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Steady State Flammable Gas Release Rate Calculation And Lower Flammability Level Evaluation For Hanford Tank Waste
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Book Synopsis Steady-state Flammable Gas Release Rate Calculation and Lower Flammability Level Evaluation for Hanford Tank Waste by :
Download or read book Steady-state Flammable Gas Release Rate Calculation and Lower Flammability Level Evaluation for Hanford Tank Waste written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis STEADY STATE FLAMMABLE GAS RELEASE RATE CALCULATION & LOWER FLAMMABILITY LEVEL EVALUATION FOR HANFORD TANK WASTE[SEC 1 & 2]. by :
Download or read book STEADY STATE FLAMMABLE GAS RELEASE RATE CALCULATION & LOWER FLAMMABILITY LEVEL EVALUATION FOR HANFORD TANK WASTE[SEC 1 & 2]. written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flammable gases such as hydrogen, ammonia, and methane are observed in the tank dome space of the Hanford Site high-level waste tanks. This report assesses the steady-state flammability level under normal and off-normal ventilation conditions in the tank dome space for 177 double-shell tanks and single-shell tanks at the Hanford Site. The steady-state flammability level was estimated from the gas concentration of the mixture in the dome space using estimated gas release rates, Le Chatelier's rule and lower flammability limits of fuels in an air mixture. A time-dependent equation of gas concentration, which is a function of the gas release and ventilation rates in the dome space, has been developed for both soluble and insoluble gases. With this dynamic model, the time required to reach the specified flammability level at a given ventilation condition can be calculated. In the evaluation, hydrogen generation rates can be calculated for a given tank waste composition and its physical condition (e.g., waste density, waste volume, temperature, etc.) using the empirical rate equation model provided in Empirical Rate Equation Model and Rate Calculations of Hydrogen Generation for Hanford Tank Waste, HNF-3851. The release rate of other insoluble gases and the mass transport properties of the soluble gas can be derived from the observed steady-state gas concentration under normal ventilation conditions. The off-normal ventilation rate is assumed to be natural barometric breathing only. A large body of data is required to do both the hydrogen generation rate calculation and the flammability level evaluation. For tank waste that does not have sample-based data, a statistical-based value from probability distribution regression was used based on data from tanks belonging to a similar waste group. This report (Revision 3) updates the input data of hydrogen generation rates calculation for 177 tanks using the waste composition information in the Best-Basis Inventory Detail Report in the Tank Waste Information Network System, and the waste temperature data in the Surveillance Analysis Computer System (SACS) (dated July 2003). However, the release rate of methane, ammonia, and nitrous oxide is based on the input data (dated October 1999) as stated in Revision 0 of this report. Scenarios for adding waste to existing waste levels (dated July 2003) have been studied to determine the gas generation rates and the effect of smaller dome space on the flammability limits to address the issues of routine water additions and other possible waste transfer operations. In the flammability evaluation with zero ventilation, the sensitivity to waste temperature and to water addition was calculated for double-shell tanks 241-AY-102, 241-AN-102,241-AZ-101,241-AN-107,241-AY-101 and 241-AZ-101. These six have the least margin to flammable conditions among 28 double-shell tanks.
Book Synopsis Steady-state Flammable Gas Release Rate Calculation and Lower Flammability Level Evaluation for Hanford Tank Waste by : Tachung A. Hu
Download or read book Steady-state Flammable Gas Release Rate Calculation and Lower Flammability Level Evaluation for Hanford Tank Waste written by Tachung A. Hu and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Flammable Gas Release Estimates for Modified Sluicing Retrieval of Waste from Selected Hanford Single-Shell Tanks by :
Download or read book Flammable Gas Release Estimates for Modified Sluicing Retrieval of Waste from Selected Hanford Single-Shell Tanks written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high-level radioactive wastes in many single-shell tanks (SSTs) at the Hanford Site are to be retrieved by a modified sluicing method that uses water jets to dissolve the water-soluble waste and mobilize the water-insoluble waste. Retrieval operations will liberate any waste gases trapped in the wetted solid waste matrix, and these gases will be released into the tank headspaces. Because the trapped gases include the flammable species hydrogen, methane, and ammonia, a concern exists that a flammable mixture could be formed in the tank headspaces. This report combines conservative retained gas inventory estimates and tank data with anticipated waste retrieval rates to estimate the potential headspace flammability of selected SSTs during modified sluicing waste retrieval operations. Considered here are nine of the 12 tanks from the 241-S tank farm (241-S-107, 241-S-111, and 241-S 112 are not considered) and Tank 241-U-107. This report is intended to support the specification of process controls that ensure flammable conditions do not develop in the tank headspaces. Consequently, the physical scenarios considered, the models developed to estimate retained gas releases and the tank headspace compositions under these scenarios, and the model input data are intended to conservatively assess the potential to reach headspace flammability. The analyses are intended to address worst-case conditions and establish reasonable upper bounds on the achievable flammability of the tank headspaces. Flammable retained gas inventories, for example, are based on the 95th percentile developed by Barker and Hedengren (2003), giving 95% confidence that actual inventories are smaller than those used in the calculations. Gas releases and headspace flammability were evaluated for three general scenarios: a very aggressive dissolution and erosion of saltcake waste by water jets impinging on the waste surface, the drainage of interstitial liquids from saltcake during a shutdown of the retrieval process, and the dissolution of saltcake by unsaturated liquids during a shutdown of the retrieval process. The simple model of waste retrieval using the modified sluicing approach indicated that the flammable gas headspace concentrations can rapidly approach the action level of 25% of the lower flammability limit (LFL) when the tank is passively ventilated. While it is not necessary to use the portable exhauster to maintain the headspace hydrogen concentration below this action level, retrieval rates would probably be limited by the slow removal of flammable gases by passive ventilation. It was determined that using a portable exhauster anywhere in the assumed operating range of 270 to 475 cfm would prevent the headspaces from reaching the 25% of LFL action level even if the water jets are very effective at eroding the saltcake. Specific guidelines are developed to ensure that, in the event of a catastrophic loss of the retrieval pump and portable exhauster, headspace flammability will not reach the LFL. This report is Revision 1 of PNNL-14271. This revision expands the analysis of interstitial liquid drainage-induced gas releases to address a general retrieval scenario (the previous version of this report assumed a center-out retrieval approach and conditions). Tank waste conditions (waste volumes, interstitial liquid levels, temperatures, retained gas void fractions, etc.) have also been updated from the previous version.
Book Synopsis Computational Modeling by Case Study by : Zachary del Rosario
Download or read book Computational Modeling by Case Study written by Zachary del Rosario and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2024-04-02 with total page 849 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematical models power the modern world; they allow us to design safe buildings, investigate changes to the climate, and study the transmission of diseases through a population. However, all models are uncertain: building contractors deviate from the planned design, humans impact the climate unpredictably, and diseases mutate and change. Modern advances in mathematics and statistics provide us with techniques to understand and quantify these sources of uncertainty, allowing us to predict and design with confidence. This book presents a comprehensive treatment of uncertainty: its conceptual nature, techniques to quantify uncertainty, and numerous examples to illustrate sound approaches. Several case studies are discussed in detail to demonstrate an end-to-end treatment of scientific modeling under uncertainty, including framing the problem, building and assessing a model, and answering meaningful questions. The book illustrates a computational approach with the Python package Grama, presenting fully reproducible examples that students and practitioners can quickly adapt to their own problems.
Book Synopsis Steady-state Flammability Evaluation for the Waste Level Increase to 460 Inches in 241-AP Tank Farms Tanks by : Tachung A. Hu
Download or read book Steady-state Flammability Evaluation for the Waste Level Increase to 460 Inches in 241-AP Tank Farms Tanks written by Tachung A. Hu and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Consilium privatum ad causam Lorentz Harms, sen. u. Autoris Intervenienten Und Lorentz Harms, jun. vorm. Pupillen Kläg. u. Intervenienten, contra Marien Harmsen, Bekl u. Interventin, itzo Peter Harmsen by :
Download or read book Consilium privatum ad causam Lorentz Harms, sen. u. Autoris Intervenienten Und Lorentz Harms, jun. vorm. Pupillen Kläg. u. Intervenienten, contra Marien Harmsen, Bekl u. Interventin, itzo Peter Harmsen written by and published by . This book was released on 1706 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Methodology for Flammable Gas Evaluations by :
Download or read book Methodology for Flammable Gas Evaluations written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are 177 radioactive waste storage tanks at the Hanford Site. The waste generates flammable gases. The waste releases gas continuously, but in some tanks the waste has shown a tendency to trap these flammable gases. When enough gas is trapped in a tank's waste matrix, it may be released in a way that renders part or all of the tank atmosphere flammable for a period of time. Tanks must be evaluated against previously defined criteria to determine whether they can present a flammable gas hazard. This document presents the methodology for evaluating tanks in two areas of concern in the tank headspace:steady-state flammable-gas concentration resulting from continuous release, and concentration resulting from an episodic gas release.
Book Synopsis Flammable Gas Tank Safety Program by :
Download or read book Flammable Gas Tank Safety Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flammable gases generated in radioactive liquids. Twenty-five high level radioactive liquid waste storage tanks located underground at the Hanford Site are on a Flammable Gas Watch List because they contain waste which tends to retain the gases generated in it until rather large quantities are available for sudden release to the tank head space; if a tank is full it has little dome space, and a flammable concentration of gases could be produced--even if the tank is ventilated. If the waste has no tendency to retain gas generated in it then a continual flammable gas concentration in the tank dome space is established by the gas production rate and the tank ventilation rate (or breathing rate for unventilated tanks); this is also a potential problem for Flammable Gas Watch List tanks, and perhaps other Hanford tanks too. All Flammable Gas Watch List tanks will be fitted with Standard Hydorgen Monitoring Systems so that their behavior can be observed. In some cases, such as tank 241-SY-101, the data gathered from such observations will indicate that tank conditions need to be mitigated so that gas release events are either eliminated or rendered harmless. For example, a mixer pump was installed in tank 241-SY-101; operating the pump stirs the waste, replacing the large gas release events with small releases of gas that are kept below twenty-five percent of the lower flammability limit by the ventilation system. The concentration of hydrogen measured in Hanford waste tanks is greater than that of any other flammable gas. Hydrogen levels measured with a Standard Hydrogen Monitoring System in excess of 0.6 volume percent will cause Westinghouse Hanford Company to consider actions which will decrease the amount of flammable gas in the tank.
Book Synopsis The Office of Environmental Management Technical Reports: A Bibliography by :
Download or read book The Office of Environmental Management Technical Reports: A Bibliography written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Office of Environmental Management's (EM) technical reports bibliography is an annual publication that contains information on scientific and technical reports sponsored by the Office of Environmental Management added to the Energy Science and Technology Database from July 1, 1994 through June 30, 1995. This information is divided into the following categories: Focus Areas, Cross-Cutting Programs, and Support Programs. In addition, a category for general information is included. EM's Office of Science and Technology sponsors this bibliography.
Book Synopsis Program Plan for Evaluation and Remediation of the Generation and Release of Flammable Gases in Hanford Site Waste Tanks by :
Download or read book Program Plan for Evaluation and Remediation of the Generation and Release of Flammable Gases in Hanford Site Waste Tanks written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This program plan describes the activities being conducted for the resolution of the flammable gas problem that is associated with 23 high-level waste tanks at the Hanford Site. The classification of the wastes in all of these tanks is not final and some wastes may not be high-level wastes. However, until the characterization and classification is complete, all the tanks are treated as if they contain high-level waste. Of the 23 tanks, Tank 241-SY-101 (referred to as Tank 101-SY) has exhibited significant episodic releases of flammable gases (hydrogen and nitrous oxide) for the past 10 years. The major near-term focus of this program is for the understanding and stabilization of this tank. An understanding of the mechanism for gas generation and the processes for the episodic release will be obtained through sampling of the tank contents, laboratory studies, and modeling of the tank behavior. Additional information will be obtained through new and upgraded instrumentation for the tank. A number of remediation, or stabilization, concepts will be evaluated for near-term (2 to 3 years) applications to Tank 101-SY. Detailed safety assessments are required for all activities that will occur in the tank (sampling, removal of equipment, and addition of new instruments). This program plan presents a discussion of each task, provides schedules for near-term activities, and gives a summary of the expected work for fiscal years 1991, 1992, and 1993. 16 refs., 7 figs., 8 tabs.
Book Synopsis Flammable Gas Release Estimates for Modified Sluicing Retrieval of Waste from Selected Hanford Single-shell Tanks by : James L. Huckaby
Download or read book Flammable Gas Release Estimates for Modified Sluicing Retrieval of Waste from Selected Hanford Single-shell Tanks written by James L. Huckaby and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Office of Environmental Management Technical Reports by :
Download or read book The Office of Environmental Management Technical Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Flammable Gas Issues in Double-contained Receiver Tanks. Revision 1 by :
Download or read book Flammable Gas Issues in Double-contained Receiver Tanks. Revision 1 written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Four double-contained receiver tanks (DCRTs) at Hanford will be used to store salt-well pumped liquids from tanks on the Flammable Gas Watch List. This document was created to serve as a technical basis or reference document for flammable gas issues in DCRTs. The document identifies, describes, evaluates, and attempts to quantify potential gas carryover and release mechanisms. It estimates several key parameters needed for these calculations, such as initial aqueous concentrations and ventilation rate, and evaluates the uncertainty in those estimates. It justifies the use of the Schumpe model for estimating vapor-liquid equilibrium constants. It identifies several potential waste compatibility issues (such as mixing and pH or temperature changes) that could lead to gas release and provides a basis for calculating their effects. It evaluates the potential for gas retention in precipitated solids within a DCRT and whether retention could lead to a buoyant displacement instability (rollover) event. It discusses rates of radiolytic, thermal, and corrosive hydrogen generation within the DCRT. It also describes in detail the accepted method of calculating the lower flammability limit (LFL) for mixtures of flammable gases.
Book Synopsis Overview of the Flammability of Gases Generated in Hanford Waste Tanks by :
Download or read book Overview of the Flammability of Gases Generated in Hanford Waste Tanks written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents an overview of what is known about the flammability of the gases generated and retained in Hanford waste tanks in terms of the gas composition, flammability and detonability limits of the gas constituents, and availability of ignition sources. The intrinsic flammability (or non-flammability) of waste gas mixtures is one major determinant of whether a flammable region develops in the tank headspace; other factors are the rate, surface area, and volume of the release and the tank ventilation rate, which are not covered in this report.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of High-level Nuclear Waste Tanks Having a Potential Flammable Gas Hazard by : G. D. Johnson
Download or read book Evaluation of High-level Nuclear Waste Tanks Having a Potential Flammable Gas Hazard written by G. D. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1990 the U.S. Dept. of Energy declared an unreviewed safety question as a result of the behavior of tank 241-SY-101. This tank exhibited episodic releases of flammable gases that on a couple of occasions exceeded the lower flammability limit of hydrogen in air. Over the past six years a considerable amount of knowledge has been gained about the chemical and physical processes that govern the behavior of tank 241-SY-101 and the other tanks associated with a potential flammable gas hazard. This paper presents and overview of the curent understanding of gas generation, retention, and release and covers the results of direct sampling of the tanks to determine the gas composition and the amount of stored gas.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Induced Gas Releases During Retrieval of Hanford Double-shell Tank Waste by : Beric E. Wells
Download or read book Analysis of Induced Gas Releases During Retrieval of Hanford Double-shell Tank Waste written by Beric E. Wells and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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