Statistical Modeling of Corrosion Failures in Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Statistical Modeling of Corrosion Failures in Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines by : Mustafa Murat Cobanoglu

Download or read book Statistical Modeling of Corrosion Failures in Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines written by Mustafa Murat Cobanoglu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural gas pipelines are a critical component of the U.S. energy infrastructure. The safety of these pipelines plays a key role for the gas industry. Therefore, the understanding of failure characteristics and their consequences are very important for designing future operations, operating expenditure, and maintenance decisions. The oil and gas industry spends billions of dollars annually for the corrosion-related cost of the transmission pipelines, the costs which increases due to aging and deterioration processes in pipeline networks. Therefore, pipeline operators need to rethink their corrosion prevention strategies. These results of corrosion failures are forcing the companies to develop accurate maintenance models based on failure frequency. Statistical methods for modeling pipeline failures and proper maintenance decisions play a key role in future safety of lines, to reduce the rate of occurrence of failures, and the cost-effective operation of pipelines. This thesis is focused on two challenges. The first challenge is to estimate the failure rate of natural gas transmission pipeline networks from the previous incidents' data in the United States. A specific objective of this part is to determine the characterization of the failure modes of the transmission pipelines, and to develop the statistical models based on the reliability of a repairable system. The second challenge is to develop the optimal preventive replacement actions by using well-developed optimization models. The objective of the second part is to choose appropriate maintenance policies based on the statistical models and to find the optimal maintenance policies. In this thesis, two of the most commonly applied stochastic models, which are the homogeneous Poisson process and the power law process, are used for the estimation of the failure rate. The point and interval estimators of the failure intensity function are provided and the accuracy of the stochastic models is tested for each determined failure mode. Finally, appropriate maintenance models will be presented for planning preventive maintenance and replacement activities for a repairable and maintainable system. It is assumed that pipeline systems could be restored to operation requirements by some minimal repair process instead of replacement after each failure. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152566

Bayesian Network Modeling of Corrosion

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031561287
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Bayesian Network Modeling of Corrosion by : Narasi Sridhar

Download or read book Bayesian Network Modeling of Corrosion written by Narasi Sridhar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Statistical Analyses of Historical Pipeline Incident Data with Application to the Risk Assessment of Onshore Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Statistical Analyses of Historical Pipeline Incident Data with Application to the Risk Assessment of Onshore Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines by : Chio Lam

Download or read book Statistical Analyses of Historical Pipeline Incident Data with Application to the Risk Assessment of Onshore Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines written by Chio Lam and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Statistical analyses of the pipe-related incident data for onshore gas transmission pipelines between 2002 and 2013 collected by the Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) are conducted. It is found that the total length of the onshore gas transmission pipelines in the US is approximately 480,000 km as of 2013. The third-party interference, external corrosion, material failure and internal corrosion are the leading causes for the pipe-related incidents, responsible for over 75% of the total incidents between 2002 and 2013. Based on the pipeline mileage and incident data, the average rate of rupture incidents over the 12-year period between 2002 and 2013 is calculated to be 3.1 × 10-5 per km per year. Furthermore, external corrosion is found to be the leading cause for rupture incidents, with a corresponding rupture rate of 1.0 × 10-5 per km per year. A log-logistic model is developed to evaluate the probability of ignition (POI) given a rupture of an onshore gas transmission pipeline using the maximum likelihood method based on a total of 188 rupture incidents between 2002 and 2014 collected from the PHMSA pipeline incident database. The product of the pipeline internal pressure at the time of incident and outside diameter squared is observed to be strongly correlated to POI while the location class of the pipeline is not, and thus the former is adopted as the sole predictor in the model. The 95% confidence interval is evaluated, and for practical engineering use, the 95% upper confidence bound is tabulated in a look-up table. The proposed model is further validated using an independent dataset reported in the literature. The quantitative risk assessment of a hypothetical onshore gas transmission pipelines is illustrated by incorporating the statistics of the pipeline rupture incidents and POI model obtained in the present study. The thermal radiation hazards resulting from an ignited rupture of the pipeline are quantified using the well-known C-FER model. The heat intensity thresholds leading to fatality and injury for both the outdoor and indoor exposure conditions are selected from the literature. The societal risk is then evaluated in terms of the expected number of casualties and F-N curve for the population located in the vicinity of the pipeline, whereas the individual risk is calculated as the annual probability of casualty of a specific individual located in the vicinity of the pipeline. The F-N curve is evaluated for each one kilometer section of the pipeline such that the section corresponding to the most critical F-N curve is identified.

The Effect of Corrosion Defects on the Failure of Oil and Gas Transmission Pipelines

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Corrosion Defects on the Failure of Oil and Gas Transmission Pipelines by : Jennet Orasheva

Download or read book The Effect of Corrosion Defects on the Failure of Oil and Gas Transmission Pipelines written by Jennet Orasheva and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Underground Pipeline Corrosion

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857099264
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis Underground Pipeline Corrosion by : Mark Orazem

Download or read book Underground Pipeline Corrosion written by Mark Orazem and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-02-17 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Underground pipelines transporting liquid petroleum products and natural gas are critical components of civil infrastructure, making corrosion prevention an essential part of asset-protection strategy. Underground Pipeline Corrosion provides a basic understanding of the problems associated with corrosion detection and mitigation, and of the state of the art in corrosion prevention. The topics covered in part one include: basic principles for corrosion in underground pipelines, AC-induced corrosion of underground pipelines, significance of corrosion in onshore oil and gas pipelines, numerical simulations for cathodic protection of pipelines, and use of corrosion inhibitors in managing corrosion in underground pipelines. The methods described in part two for detecting corrosion in underground pipelines include: magnetic flux leakage, close interval potential surveys (CIS/CIPS), Pearson surveys, in-line inspection, and use of both electrochemical and optical probes. While the emphasis is on pipelines transporting fossil fuels, the concepts apply as well to metallic pipes for delivery of water and other liquids. Underground Pipeline Corrosion is a comprehensive resource for corrosion, materials, chemical, petroleum, and civil engineers constructing or managing both onshore and offshore pipeline assets; professionals in steel and coating companies; and academic researchers and professors with an interest in corrosion and pipeline engineering. - Reviews the causes and considers the detection and prevention of corrosion to underground pipes - Addresses a lack of current, readily available information on the subject - Case studies demonstrate how corrosion is managed in the underground pipeline industry

Preference Disaggregation in Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319905996
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Preference Disaggregation in Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis by : Nikolaos Matsatsinis

Download or read book Preference Disaggregation in Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis written by Nikolaos Matsatsinis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-29 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the main principles of preference disaggregation analysis and covers theoretical advances in preference modelling, group decision making, classification methods, robustness analysis, process mining, and decision support systems. In addition, it highlights several applications of the preference disaggregation analysis in a wide range of areas, such as customer satisfaction analysis, consumer behavior, energy and environmental policy, strategy development, and agricultural marketing. This book was published in honor of Yannis Siskos on the occasion of his retirement from the University of Piraeus, Greece. It offers a unique snapshot of the preference disaggregation philosophy in multiple criteria decision analysis and presents a range of research ideas, many of which were significantly influenced by Professor Siskos work.

Statistical Analysis of Soil Characteristics to Predict Mean Time to Corrosion Failure of Underground Metallic Structures

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Statistical Analysis of Soil Characteristics to Predict Mean Time to Corrosion Failure of Underground Metallic Structures by : JB. Bushman

Download or read book Statistical Analysis of Soil Characteristics to Predict Mean Time to Corrosion Failure of Underground Metallic Structures written by JB. Bushman and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In past years, the corrosion engineer has not been able to assess the influences of various soil characteristics on the rate of corrosion of buried ferrous metal structures. In 1979, the application of multivariate statistical analysis techniques to evaluate a broad range of measurements of soil and structure data was first used successfully to predict a mean time to corrosion failure (MTCF) for underground storage tank systems (USTSs). More recently, similar procedures have been developed to determine the MTCF for discrete sections of cast iron water pipelines (CIWPs). This paper will summarize the methodologies used to predict MTCF of both USTSs and CIWPs. It is anticipated that these methodologies may be more broadly applied to other buried metal structures, including oil and gas transmission and distribution systems, steel-reinforced concrete pipelines, etc.

Numerical Failure Pressure Prediction of Crack-in-corrosion Defects in Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (827 download)

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Book Synopsis Numerical Failure Pressure Prediction of Crack-in-corrosion Defects in Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines by : Badr Bedairi

Download or read book Numerical Failure Pressure Prediction of Crack-in-corrosion Defects in Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines written by Badr Bedairi and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this study was to use the finite element method to model crack, corrosion, and Crack-in-Corrosion defects in a pipeline.

Corrosion Tests and Standards

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Publisher : ASTM International
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 887 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Corrosion Tests and Standards by : Robert Baboian

Download or read book Corrosion Tests and Standards written by Robert Baboian and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2005 with total page 887 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Computational and Statistical Methods in Intelligent Systems

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 303000211X
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational and Statistical Methods in Intelligent Systems by : Radek Silhavy

Download or read book Computational and Statistical Methods in Intelligent Systems written by Radek Silhavy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-29 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents real-world problems and pioneering research in computational statistics, mathematical modeling, artificial intelligence and software engineering in the context of intelligent systems. It gathers the peer-reviewed proceedings of the 2nd Computational Methods in Systems and Software 2018 (CoMeSySo 2018), a conference that broke down traditional barriers by being held online. The goal of the event was to provide an international forum for discussing the latest high-quality research results.

Failure Prediction and Availability-based Maintenance Planning of Gas Transmission Pipelines

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Failure Prediction and Availability-based Maintenance Planning of Gas Transmission Pipelines by : Kimiya Zakikhani

Download or read book Failure Prediction and Availability-based Maintenance Planning of Gas Transmission Pipelines written by Kimiya Zakikhani and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the most frequent failure source, external corrosion has led to more than 1700 failures in gas transmission pipelines in US since 1996, causing a property damage of approximately $189M. Such numbers highlight the importance of maintaining gas transmission pipelines in safe conditions to postpone corrosion failures. As the most widely applied method of corrosion monitoring technique, in-line inspection is expensive and time-consuming due to requiring high frequencies. On the other hand, the recent efforts directed towards developing failure prediction or maintenance planning models for oil and gas pipelines seem to have some limitations. As such, most of the failure prediction models are based on limited number of inspection or historical records or are limited in application due to their subjectivity. Furthermore, in the domain of maintenance planning, the current procedures are merely based on considering the associated costs and safety thresholds in the decision-making process. Such methodologies do not address the importance of pipeline availability and continuation of operation as a critical asset in the selection of the maintenance strategy. This research has two main objectives. As the first objective, the proposed research aims to develop historical data-based failure prediction models for gas transmission pipelines by considering geo-environmental features. As the second objective, this research aims to propose a reliability-centered availability-based maintenance planning framework that considers the criticality of pipeline operation. For these objectives, a detailed literature review was carried out on current methodologies to predict failures in oil and gas pipelines and maintain them. As the most important limitations, current failure prediction models do not consider geographical and environmental properties of pipelines to predict failures. On the other hand, in maintenance planning scope, none of current practices highlight importance of pipeline operation and availability in making the proper decision. In addition, these methodologies are often subjective, i.e. they are merely applicable to limited pipelines. To overcome these limitations the mentioned objectives of this research were defined and failure and maintenance data were collected from accessible historical records and reports. The failure prediction models were developed from best-subset and multiple regression analyses on the historical failure data and were then validated. On the other hand, the maintenance planning framework was developed from a coupled cost and availability-based maintenance planning procedure on different maintenance scenarios. For each scenario, a discrete event simulation was carried out through MATLAB programming. Such simulation was performed on the pipeline reliability profile obtained from a Monte Carlo simulation and consideration of improvement in availability per unit cost as the decision criteria. Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to consider wide range of design parameters for development of the reliability profile. The developed failure prediction models were able to satisfactory predict time of corrosion failures in gas transmission pipelines for Great Plains and South East Regions of the U.S. These models were validated with mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.12 and 0.04, for Great Plains, and 0.11 and 0.07, for South East regional classifications, respectively. The proposed maintenance planning framework reveals that for a case study of a 24-inch pipeline, considering an availability-cost indicator, the second maintenance scenario, with interventions at the service life of 30.1 and 40.5 years is more effective. This order is followed by the first scenario with interventions at service life of 33.3 and 42.2 years, and finally the third scenario with intervention at service life of 24.2 years, respectively. The developed failure prediction models can assist decision makers and pipeline operators to predict the expected time of corrosion failure in gas transmission pipelines in the selected regions by considering geo-environmental and pipeline design parameters. In addition, for maintenance planning of oil and gas pipelines, this research proposes a novel methodology that considers oil and gas pipelines as critical assets for which continued operation is of high importance. Such consideration provides a compensation between the costs incurred and pipeline availability to avoid over/under maintenance.

Assessment of Soil Corrosion in Underground Pipelines Via Statistical Inference

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (984 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of Soil Corrosion in Underground Pipelines Via Statistical Inference by : Ayako Yajima

Download or read book Assessment of Soil Corrosion in Underground Pipelines Via Statistical Inference written by Ayako Yajima and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the oil industry, underground pipelines are the most preferred means of transporting a large amount of liquid product. However, a considerable number of unforeseen incidents due to corrosion failure are reported each year. Since corrosion in underground pipelines is caused by physicochemical interactions between the material (steel pipeline) and the environment (soil), the assessment of soil as a corrosive environment is indispensable. Because of the complex characteristics of soil as a corrosion precursor influencing the dissolution process, soil cannot be explained fully by conventional semi-empirical methodologies defined in controlled settings. The uncertainties inherited from the dynamic and heterogeneous underground environment should be considered.Therefore, this work presents the unification of direct assessment of soil and in-line inspection (ILI) with a probabilistic model to categorize soil corrosion. To pursue this task, we employed a model-based clustering analysis via Gaussian mixture models. The analysis was performed on data collected from southeastern Mexico. The clustering approach helps to prioritize areas to be inspected in terms of underground conditions and can improve repair decision making beyond what is offered by current assessment methodologies. This study also addresses two important issues related to in-situ data: missing data and truncated data. The typical approaches for treating missing data utilized in civil engineering are ad hoc methods. However, these conventional approaches may cause several critical problems such as biased estimates, artificially reduced variance, and loss of statistical power. Therefore, this study presents a variant of EM algorithms called Informative EM (IEM) to perform clustering analysis without filling in missing values prior to the analysis. This model-based method introduces additional cluster-specific Bernoulli parameters to exploit the nonuniformity of the frequency of missing values across clusters.In-line inspection tools (ILI) are commonly used for pipeline defect detection and characterization with advanced technologies such as magnetic flux leakage (MFL) and ultrasonic tools (UT). Each technology has its limitation for minimum detectable defect size. As a result, the data measured by different technologies are difficult to compare under the same modeling framework. In the present study, this problem will be addressed, considering two datasets measured by MFL and UT. Moreover, a truncated generalized exponential (TGE) distribution is introduced to describe the observed data. The non-informative Jeffreys' prior is used to establish the Bayesian updating algorithm, and the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is adopted to estimate the posterior distribution of model.

Diagnostics and Reliability of Pipeline Systems

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319253077
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnostics and Reliability of Pipeline Systems by : Sviatoslav Timashev

Download or read book Diagnostics and Reliability of Pipeline Systems written by Sviatoslav Timashev and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-17 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book contains solutions to fundamental problems which arise due to the logic of development of specific branches of science, which are related to pipeline safety, but mainly are subordinate to the needs of pipeline transportation. The book deploys important but not yet solved aspects of reliability and safety assurance of pipeline systems, which are vital aspects not only for the oil and gas industry and, in general, fuel and energy industries , but also to virtually all contemporary industries and technologies. The volume will be useful to specialists and experts in the field of diagnostics/ inspection, monitoring, reliability and safety of critical infrastructures. First and foremost, it will be useful to the decision making persons —operators of different types of pipelines, pipeline diagnostics/inspection vendors, and designers of in-line –inspection (ILI) tools, industrial and ecological safety specialists, as well as to researchers and graduate students.

Predicting Corrosion on Protected Buried Steel Natural Gas Distribution Pipelines

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (958 download)

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Book Synopsis Predicting Corrosion on Protected Buried Steel Natural Gas Distribution Pipelines by : Lillian Ruth Meyer

Download or read book Predicting Corrosion on Protected Buried Steel Natural Gas Distribution Pipelines written by Lillian Ruth Meyer and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PG&E uses cathodic protection, which connects the pipeline to sacrificial anodes that corrode instead of the pipeline, to prevent corrosion on its buried steel natural gas pipelines. However, corrosion leaks still occur. This thesis focuses on whether corrosion leaks can be predicted on steel distribution natural gas pipeline that is cathodically protected. By proactively understanding where leaks are most likely to occur rather than examining past leak performance, PG&E can better optimize its resources to reduce the risk of corrosion on its pipeline. We introduced logistic regression to model whether or not a corrosion leak will occur in a cathodic protection area, a one to ten mile length of pipe that uses the same corrosion control equipment. Two different types of data were available: data that are relatively static and data that are relatively dynamic with respect to time. We built two different sets of logistic regression models to examine two questions: (1) if data from one area can be used to predict where corrosion leaks will occur in another area; and (2) if data from one year can be used to predict where corrosion leaks will occur during the following year. The models for both questions use cross-validation to test the influence on model accuracy of the in-sample and out-of-sample data sets. The first model addresses the first question by using pipe characteristic and soil data with a mean average percentage error ranging from 35% to 96%. The significant factors in a given cathodic protection area (CPA) that consistently drive the model include: length of steel main pipe; percent of steel main pipe designated as low pressure; the average moist bulk density of the soil; the variation of soil pH; average clay content in the soil; variation of clay content in the soil; and the average saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The second model addresses the second question by using the previous year's routine maintenance and weather data with a mean average percentage error ranging from 40% to 81%. The significant factors in a given CPA that consistently drive the model include: the length of steel main pipe and average temperature.

Introduction to Environmental Forensics

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124047076
Total Pages : 747 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Environmental Forensics by : Brian L. Murphy

Download or read book Introduction to Environmental Forensics written by Brian L. Murphy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-07-30 with total page 747 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of Introduction to Environmental Forensics is a state-of-the-art reference for the practicing environmental forensics consultant, regulator, student, academic, and scientist, with topics including compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), advanced multivariate statistical techniques, surrogate approaches for contaminant source identification and age dating, dendroecology, hydrofracking, releases from underground storage tanks and piping, and contaminant-transport modeling for forensic applications. Recognized international forensic scientists were selected to author chapters in their specific areas of expertise and case studies are included to illustrate the application of these methods in actual environmental forensic investigations. This edition provides updates on advances in various techniques and introduces several new topics. - Provides a comprehensive review of all aspects of environmental forensics - Coverage ranges from emerging statistical methods to state-of-the-art analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and polytopic vector analysis - Numerous examples and case studies are provided to illustrate the application of these forensic techniques in environmental investigations

Reliability and Maintainability of In-Service Pipelines

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Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128135794
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Reliability and Maintainability of In-Service Pipelines by : Mojtaba Mahmoodian

Download or read book Reliability and Maintainability of In-Service Pipelines written by Mojtaba Mahmoodian and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reliability and Maintainability of In-Service Pipelines helps engineers understand the best structural analysis methods and more accurately predict the life of their pipeline assets. Expanded to cover real case studies from oil and gas, sewer and water pipes, this reference also explains inline inspection and how the practice influences reliability analysis, along with various reliability models beyond the well-known Monte Carlo method. Encompassing both numerical and analytical methods in structural reliability analysis, this book gives engineers a stronger point of reference covering both pipeline maintenance and monitoring techniques in a single resource. - Provides tactics on cost-effective pipeline integrity management decisions and strategy for a variety of different pipes - Presents readers with rational tools for strengthening and rehabing existing pipelines - Teaches how to optimize materials selection and design parameters for designing future pipelines with a longer service life

Proceedings of the 1st Annual Gas Processing Symposium

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080932975
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 1st Annual Gas Processing Symposium by : Hassan E. Alfadala

Download or read book Proceedings of the 1st Annual Gas Processing Symposium written by Hassan E. Alfadala and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-11-26 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the cleanest source of fossil energy with the most advantageous CO2 footprint, natural gas continues to increase its share in the global energy market. This book provides state-of-the-art contributions in the area of gas processing. Special emphasis is given to Liquified Natural Gas (LNG); the book also covers the following gas processing applications in parallel sessions:* Natural Gas processing and treatment * Gas To Power and water* Gas To Liquid (GTL)* Gas To Petrochemicals, including olefins, ammonia and methanol* Provides a state-of-the-art review of gas processing technologies* Covers design, operating tools, and methodologies* Includes case studies and practical applications