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Stardust From Meteorites An Introduction To Presolar Grains
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Book Synopsis Stardust from Meteorites by : Maria Lugaro
Download or read book Stardust from Meteorites written by Maria Lugaro and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of presolar meteoritic grains is a new inter-disciplinary field that brings together topics from nuclear physics to astronomy and chemistry. Traditionally, most of the information about the cosmos has been gathered by observing light through telescopes. However, with the recent discovery that some dust grains extracted from primitive meteorites were produced in stellar environments, we now have the opportunity to gather information about stars and our Galaxy from the laboratory analysis of tiny pieces of stardust. Stellar grains represent a unique and fascinating subject of study. Their analysis is a breakthrough in research on stellar nucleosynthesis and the origin of the elements. While a number of specialized reviews exist on the topic, this book is the first work that brings together in a unified and accessible manner the background knowledge necessary for the study of presolar grains together with up-to-date discoveries in the field. The book includes exercise questions and answers, an extensive glossary for easy reference, and more than 40 figures and tables OCo from schematic diagrams to electron microscope images and graphs of results from stellar grain measurements and theoretical stellar models."
Book Synopsis Stardust From Meteorites: An Introduction To Presolar Grains by : Maria Lugaro
Download or read book Stardust From Meteorites: An Introduction To Presolar Grains written by Maria Lugaro and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005-09-19 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of presolar meteoritic grains is a new inter-disciplinary field that brings together topics from nuclear physics to astronomy and chemistry. Traditionally, most of the information about the cosmos has been gathered by observing light through telescopes. However, with the recent discovery that some dust grains extracted from primitive meteorites were produced in stellar environments, we now have the opportunity to gather information about stars and our Galaxy from the laboratory analysis of tiny pieces of stardust. Stellar grains represent a unique and fascinating subject of study. Their analysis is a breakthrough in research on stellar nucleosynthesis and the origin of the elements.While a number of specialized reviews exist on the topic, this book is the first work that brings together in a unified and accessible manner the background knowledge necessary for the study of presolar grains together with up-to-date discoveries in the field.The book includes exercise questions and answers, an extensive glossary for easy reference, and more than 40 figures and tables — from schematic diagrams to electron microscope images and graphs of results from stellar grain measurements and theoretical stellar models.
Book Synopsis Stardust in Primitive Astromaterials by : Pierre Haenecour
Download or read book Stardust in Primitive Astromaterials written by Pierre Haenecour and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed within the fine-grained material of primitive astromaterials (e.g., meteorites, micrometeorites (MMs) and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs)) are tiny presolar grains, which are remnants of the original material from which the Solar System formed. These presolar grains are (sub- )micrometer-size carbonaceous (e.g., nanodiamonds, SiC, graphites) and oxygen-rich (e.g., oxides, silicates) condensates that formed in circumstellar envelopes or in the ejecta of stellar explosions. The study of presolar grains opened a new field in astronomy, astrophysics and cosmochemistry, allowing the direct in situ study of individual stars and providing ground-truth information on stellar evolution, nucleosynthesis of the elements, and grain condensation in circumstellar envelopes, as well as on the secondary processing of fine-grained material in the solar nebula and on their parent-body asteroids. In this dissertation, I focus on combining the identification and characterization of presolar grains in the most primitive carbonaceous chondrites and fine-grained Antarctic MMs with coordinated in-situ chemical and structural analyses of fine-grained materials in these same samples. In Chapter 1, I introduce the research objectives of the dissertation and provide some basic information on the classification, composition and formation model(s) of unequilibrated extraterrestrial material, in particular primitive meteorites and micrometeorites. I also briefly introduce each of the main types of presolar grains. While each chapter includes a sample and methods section, I also provide here a general description of all the samples and experimental methods used in this dissertation. Chapter 2 provides a detailed review of the isotopic and elemental compositions, mineralogies, and abundances of presolar silicate grains in meteorites, micrometeorites and interplanetary dust particles. In Chapters 3 and 4, I focus on the compositions of the building blocks of our Solar System and their origin(s) in presolar circumstellar environments or stellar ejecta. In Chapter 3, I report the discovery of two supernova silica (SiO2) grains in the carbonaceous chondrites LAP 031117 (CO3.0) and GRV 021710 (CR2). The two grains are characterized by moderate enrichments in 18O relative to solar, indicating that they originated in core collapse (Type II) supernovae, providing definitive evidence of the condensation of silica dust in supernova ejecta. In Chapter 4, I report on the identification of two unique presolar graphite grains. One of the grains (LAP-141) is characterized by an enrichment in 12C and depletions in 33,34S, and contains a small iron sulfide subgrain, representing the first unambiguous identification of presolar iron sulfide. The other grain (LAP-149) is extremely 13C-rich and 15N-poor (12C/13C = 1.41 ± 0.01 and 14N/15N = 941 ± 81). Comparison of its isotopic compositions (C, N, Si & S) with new stellar nucleosynthesis and dust condensation models indicates an origin in the ejecta of a 0.6M CO nova and it is the first putative nova grain that quantatively best matches the predictions from nova models, providing the first strong evidence that graphite grains condense in nova ejecta. In Chapters 5 and 6, I investigate the accretion and secondary processing of fine-grained material in the early Solar System history. In Chapter 5, I compare presolar grain abundances, elemental compositions, and mineralogies in the matrix and individual fine-grained chondrule rims (FGRs) of the unequilibrated ('primitive') CO3.0 chondrites LAP 031117, ALHA77307 and DOM 08006. This study shows systematically lower abundances of presolar silicate-oxide grains in the FGRs than in the matrix of CO3.0 chondrites, likely reflecting pre-accretionary aqueous alteration of the rims in the solar nebula. In addition to the systematic differences in O-anomalous grain abundances, uniform porosity in both matrix and FGRs, and the identification of a composite FGR (a small rimmed chondrule within a larger FGR), provide strong evidence for a nebular origin of the FGRs in CO3 chondrites by dust accretion onto freely floating chondrules in the solar nebula, before assembly into their parent bodies. In Chapter 6, I examine the presolar grain abundances and distribution of supernova grains in fine-grained micrometeorites (MMs). This study shows that O- and C-anomalous grain abundances in MMs are similar to those in primitive meteorites, but are significantly lower than abundances observed in primitive IDPs. The data also show a higher proportion of 18O-rich oxide and silicate grains (Group 4) and extremely 13C-rich SiC grains (12C/13C d"10) in micrometeorites (27 ± 6% and 16 ± 8%, respectively) than in chondrites (~10% and
Book Synopsis Origin and Evolution of the Elements: Volume 4, Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series by : Andrew McWilliam
Download or read book Origin and Evolution of the Elements: Volume 4, Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series written by Andrew McWilliam and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-09-23 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Carnegie volume discusses the origin and evolution of elements in our galaxy and others.
Book Synopsis Astrophysics with Radioactive Isotopes by : Roland Diehl
Download or read book Astrophysics with Radioactive Isotopes written by Roland Diehl and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 679 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dealing with astrophysics derived from the radiation emitted by radioactive atomic nuclei, this book describes the different methods used to measure cosmic radio-isotopes. It demonstrates how this astronomical window has contributed to the understanding of the sources and the chemical evolution of cosmic gas. Reference materials and explanations are included for students in advanced stages of their education. Nuclear reactions in different sites across the universe lead to the production of stable and unstable nuclei. Their abundances can be measured through different methods, allowing to study the various nuclear processes taking place in cosmic environments. Nucleosynthesis is the cosmic formation of new nuclear species, starting from hydrogen and helium resulting from the big bang origins. Stars create and eject synthesized nuclei during their evolution and explosions. Incorporation of the new interstellar composition into next-generation stars characterises the compositional (chemical) evolution of cosmic gas in and between galaxies. Radioactive species have unique messages about how this occurs. Since the first Edition of this book published in 2011 with the title Astronomy with Radioactivities, long-awaited new direct observations of supernova radioactivity have been made and are now addressed in two updated chapters dealing with supernovae. In this second Edition, the advances of recent years beyond one-dimensional treatments of stellar structure and stellar explosions towards 3-dimensional models have been included, and led to significant re-writings in Chapters 3-5. The sections on the Solar System origins have been re-written to account for new insights into the evolution of giant molecular clouds. The chapter on diffuse radioactivities now also includes material measurements of radioactivities in the current solar system, and their interpretations for recent nucleosynthesis activity in our Galaxy. Significant new results on gamma-rays from positron annihilations have been accounted for in that chapter, and led to new links with nucleosynthesis sources as well as interstellar transport processes. A new chapter now provides a description of interstellar processes often called 'chemical evolution', thus linking the creation of new nuclei to their abundance observations in gas and stars. The experimental / instrumental chapters on nuclear reaction measurements, on gamma-ray telescopes, and pre-solar grain laboratories have been updated. Moreover, new windows of astronomy that have been opened up in recent years have been included in the discussions of the multi-messenger approach that broadens the basis for astrophysical insights.
Book Synopsis Astronomy with Radioactivities by : Roland Diehl
Download or read book Astronomy with Radioactivities written by Roland Diehl and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-02 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the reader to the field of nuclear astrophysics, i.e. the acquisition and reading of measurements on unstable isotopes in different parts of the universe. The authors explain the role of radioactivities in astrophysics, discuss specific sources of cosmic isotopes and in which special regions they can be observed. More specifically, the authors address stars of different types, stellar explosions which terminate stellar evolutions, and other explosions triggered by mass transfers and instabilities in binary stars. They also address nuclear reactions and transport processes in interstellar space, in the contexts of cosmic rays and of chemical evolution. A special chapter is dedicated to the solar system which even provides material samples. The book also contains a description of key tools which astrophysicists employ in those particular studies and a glossary of key terms in astronomy with radioactivities.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Advanced Ceramics by : Branko Matović
Download or read book Handbook of Advanced Ceramics written by Branko Matović and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-04-11 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EPSL Frontiers written by A. Halliday and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-02-09 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new section of short reviews called 'Frontiers' was introduced within the Elsevier journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters (EPSL) in 2002 under the Editorship of Alex Halliday from ETH Zurich, Switzerland. These high profile Frontiers articles are written by leading experts and published as the opening pages to regular issues of EPSL. The reason for this development is that the Editors of EPSL believe there is an important niche to be filled with fast communications that bring the scientific community up-to-speed on interesting new areas of science. Frontiers articles are therefore specifically intended for the non-specialist earth and planetary science readership. In order to reach a broader readership, those without subscriptions to the journal, Frontiers articles will now also be published in a new book series, the EPSL Frontiers series. Volume 1 will contain all 2002 and 2003 Frontiers articles. Future volumes will contain one year of articles each.
Book Synopsis Ultrananocrystalline Diamond by : Olga A. Shenderova
Download or read book Ultrananocrystalline Diamond written by Olga A. Shenderova and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2006-08-10 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrananocrystalline Diamond: Syntheses, Properties, and Applications is a unique practical reference handbook that brings together the basic science of nanoscale carbon structures, particularly its diamond phase, with detailed information on nanodiamond synthesis, properties, and applications. Here you will learn about UNCD in its two forms, as a dispersed powder made by detonation techniques and as a chemical vapor deposited film. You will also learn about the superior mechanical, tribological, transport, electrochemical, and electron emission properties of UNCD for a wide range of applications including MEMS, NEMS, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, electrochemical sensors, coatings for field emission arrays, photonic and RF switching, biosensors, and neural prostheses, and more. This ôEverything about Ultra-nanocrystalline Diamondö book with 16 chapters is written by leading experts worldwide. It is for everyone who researches carbon nanostructures, everyone who produces them, everyone who characterizes them, and everyone who builds devices using them.
Book Synopsis Principles and Perspectives in Cosmochemistry by : Aruna Goswami
Download or read book Principles and Perspectives in Cosmochemistry written by Aruna Goswami and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-19 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fundamental question in contemporary astrophysics is the origin of the elements. Cosmochemistry seeks to answer when, how and where the chemical elements arose. Quantitative answers to these fundamental questions require a multi-disciplinary approach involving stellar evolution, explosive nucleosynthesis and nuclear reactions in different astrophysical environments. There remain, however, many outstanding problems and cosmochemistry remains a fertile area of research. This book is among the first in recent times to put together the essentials of cosmochemistry, combining contributions from leading astrophysicists in the field. The chapters have been organized to provide a clear description of the fundamentals, an introduction to modern techniques such as computational modelling, and glimpses of outstanding issues.
Book Synopsis Rotation and Accretion Powered Pulsars by : Pranab Ghosh
Download or read book Rotation and Accretion Powered Pulsars written by Pranab Ghosh and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2007 with total page 793 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an introduction to pulsars, a key area in high energy astrophysics with continuing potential for fundamental discoveries. Throughout the book runs the unifying thread of the evolutionary link between rotation-powered pulsars and accretion-powered pulsars OCo a milestone of modern astrophysics. Early textbooks on pulsars dealt almost entirely with rotation-powered ones, while accounts of pulsars in volumes on X-ray binaries focused almost exclusively on accretion-powered ones. This is the first textbook to treat these two kinds of pulsars simultaneously with equal importance, stressing the fact that both are rotating, magnetic neutron stars, operating under different conditions during different parts of their lives. It describes the observational properties of both kinds of pulsars, summarizes our physical understanding of these properties, and pays detailed attention to the physics of superdense matter which neutron stars are composed of, as well as to the superfluidity which is expected to occur in neutron stars. Evolution from rotation-power to accretion-power, and vice versa, are carefully described. The effects of the strong magnetic fields of neutron stars on themselves, their emission properties, and their environments are discussed, as are the origin and evolution of such magnetic fields. Also treated is the superbly accurate verification of Einstein''s theory of general relativity through timing studies of binary pulsars, which led to the award of the Nobel Prize to Hulse and Taylor in 1993. On each topic, the book starts with simple, basic physical concepts, and builds up the exposition to the point where the latest and most exciting developments become accessible to the reader."
Book Synopsis Find A Hotter Place!: A History Of Nuclear Astrophysics by : Ludwik M Celnikier
Download or read book Find A Hotter Place!: A History Of Nuclear Astrophysics written by Ludwik M Celnikier and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2006-03-27 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Find a hotter place! is the insightful story of the tortured path that led to our current understanding of how the elements in the Universe came to be. This is a story which began in Greek Antiquity, with the first musings on the nature of matter and the void, and continues today with ever more refined analyses involving virtually every aspect of 20th century physics, astronomy, cosmology and information technology. Identifying the source of stellar energy, probing the earliest instants of the Universe, and discovering of how and where each element was made are some of the outstanding success stories of the 20th century, but have received little attention beyond the specialized literature.The year 2007 marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of one of the key papers on stellar nucleosynthesis, universally referred to as the B2FH paper. This book is a timely survey of how a new discipline — nuclear astrophysics — was born, and how it has matured. Almost completely non-technical, the book remains scientifically rigorous, and thereby fills an important gap.Science is not a linear process, as the ill-named “scientific method” might suggest to the unwary. The author emphasizes the meanders, the dead ends and the obsessive dogmas which have guided researchers through the 20th century. He also makes it clear that our understanding of where the elements come from has come through discoveries in diverse, not necessarily related, disciplines.
Book Synopsis Physics Of Comets (3rd Edition) by : K S Krishna Swamy
Download or read book Physics Of Comets (3rd Edition) written by K S Krishna Swamy and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2010-08-26 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition places a unique emphasis on all the new results from ground-based, satellites and space missions — detection of molecule H2 and prompt emission lines of OH for the first time; discovery of X-rays in comets; observed diversity in chemical composition among comets; the puzzle of the constancy of spin temperature; the well-established mineralogy of cometary dust; extensive theoretical modeling carried out for understanding the observed effects; the similarity in the mineralogy of dust in circumstellar shell of stars, comets, meteorites, asteroids and IDPs, thus indicating the generic relationship between them.
Book Synopsis Physics of Comets by : K. S. Krishna Swamy
Download or read book Physics of Comets written by K. S. Krishna Swamy and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2010 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition places a unique emphasis on all the new results from ground-based, satellites and space missions ? detection of molecule H2 and prompt emission lines of OH for the first time; discovery of X-rays in comets; observed diversity in chemical composition among comets; the puzzle of the constancy of spin temperature; the well-established mineralogy of cometary dust; extensive theoretical modeling carried out for understanding the observed effects; the similarity in the mineralogy of dust in circumstellar shell of stars, comets, meteorites, asteroids and IDPs, thus indicating the generic relationship between them.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals Of Solar Astronomy by : Arvind Bhatnagar
Download or read book Fundamentals Of Solar Astronomy written by Arvind Bhatnagar and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005-04-07 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are several textbooks available on solar astronomy which deal with advanced astrophysical aspects of solar physics, and books which provide very elementary knowledge about the Sun. This book will help to bridge the gap. It aims to stimulate interest in solar astronomy, presenting at one place the basic methods and techniques used in the field, together with the latest findings and the excitement in solar physics. As solar astronomy is becoming very popular among amateur astronomers and laymen, the book provides the practical knowledge to build simple solar telescopes and other equipment for making solar observations. Amateur astronomers have made important contributions to solar astronomy, and this book will help to guide them in their endeavours. The book can also serve as a text for undergraduate and graduate students starting out on solar physics. Using it, graduate students can easily embark on specific topics of research in solar astronomy.
Download or read book Stellar Explosions written by Jordi Jose and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stars are the main factories of element production in the universe through a suite of complex and intertwined physical processes. Such stellar alchemy is driven by multiple nuclear interactions that through eons have transformed the pristine, metal-poor ashes leftover by the Big Bang into a cosmos with 100 distinct chemical species. The products of
Book Synopsis From Black Clouds To Black Holes (Third Edition) by : Narlikar Jayant V
Download or read book From Black Clouds To Black Holes (Third Edition) written by Narlikar Jayant V and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2012-03-22 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents in a simple style the success story of modern astrophysics — how the application of known physics to models of stars can, together with the observational data, help us understand what stars are made of, how they live and how they die. The account is non-technical but scientifically accurate. It is interspersed with anecdotes and analogies to make the subject matter readable and understandable even to a lay reader with some basic scientific background.
