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Strategies And Internal Control Procedures For Decreasing Fraud In Faith Based Nonprofit Organizations
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Book Synopsis Strategies and Internal Control Procedures for Decreasing Fraud in Faith-based Nonprofit Organizations by : Shawn Miller
Download or read book Strategies and Internal Control Procedures for Decreasing Fraud in Faith-based Nonprofit Organizations written by Shawn Miller and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study addressed the problem regarding the lack of strategies and internal controls in faith-based nonprofit organizations which resulted in a higher risk of fraud, waste of funds, or abuse of funds in charities, churches, and other related ministries. This risk was the result of trust by organizations that employees would not commit fraud and due to a lack of sufficient resources. This study specifically researched faith-based nonprofit organizations that are located in Texas. This qualitative case study included two faith-based nonprofit organizations located in or near Houston, Texas. The research found several themes including: frauds occur, segregation of duties, approval controls, review process, and policies and procedures. The study also found several internal controls, policies, and procedures that these organizations could implement to decrease the risk of fraud, such as a whistleblower policy, background checks, segregation of duties, review of financials, and limited access to accounting procedures. Further research could be conducted on the implementation of internal controls after a fraud was discovered and the restoration of donor trust.
Book Synopsis Financial Management for Nonprofit Organizations by : John Zietlow
Download or read book Financial Management for Nonprofit Organizations written by John Zietlow and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-04-06 with total page 791 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essential tools and guidance for effective nonprofit financial management Financial Management for Nonprofit Organizations provides students, professionals, and board members with a comprehensive reference for the field. Identifying key objectives and exploring current practices, this book offers practical guidance on all major aspects of nonprofit financial management. As nonprofit organizations fall under ever-increasing scrutiny and accountability, this book provides the essential knowledge and tools professional need to maintain a strong financial management system while serving the organization’s stated mission. Financial management, cash flow, and financial sustainability are perennial issues, and this book highlights the concepts, skills, and tools that help organizations address those issues. Clear guidance on analytics, reporting, investing, risk management, and more comprise a singular reference that nonprofit finance and accounting professionals and board members should keep within arm’s reach. Updated to reflect the post-recession reality and outlook for nonprofits, this new edition includes new examples, expanded tax-exempt financing material, and recession analysis that informs strategy going forward. Articulate the proper primary financial objective, target liquidity, and how it ensures financial health and sustainability Understand nonprofit financial practices, processes, and objectives Manage your organization’s resources in the context of its mission Delve into smart investing and risk management best practices Manage liquidity, reporting, cash and operating budgets, debt and other liabilities, IP, legal risk, internal controls and more Craft appropriate financial policies Although the U.S. economy has recovered, recovery has not addressed the systemic and perpetual funding challenges nonprofits face year after year. Despite positive indicators, many organizations remain hampered by pursuit of the wrong primary financial objective, insufficient funding and a lack of investment in long-term sustainability; in this climate, financial managers must stay up-to-date with the latest tools, practices, and regulations in order to serve their organization’s interests. Financial Management for Nonprofit Organizations provides clear, in-depth reference and strategy for navigating the expanding financial management function.
Book Synopsis Evaluating Internal Controls in Faith-Based Organization by : Hamdi Ali
Download or read book Evaluating Internal Controls in Faith-Based Organization written by Hamdi Ali and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-06-01 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Faith-Based Organizations have been attracting growing attention by governments and donors as worthy partners in developing economies. However, some financial improprieties and fraud have been witnessed calling into question the effectiveness of their internal controls(ICs). These controls are sometimes influenced by some religious doctrines. Earlier studies have been limited and focusing only on a narrow set of controls within FBOs. The present study, unlike earlier studies, adapted the COSO framework and conceptual model as a holistic approach to examine the ICs in twenty seven FBOs operating in Ghana. For that purpose, data were collected from several sources including internal officials (accountants, internal auditors, top management and board members) in addition to external stakeholders (donors and external auditors). The study concluded that weaknesses were identified in some IC components. In addition, some specific religious doctrines that impacted negatively or positively in these organizations were also identified. The study ends up with with recommendations to improve the ICS in the FBOs and pointing out areas for further research in the field.
Book Synopsis Policies and Procedures to Prevent Fraud and Embezzlement by : Edward J. McMillan
Download or read book Policies and Procedures to Prevent Fraud and Embezzlement written by Edward J. McMillan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-07-18 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IS YOUR BUSINESS VULNERABLE TO FRAUD? It's not a secret that corporate fraud and scandal are real threats to business today, from which no business, large or small, is immune. Fraud losses are devastating-but they are also highly avoidable. Policies & Procedures to Prevent Fraud and Embezzlement shows you how to proactively safeguard your business's assets and reputation from countless plots, schemes, and even identity theft. This invaluable tool prepares auditing CPAs, internal auditors, fraud investigators, and managers to: Thoroughly evaluate their organization's system of internal controls Assemble a fraud examination team Document a fraud action plan Expose weaknesses that could lead to fraud Take corrective action to reduce the possibility of victimization Embezzlement and fraud are realities that all organizations must confront, with the growing list of collapsed corporate giants serving as evidence of the destruction caused by financial abuses. Policies & Procedures to Prevent Fraud and Embezzlement offers provocative new strategies to deal with this ongoing dilemma and serves as a road map to reduce financial dishonesty in the workplace.
Book Synopsis Preventing Fraud in Nonprofit Organizations by : Edward J. McMillan
Download or read book Preventing Fraud in Nonprofit Organizations written by Edward J. McMillan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-04-14 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IS YOUR NONPROFIT VULNERABLE TO FRAUD? Fraud or embezzlement discovered within a major corporation ultimately leads to front-page scandals and a few raised eyebrows. But the mere suggestion or evidence of fraud within a nonprofit can cause irreversible damage to its reputation, its support base, and, eventually, its very existence. Preventing Fraud in Nonprofit Organizations is the proactive manual your organization needs to detect fraud and prevent it from affecting your organization's bottom line and name. Brimming with details of hundreds of actual fraud and embezzlement schemes, it provides specific, practical advice on strengthening the areas in which your nonprofit may be most vulnerable. This hands-on guide shows nonprofit accountants, CFOs, financial consultants, board members, and managers how to: * Know the four consistent areas of high risk * Thoroughly evaluate their organization's system of internal controls * Assemble a fraud examination team * Document a fraud action plan * Expose weaknesses that could lead to fraud * Take corrective action to reduce the possibility of victimization Fraud deterrence is not exclusive to large corporations. Recommended reading for nonprofit professionals, Preventing Fraud in Nonprofit Organizations will motivate executives to take a fresh and intensive look at their organization's practices and act to protect from financial dishonesty.
Book Synopsis Internal Controls by : Lynford Graham
Download or read book Internal Controls written by Lynford Graham and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely revised and updated, this handbook provides internal control guidance and tools specifically for private and not-for-profit business entities.
Book Synopsis Executive Roadmap to Fraud Prevention and Internal Control by : Martin T. Biegelman
Download or read book Executive Roadmap to Fraud Prevention and Internal Control written by Martin T. Biegelman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-10 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How-to, authoritative guidance for creating a best-in-class fraud prevention and compliance program in any organization Now in a Second Edition, this practical book helps corporate executives and managers understand the full ramifications of good corporate governance and compliance. It covers best practices for establishing a unit to protect the financial integrity of a business; theories and models on how and why fraud occurs in an organization; importance of strong internal controls; major compliance and corporate governance initiatives and milestones since 1985; and more. Complete coverage includes implementation guidance for a robust fraud prevention and compliance program, including sample policies, best practice examples, and a 14-point management antifraud program. Covers fraud risk assessment and prevention guidance Looks at global risk issues, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and UK Bribery Act Examines amendments to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizational Crime Discusses Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Provisions Explores enterprise risk management key program elements Offers coverage of how fraud and compliance failures contributed to the financial crisis Includes enhanced principles for fraud data mining Presents new cases, checklists and real-world examples, expanded international coverage, and the latest technological tools Shows executives and managers what their responsibilities are regarding fraud prevention, internal controls, and compliance Provides an instructor's website, including a test bank Other titles by Biegelman: Building a World-Class Compliance Program and Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Compliance Guidebook Completely revised and updated, Executive Roadmap to Fraud Prevention and Internal Control, Second Edition is every manager's best resource for understanding all the complex issues and responsibilities associated with fraud and compliance. Praise for Executive Roadmap to Fraud Prevention and Internal Control: Creating a Culture of Compliance "Martin Biegelman and Joel Bartow convert their lifelong experiences and unparalleled knowledge into a concise, well-written book. They provide the essential tools to take aspirational goals for fraud prevention and compliance and build them into concrete and effective programs." —From the Foreword by Bradley J. Bondi, Partner, Caldwater, Wickersham & Taft LLP "Executive Roadmap touches all the bases on corporate fraud. The authors – both experienced fraud investigators and federal law enforcement agents – lay out the history and major milestones of corporate fraud, and discuss with precision the key issues facing today’s executives and compliance leaders. The book provides a valuable overview for business leaders looking to develop and implement effective compliance programs and instill a culture of integrity in order to help their organizations defeat the challenges posed by today's sophisticated fraudsters." —Jeffrey Eglash, Senior Counsel, Litigation & Legal Policy, GE "Biegelman and Bartow provide great insight into not just how fraud occurs inside of companies, but why. Preventing fraud requires a solid understanding of both, making this book a must read for any executive who is serious about creating the compliance mechanisms and the corporate culture needed for effective fraud prevention." —Aaron G. Murphy, Partner, Latham & Watkins LLP "Business leaders would be wise to follow the recommendations in this book. Fraud prevention is more than just creating a set of policies. As the subtitle indicates, it is essential to create a culture of compliance. Empty words accomplish nothing. The authors, both experienced fraud examiners, have spent decades investigating fraud, as well as developing strategies to prevent it. This book is an essential tool in creating an anti-fraud environment in any company." —James D. Ratley, CFE, President & CEO, Association of Certified Fraud Examiners "Biegelman and Bartow's Executive Roadmap to Fraud Prevention and Internal Control is an essential guide for all who have an interest in eradicating corporate or institutional fraud. Written by experts in detecting and preventing fraud in its myriad forms, this book is a handy source for those who hope to avoid the predicaments that the authors have seen or in managing the crises that arise when the problems cannot be avoided. The new second edition is an indispensable addition to the libraries of internal compliance and legal officers, and forensic accountants." —Joel M. Cohen, Partner, Gibson Dunn & Crutcher, former New York federal prosecutor and liaison to the French Ministry of Justice and OECD "Biegelman & Bartow's book offers expert guidance to anyone tasked with understanding and tackling fraud in the workplace. Their straightforward approach informs the reader and provides a roadmap and guidance for implementation of an effective fraud mechanism within any organization – small or large. I plan to provide a copy of the book to my Board of Directors and executive members of management." —Lisanne E. S. Cottington, Compliance Officer, Insight Enterprises, Inc. "This next edition is extremely timely. It covers key topics that any management member needs to know in today’s regulatory climate. These authors have used their extensive corporate and government experience to create a practical and easy to understand compliance guide. A superb resource for any executive." —Karen Popp, Partner at Sidley Austin LLP and former federal prosecutor and Associate Counsel to President Clinton "With executives increasingly on the hot seat when corporate compliance issues arise, clear guidance regarding risk areas and best practices is invaluable. Executive Roadmap to Fraud Prevention and Internal Control contains a timely combination of illustrative stories and practice tips regarding hazards in this complex area. It is a good resource for both corporate executives and the many professionals assisting corporations to prevent or detect fraud and build a culture of legal compliance." —Barb Dawson, partner with focus on internal investigations and business litigation, Snell & Wilmer LLP "Executive Roadmap to Fraud Prevention and Internal Control: Creating a Culture of Compliance is a truly phenomenal book. Martin Biegelman and Joel Bartow have accomplished an incredible achievement: they have flawlessly bridged the chasm between the theoretical/academic and practical/tangible. This is a volume that should not be on the bookshelf of every manager interested in compliance and fraud prevention (which should be every manager); it should be dog-eared and open on the desktop of every such manager! Kudos to Messrs. Biegelman and Bartow!" —William J. Kresse, M.S., J.D., CPA, CFF, CFE; Associate Professor, Graham School of Management; Director, Center for the Study of Fraud and Corruption, Saint Xavier University, Chicago "Biegelman and Bartow have again provided an invaluable resource for leaders in the corporate world who have responsibility for fraud, integrity, and compliance. They send a clear message that addressing fraud is a two part process- establishing robust controls and detection measures; and creating a culture of compliance and integrity. This work provides a detailed tour through the world of fraud controls while keeping the importance of culture at the forefront." —Ronald C. Petersen, Executive Director, Global Security, Ally Financial "From the perspective of an ethics and compliance practitioner, Martin Biegelman's and Joel Bartow's new offering is a Thanksgiving feast. Too often, companies and organizations get caught up in the moment, and don't stand back to examine the cultural, organizational and historic reasons that fraud exists. Biegelman and Bartow plow that road, and use their insights to offer invaluable tips in the design of effective anti-fraud programs." —James D. Berg, Vice President, Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer, Apollo Group Inc. "Biegelman and Bartow have indeed produced a functional roadmap for the executive to follow in fraud prevention and internal control. This book is a great asset for those engaged in the seemingly endless struggle to control fraud. A 'must read' for the industry." —Raymond L. Philo, MPA, Executive Director, Economic Crime Institute, Utica College "As if Executive Roadmap to Fraud Prevention and Internal Control wasn't a powerful enough tool for fraud fighters, now Biegelman and Bartow have added fresh insight and advice to the second edition. With compelling updates on costly internal and external fraud and corruption, together with easy-to-read descriptions of latest fraud-fighting technologies, this is a must-read for fraud examiners, auditors, attorneys and others—whether they've read the first edition or not." —Peter Goldmann, President, White-Collar Crime 101 LLC/FraudAware "Fraud borders on the ubiquitous in contemporary corporate culture. This book provides a rich and comprehensive guide to crafting a state of the art fraud deterrence program. While the book is sure to better equip corporate executives and directors in their fight against fraud, I intend to draw heavily upon its content in educating accounting students who represent the CEO's and CFO’s of the future." —Ingrid E. Fisher, PhD, CPA, Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Accounting and Law, The University at Albany-SUNY "The book's exploration of fraud theories ranging from 'rotten apple' to the 'potato chip' (can't eat just one!), provides useful examination of the psychology of corporate fraud that explains its recurring nature and offers clues to creating a fraud resistant culture." —Zachary W. Carter, Partner and head of the Trial Group, Dorsey & Whitney LLP and former United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York
Book Synopsis Fraud and Abuse in Nonprofit Organizations by : Gerard M. Zack
Download or read book Fraud and Abuse in Nonprofit Organizations written by Gerard M. Zack and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-06-19 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Table of contents
Book Synopsis Internal controls and fraud in nonprofit organizations by :
Download or read book Internal controls and fraud in nonprofit organizations written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fraud Risk Assessment Guide by : Gerard M. Zack
Download or read book Fraud Risk Assessment Guide written by Gerard M. Zack and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2003-06-19 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fraud Risk Assessment Guide is a series of checklists that coincide with the organization-wide model of fraud deterrence explained in the book, Fraud and Abuse in Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide to Prevention and Detection. The checklists in this Guide are designed to identify many of the most important financial controls and non-financial policies and procedures that aid in the prevention, detection, and deterrence of fraud and abuse— both from within the organization and from external sources. Each of the controls, policies, and procedures identified in the Guide are explained in detail in the companion book, Fraud and Abuse in Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide to Prevention and Detection. Who should prepare the checklists in this Guide? One of the keys to making the Guide most useful is to have each checklist prepared by persons who are both: Adequately trained and educated in the subject matter Independent of the persons directly involved in the activity being evaluated These characteristics may be present within the organization— such as by having the checklists prepared by members of other departments or by involving members of the audit committee or board of directors. Another option is to utilize an outside firm that specializes in fraud prevention (this approach has the added benefit of further improving independence and objectivity in the evaluation of an organization's system of fraud deterrence). The end result of utilizing the Guide will be the identification of areas of fraud control in which organizational policies and procedures can be improved (each "no" answer on the checklist represents a possible weakness in the organization's defenses against fraud and abuse). These results should be reviewed and evaluated by senior management, the audit committee, and the board of directors, who has ultimate responsibility for safeguarding the organization's assets.
Book Synopsis Inability of Leaders of Religious Not-For-Profit Organizations in New Jersey to Identify and Implement Adequate Internal Accounting Controls to Detect and Deter Accounting Fraud by : Wayne Terrence Balfour
Download or read book Inability of Leaders of Religious Not-For-Profit Organizations in New Jersey to Identify and Implement Adequate Internal Accounting Controls to Detect and Deter Accounting Fraud written by Wayne Terrence Balfour and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examined the inability of leaders of religious not-for-profit organizations (RNPOs) in New Jersey to identify and implement adequate accounting internal controls to detect and deter accounting fraud. Fraud affects all organizations negatively, including those that are religiously altruistic with good intentions. This study argued that protecting the organization’s resources rests primarily upon the shoulders of its leaders. Previous studies argued that philanthropic organizations were more prone to fraud because of poor management, enormous trust in their employees, and poor internal accounting controls. This multi-case qualitative study studied ten RNPO leaders, validating and contradicting some previous findings of not-for-profit organizations. The conceptual framework utilized in this study was a competency-based leadership model, tone at the top or self-concept maintenance theory, the fraud triangle theory, the diamond fraud theory, and the COSO framework. The researcher used a 25-question interview guide to collect the data. The study results found larger RNPOs with larger budgets, and staff tend to have more reliable internal accounting controls, and leaders of these organizations had more specialized accounting education or experience. There were two outliers to these findings. Two organizations had larger parent organizations that oversaw all accounting functions of their local offices. The parent companies ensured that there were robust internal accounting controls. This study pointed out a few implications. Organizations need to employ a CPA or a financial professional, raise fraud awareness, and develop continuous fraud training for key leaders. Finally, RNPOs need to create and articulate their fraud policies.
Book Synopsis Fraud & Internal Controls in Nonprofit Organizations by : Ashlee Danielle Harvey
Download or read book Fraud & Internal Controls in Nonprofit Organizations written by Ashlee Danielle Harvey and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Perception of Nonprofit Employees and Board Governance on the Internal Control of Contributions by : Holly Caldwell
Download or read book Perception of Nonprofit Employees and Board Governance on the Internal Control of Contributions written by Holly Caldwell and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research contributes to the very limited number of qualitative studies on the development and implementation of internal controls in nonprofit organizations. The study explored the understanding of perceptions regarding internal controls in cash contributions from nonprofit organizational employees, Executive Directors/CEOs, and board members. This embedded single-case study consists of eight nonprofit organizations located in the Commonwealth of Virginia of the United States. Eleven themes of board governance, communication, contributions, development of policies and procedures, efficiency, fiduciary duty, leadership, resource availability, separation of duties, training, and trust were identified through interviews, review of policies and procedures for cash receipts and deposits, review of IRS Form 990s, and field notes. This study revealed that there continues to be need for greater awareness and understanding of internal controls by nonprofit organizations. In addition, understanding of the roles and responsibilities by both management and board members for financial reporting, along with assessment risk of fraud is noted. The conclusions suggest accounting practitioners should seek to work with smaller nonprofits in identifying where internal control weaknesses exist in cash handling and to provide training and support for understanding financial reporting and assessing fraud risk.
Book Synopsis Integrity at Stake by : Rollie Neal Dimos
Download or read book Integrity at Stake written by Rollie Neal Dimos and published by Zondervan. This book was released on 2016-02-02 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrity at Stake: Safeguarding Your Church from Financial Fraud by Rollie Dimos is a financial resource book intended for pastors, church leaders, and church administrators. Dimos' expertise as a certified fraud examiner and internal auditor provides the church audience with essential tools and know-how to assess their financial processes. Including practical steps for evaluation, Integrity at Stake details internal controls, risk management, and true stories to help church leaders reduce the risk of fraud and increase financial accountability and integrity.
Book Synopsis Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government by : United States Government Accountability Office
Download or read book Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government written by United States Government Accountability Office and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2019-03-24 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policymakers and program managers are continually seeking ways to improve accountability in achieving an entity's mission. A key factor in improving accountability in achieving an entity's mission is to implement an effective internal control system. An effective internal control system helps an entity adapt to shifting environments, evolving demands, changing risks, and new priorities. As programs change and entities strive to improve operational processes and implement new technology, management continually evaluates its internal control system so that it is effective and updated when necessary. Section 3512 (c) and (d) of Title 31 of the United States Code (commonly known as the Federal Managers? Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA)) requires the Comptroller General to issue standards for internal control in the federal government.
Author :United States Government Accountability Office Publisher :Lulu.com ISBN 13 :0359536395 Total Pages :234 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (595 download)
Book Synopsis Government Auditing Standards - 2018 Revision by : United States Government Accountability Office
Download or read book Government Auditing Standards - 2018 Revision written by United States Government Accountability Office and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2019-03-24 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Audits provide essential accountability and transparency over government programs. Given the current challenges facing governments and their programs, the oversight provided through auditing is more critical than ever. Government auditing provides the objective analysis and information needed to make the decisions necessary to help create a better future. The professional standards presented in this 2018 revision of Government Auditing Standards (known as the Yellow Book) provide a framework for performing high-quality audit work with competence, integrity, objectivity, and independence to provide accountability and to help improve government operations and services. These standards, commonly referred to as generally accepted government auditing standards (GAGAS), provide the foundation for government auditors to lead by example in the areas of independence, transparency, accountability, and quality through the audit process. This revision contains major changes from, and supersedes, the 2011 revision.
Book Synopsis Internal Controls in Small City Government by : M. Wade Cothran
Download or read book Internal Controls in Small City Government written by M. Wade Cothran and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The flexible design multiple case study was performed to broaden the understanding of the possible rationale for city government officials' failing to implement effective internal controls related to the global business problem of occupational fraud. The leadership of an organization should assume a stewardship attitude to reduce fraud risk by designing, implementing, monitoring internal controls, and testing their effectiveness. Asset misappropriation from occupational fraud results in the loss of assets and potential business failure. The research questions explored the internal control procedures implemented to prevent and detect property theft. Additionally, the research questions addressed the strategies implemented to establish segregation of duties and testing of internal controls for effectiveness. The stewardship theory was utilized to understand the leader's responsibility to protect the assets. The fraud triangle theory was applied to evaluate if internal controls were designed to monitor each of the three components. Interviews of 25 participants involved with small city governments in the central United States were conducted, and coinciding city documents were reviewed. The researcher identified five themes as the result of coding the data collected. The findings included how the leadership failed to design internal controls to monitor the pressure and rationalization components of the fraud triangle theory, or test internal controls for effectiveness. The researcher also discovered the leaders’ have a stewardship attitude to protect the assets from misappropriation. The study was conducted to improve business practices based on Biblical precepts of exhibiting exceptional stewardship over God-given authority.
