuel combustion of three different low reactivity fuels (methane, propane, and gasoline) ignited using a high-pressure diesel pilot injection was examined and the challenges and opportunities in utilizing methane, propane, and gasoline in diesel ignited dual fuel combustion, as well as strategies for mitigating cyclic variations, were explored. Finally, in the third part a CFD model was created for diesel methane dual fuel LTC. The validated model was used to investigate the effect of methane on diesel autoignition and various spray targeting strategies were explored to mitigate high hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions at low load conditions.
Book Synopsis Pathways for Low Emissions Utilizing Spray Targeted Reactivity Stratification (STARS) in High Efficiency Natural Gas Dual Fuel Combustion by : James S Harris
Download or read book Pathways for Low Emissions Utilizing Spray Targeted Reactivity Stratification (STARS) in High Efficiency Natural Gas Dual Fuel Combustion written by James S Harris and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Internal combustion engines are a key aspect of society, and their continued use poses challenges from an environmental standpoint since they emit pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. This dissertation focuses on experimental analysis of dual-fuel low temperature combustion (LTC), which can be used as a strategy to reduce engine-out emissions and increase engine efficiencies. Dual fuel LTC uses two different fuels, a high reactivity fuel (HRF) and a low reactivity fuel (LRF). The HRF has a higher cetane number than the LRF, which allows for easier auto-ignition in compression ignition engines. Dual fuel engines also utilize high air to fuel ratios to achieve LTC. This, combined with early injection timings of the HRF, helps to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. At low load conditions, this is a problem since higher cycle-to-cycle variations can increase pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO). To combat this, a firm understanding of dual fuel LTC is required, as well as a strategy for reducing the cycle-to-cycle variations. The first part of this work further identifies a combustion heat release 'transformation region' across different HRF injection timings wherein in-cylinder conditions arise that are conducive for ultra-low NOx emissions. This phenomenon occurs for different IC engine platforms and different fueling combinations. An experimental analysis, 0D chemical kinetic analysis, and 3D computation fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis were combined to elucidate the underlying causes for this phenomenon. The local stratification level of the fuel/air mixture was identified as the likely cause of combustion heat release transformation with changing HRF injection timing. The second part of the present work builds upon the findings of the first part by utilizing local stratification to mitigate cycle-to-cycle variations that are present at low loads. A framework of experiments was formulated for both a low engine load of 5 bar gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEPg) and a high load of 15 bar IMEPg, wherein an injection strategy concept termed Spray TArgeted Reactivity Stratification (STARS) was utilized using both diesel and Polyoxymethelene-dimethyl-ether (POMDME) as HRFs. A steep decrease in UHC and CO emissions (> 80% reductions) as well as improved engine operation stability were demonstrated using both HRFs with dual fuel LTC at 5 bar IMEPg. Further, potential for emissions mitigation and efficiency improvement are discussed, as well as differences in the experimental results shown between the differing HRFs.
Book Synopsis Emissions Optimization of Propane Dual Fuel Combustion Ignited by Diesel and Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether At Low Loads by : Prabhat R Jha
Download or read book Emissions Optimization of Propane Dual Fuel Combustion Ignited by Diesel and Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether At Low Loads written by Prabhat R Jha and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dual fuel engines utilize two different fuels consisting of a high reactivity fuel (HRF)injected into the cylinder and a low reactivity fuel (LRF), typically fumigated into the intakemanifold. In order to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides when compared against dieselcombustion, dual fuel engines begin the injection process early in the combustion cycle.However, at early injection timings dual fuel engines exhibit high emissions of both unburnedhydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). This work discusses the emissions optimizationprocess to reduce emissions for two different fueling types, diesel-propane and poly-oxymethylene dimethyl ether (POMDME)-propane, on a single cylinder research engine (SCRE)based upon a PACCAR MX-11 heavy-duty engine while maintaining combustion and fuelconversion efficiencies.The parameters swept during this optimization process include start of injection, percentenergy substitution, a second injection and its timing, the split ratio - or the ratio of commandedduration of the first injection to that of the second, a coupled injection sweep, rail pressure, andintake pressure. These parameters were varied at a fixed gross indicated mean effective pressure(IMEPg) of 5 bar to represent low load operation as well as a fixed engine speed of 1339 rpm("B speed" of the SCRE). During all experiments a global limit of 1 g/kWh was set on theindicated specific NOx emissions, as well as a maximum pressure rise rate of 10 bar/deg, and acoefficient of variation of IMEPg at or below 5%. Using these limits and the emissions tradeoffsbetween HC, CO and NOx, this work was able to demonstrate diesel-propane emissionsimprovements of HC and CO of 86.4% and 66.8% respectively when compared to the baseline, while POMDME-propane emissions showed improvements in HC and CO of 90.9% and 86.2%respectively. Additionally, POMDME emissions demonstrated zero measurable filter smokenumber during all engine operations. A preliminary life cycle analysis of using both dual fuelcombinations have been compared against traditional diesel operation as well as battery poweredoperation and is found within the appendix of this work.
Book Synopsis Strategies for Reducing Hydrocarbon Emissions in Diesel Low Temperature Combustion by : Oluwasujibomi Sogbesan
Download or read book Strategies for Reducing Hydrocarbon Emissions in Diesel Low Temperature Combustion written by Oluwasujibomi Sogbesan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modifying Diesel Engine Operating Parameters to Reduce Emissions by : W. F. Marshall
Download or read book Modifying Diesel Engine Operating Parameters to Reduce Emissions written by W. F. Marshall and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advances in Compression Ignition Natural Gas – Diesel Dual Fuel Engines by : Hongsheng Guo
Download or read book Advances in Compression Ignition Natural Gas – Diesel Dual Fuel Engines written by Hongsheng Guo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-03-23 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Natural Gas Engines by : Kalyan Kumar Srinivasan
Download or read book Natural Gas Engines written by Kalyan Kumar Srinivasan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-03 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the various advanced reciprocating combustion engine technologies that utilize natural gas and alternative fuels for transportation and power generation applications. It is divided into three major sections consisting of both fundamental and applied technologies to identify (but not limited to) clean, high-efficiency opportunities with natural gas fueling that have been developed through experimental protocols, numerical and high-performance computational simulations, and zero-dimensional, multizone combustion simulations. Particular emphasis is placed on statutes to monitor fine particulate emissions from tailpipe of engines operating on natural gas and alternative fuels.
Book Synopsis Direct Injection for Dual Fuel Stratification (DDFS) by :
Download or read book Direct Injection for Dual Fuel Stratification (DDFS) written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low temperature combustion (LTC) strategies can achieve high thermal efficiency with low engine-out NOx and soot emissions. However, controlling the timing and rate of heat release under LTC conditions in a consistent manner has proven to be difficult, and emissions of CO and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) are high. Several fueling strategies have been developed to create stratification of equivalence ratio and ignition delay such that heat release is retarded and lengthened, but these strategies typically result in a trade-off between efficiency and noise, a narrow operating range, or impractical boundary conditions, and the issue of high CO and HC emissions remains. In this research, a new strategy is proposed in which two fuels with different autoignition characteristics are introduced to the cylinder via multiple direct injections, allowing for greater control and range of reactivity and equivalence ratio distribution, as well as the possibility of mixed combustion modes. A series of experiments detail the development of the fueling strategy, an exploration of the parameters contributing to noise and emissions, a pathway to practical high-load operation, and a comparison to existing LTC strategies. By direct-injecting two fuels, it is possible to gain a new level of control over the shape and stability of the heat release event, along with the ability to combine and exploit the practical benefits of existing combustion strategies in a manner that was previously impossible.
Book Synopsis Implementation and Control of Stoichiometric Natural Gas Combustion to Enable Low-emission Diesel Engines by : Nathaniel Bryce Oliver
Download or read book Implementation and Control of Stoichiometric Natural Gas Combustion to Enable Low-emission Diesel Engines written by Nathaniel Bryce Oliver and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The expected growth in the heavy-duty transportation sector necessitates the development of engine technologies able to increase efficiency and reduce emissions without sacrificing power output. Previous research has demonstrated that reducing heat transfer losses from the cylinder can enable significant efficiency gains in Diesel engines. The high in-cylinder temperatures generated in this engine architecture enable the use of low-cetane fuels with the potential for low-soot operation. Low soot emissions allow the equivalence ratio to be increased to stoichiometric which increases power, and could allow the existing Diesel aftertreatment system to be replaced with a less-expensive three-way catalyst. Natural gas is a promising candidate for stoichiometric, high-temperature, Diesel-style combustion. Its high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio should be able to reduce both soot and carbon dioxide emissions, and its wide distribution as a commercial and residential fuel provides existing infrastructure to speed deployment in transportation applications. This thesis demonstrates stoichiometric, Diesel-style combustion of neat methane as a single-component surrogate for natural gas. It explores the challenges of injecting a gaseous fuel at high pressures, and demonstrates the fuel's capacity for low emissions. It then provides a preliminary investigation into multiple-injection strategies for controlling combustion behavior and emissions in a stoichiometric, high-temperature engine architecture. First, fuel system hardware is developed to enable gaseous operation and preliminary experimentation is accomplished with methane. A fuel compression system is designed to supply methane at pressures suitably high to achieve good mixing and short injection durations, and a solenoid-actuated Diesel fuel injector is modeled and modified to inject methane at these pressures. This fuel injection system is then implemented on a single-cylinder engine. An insulated piston face, air cooled head, and intake preheating achieve suitable start of injection temperatures to ignite methane. Intake preheating is varied at low equivalence ratios to determine the sensitivity of engine performance to temperature at the lowest-load, lowest-temperature conditions of interest. A sweep of equivalence ratio demonstrates soot emissions roughly four times the current EPA limit for heavy-duty vehicles and combustion efficiencies of approximately 92% at stoichiometric fuel loading. High soot levels and low combustion efficiencies are also seen at the lowest equivalence ratios investigated. This suggests poorly mixed combustion, and poor injector performance. Second, injector dynamics are examined in greater detailed, and emissions performance is characterized with improved injector performance. High-speed Schlieren imaging is able to determine the injection dynamics contributing to high low-load emissions. A parametric modeling investigation suggests that reducing the injector plunger length is able to remove flow rate oscillations seen at long injection durations, and that the addition of dry friction is able to reduce the magnitude of low-momentum post injections occurring after injector closing. Dry friction is implemented using PTFE O-rings installed between the injector body and plunger. Imaging is used to confirm that a shortened plunger is able to remove long-duration oscillations, and to determine the number of O-rings necessary to suitably reduce post injection magnitude. The improved injector is used to repeat the sweep of equivalence ratios and demonstrates improved soot emissions at all operating conditions. Most notably, low-load soot emissions are reduced by more than a factor of ten, demonstrating the effectiveness of improved injector performance for improving emissions. Techniques for further improving injector performance and potential changes to injector design are discussed. Finally, the prospects for controlling combustion in a stoichiometric, low heat rejection Diesel engine using multiple injections are discussed and experimentally investigated. The applications and effects of multiple injection strategies in traditional Diesel engines are explored, and their potential extension to stoichiometric engines is discussed. Methanol engine operation enables the use of a fast-actuating piezoinjector and the realization of short injection pulses. A range of two-injection strategies are implemented in order to determine the sensitivity of engine operation to pilot, split-main, and post-injection timing and duration. Small pilot injections are found to have control authority over rate of pressure rise and peak pressure and show some promise for improving combustion efficiency. Post injections demonstrate authority over peak pressure and combustion efficiency. All of these effects are accomplished with minimal impact on engine work output. The experiments of this thesis demonstrate that, even with course control of injection, high-temperature, stoichiometric combustion of methane is able to greatly reduce soot emissions over traditional Diesel engines. Improved injector dynamics and the implementation of multiple injection strategies further improve emissions and combustion performance, suggesting substantial room for refinement of the technology and motivating the continued development of injector hardware and injection strategies. The ability to operate a Diesel engine at stoichiometric fueled only by natural gas and to employ a three-way catalyst for emissions abatement makes this strategy a clean, efficient, high-torque, and low-cost solution for heavy-duty transportation.
Download or read book ASHRAE Handbook written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 792 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handbook of Clean Energy Systems, 6 Volume Set by : Jinyue Yan
Download or read book Handbook of Clean Energy Systems, 6 Volume Set written by Jinyue Yan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 4038 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Clean Energy Systems brings together an international team of experts to present a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems. Consolidating information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources, the handbook covers a broad range of topics in this interdisciplinary research field including both fossil and renewable energy systems. The development of intelligent energy systems for efficient energy processes and mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants is explored in depth, and environmental, social and economic impacts are also addressed. Topics covered include: Volume 1 - Renewable Energy: Biomass resources and biofuel production; Bioenergy Utilization; Solar Energy; Wind Energy; Geothermal Energy; Tidal Energy. Volume 2 - Clean Energy Conversion Technologies: Steam/Vapor Power Generation; Gas Turbines Power Generation; Reciprocating Engines; Fuel Cells; Cogeneration and Polygeneration. Volume 3 - Mitigation Technologies: Carbon Capture; Negative Emissions System; Carbon Transportation; Carbon Storage; Emission Mitigation Technologies; Efficiency Improvements and Waste Management; Waste to Energy. Volume 4 - Intelligent Energy Systems: Future Electricity Markets; Diagnostic and Control of Energy Systems; New Electric Transmission Systems; Smart Grid and Modern Electrical Systems; Energy Efficiency of Municipal Energy Systems; Energy Efficiency of Industrial Energy Systems; Consumer Behaviors; Load Control and Management; Electric Car and Hybrid Car; Energy Efficiency Improvement. Volume 5 - Energy Storage: Thermal Energy Storage; Chemical Storage; Mechanical Storage; Electrochemical Storage; Integrated Storage Systems. Volume 6 - Sustainability of Energy Systems: Sustainability Indicators, Evaluation Criteria, and Reporting; Regulation and Policy; Finance and Investment; Emission Trading; Modeling and Analysis of Energy Systems; Energy vs. Development; Low Carbon Economy; Energy Efficiencies and Emission Reduction. Key features: Comprising over 3,500 pages in 6 volumes, HCES presents a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems, consolidating a wealth of information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources. In addition to renewable energy systems, HCES also covers processes for the efficient and clean conversion of traditional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, energy storage systems, mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants, and the development of intelligent energy systems. Environmental, social and economic impacts of energy systems are also addressed in depth. Published in full colour throughout. Fully indexed with cross referencing within and between all six volumes. Edited by leading researchers from academia and industry who are internationally renowned and active in their respective fields. Published in print and online. The online version is a single publication (i.e. no updates), available for one-time purchase or through annual subscription.
Download or read book Moving Millions written by F. Moavenzadeh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-25 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering a topic of massive contemporary importance, this well written volume demonstrates how transportation strategy and environmental sustainability can be pursued in a comprehensive and harmonious, rather than unconnected and potentially conflicting, set of public policies. It applies lessons from several urban areas (e.g., Bogota, Singapore, Mexico City, Sao Paulo), including "success stories" and less successful "hard-won lessons", to a case study in Guangzhou.
Book Synopsis Reduction of the emissions in gas-diesel engines by :
Download or read book Reduction of the emissions in gas-diesel engines written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neste estudo, os esforços são concentrados em se buscar a redução dasemissões em motores Diesel-gás. Assim, são apresentados resultadosexperimentais, obtidos em dinamômetro de bancada, das emissões e desempenhode um motor do ciclo Diesel (turbo alimentado e com intercooler), para operar, reversivelmente, como motor Diesel-gás ou Diesel original. Inicialmente, foramexecutados ensaios nas duas versões, Diesel e Diesel-gás; logo, os resultadosrespectivos foram comparados em termos de emissões e desempenho do motor. Aseguir, na operação Diesel-gás, foi avaliado o método da restrição parcial do ar deadmissão, a fim de produzir uma mistura efetivamente mais rica para a mesmaquantidade do gás natural. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma notável reduçãonas emissões de monóxido de carbono e hidrocarbonetos não queimados, paratoda a faixa de operação avaliada. Por outro lado, as emissões de materialparticulado continuaram sendo ínfimas em altas taxas de substituição e os níveisde óxidos de nitrogênio apresentaram certo incremento em altas cargas do motor. Quanto ao rendimento térmico, verificam-se acréscimos quando é alcançado certovalor de taxa de substituição. Contudo, os resultados de emissões e rendimentotérmico apresentam melhores resultados em baixas cargas do motor (abaixo de50% da plena carga). Assim, além de reduzirem-se os níveis de certas emissõesem altas cargas, verificou-se uma contribuição adicional do presente trabalho noque diz respeito à redução, de forma parcial, de um dos principais problemasenvolvendo a combustão em motores Diesel-gás: a queima incompleta de misturaspobres em cargas baixas.
Book Synopsis Nitrogen oxides (NOx) why and how they are controlled by :
Download or read book Nitrogen oxides (NOx) why and how they are controlled written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Coefficients for Calculating Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Individual Species by : Bonnie J. McBride
Download or read book Coefficients for Calculating Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Individual Species written by Bonnie J. McBride and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis On the Cyclic Variability and Sources of Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions in Low Temperature Diesel Combustion Systems by :
Download or read book On the Cyclic Variability and Sources of Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions in Low Temperature Diesel Combustion Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
