Spinal Evolution

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Spinal Evolution

Author : Ella Been
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030193497
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Spinal Evolution by : Ella Been

Download or read book Spinal Evolution written by Ella Been and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-07 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vertebral spine is a key element of the human anatomy. Its main role is to protect the spinal cord and the main blood vessels. The axial skeleton, with its muscles and joints, provides stability for the attachment of the head, tail and limbs and, at the same time, enables the mobility required for breathing and for locomotion. Despite its great importance, the vertebral spine is often over looked by researchers because: a) vertebrae are fragile in nature, which makes their fossilization a rare event; b) they are metameric (seriated and repeated elements) that make their anatomical determination and, thus, their subsequent study difficult; and c) the plethora of bones and joints involved in every movement or function of the axial skeleton makes the reconstruction of posture, breathing mechanics and locomotion extremely difficult. It is well established that the spine has changed dramatically during human evolution. Spinal curvatures, spinal load transmission, and thoracic shape of bipedal humans are derived among hominoids. Yet, there are many debates as to how and when these changes occurred and to their phylogenetic, functional, and pathological implications. In recent years, renewed interest arose in the axial skeleton. New and exciting finds, mostly from Europe and Africa, as well as new methods for reconstructing the spine, have been introduced to the research community. New methodologies such as Finite Element Analysis, trabecular bone analysis, Geometric Morphometric analysis, and gait analysis have been applied to the spines of primates and humans. These provide a new and refreshing look into the evolution of the spine. Advanced biomechanical research regarding posture, range of motion, stability, and attenuation of the human spine has interesting evolutionary implications. Until now, no book that summarizes the updated research and knowledge regarding spinal evolution in hominoids has been available. The present book explores both these new methodologies and new data, including recent fossil, morphological, biomechanical, and theoretical advances regarding vertebral column evolution. In order to cover all of that data, we divide the book into four parts: 1) the spine of hominoids; 2) the vertebral spine of extinct hominins; 3) ontogeny, biomechanics and pathology of the human spine; and 4) new methodologies of spinal research. These parts complement each other and provide a wide and comprehensive examination of spinal evolution.

The Evolution of the Vertebral Column

Author : H. F. Gadow
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107633389
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis The Evolution of the Vertebral Column by : H. F. Gadow

Download or read book The Evolution of the Vertebral Column written by H. F. Gadow and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-02 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1933, this book is a culmination of a lifetime of research by Hans Friedrich Gadow into the evolution of the vertebrae. Gadow outlines the various forms of vertebral development as a guide to larger and more general questions on the morphological scheme of the evolution of vertebrate creatures, and uses plentiful diagrams, photographs and reconstructions to trace spinal development. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of science.

Spinal Catastrophism

Author : Thomas Moynihan
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 1913029638
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Spinal Catastrophism by : Thomas Moynihan

Download or read book Spinal Catastrophism written by Thomas Moynihan and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2019-12-03 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The historical continuity of spinal catastrophism, traced across multiform encounters between philosophy, psychology, biology, and geology. Drawing on cryptic intimations in the work of J. G. Ballard, Georges Bataille, William Burroughs, André Leroi-Gourhan, Elaine Morgan, and Friedrich Nietzsche, in the late twentieth century Daniel Barker formulated the axioms of spinal catastrophism: If human morphology, upright posture, and the possibility of language are the ramified accidents of natural history, then psychic ailments are ultimately afflictions of the spine, which itself is a scale model of biogenetic trauma, a portable map of the catastrophic events that shaped that atrocity exhibition of evolutionary traumata, the sick orthograde talking mammal. Tracing its provenance through the biological notions of phylogeny and “organic memory” that fueled early psychoanalysis, back into idealism, nature philosophy, and romanticism, and across multiform encounters between philosophy, psychology, biology, and geology, Thomas Moynihan reveals the historical continuity of spinal catastrophism. From psychoanalysis and myth to geology and neuroanatomy, from bioanalysis to chronopathy, from spinal colonies of proto-minds to the retroparasitism of the CNS, from “railway spine” to Elizabeth Taylor's lost gill-slits, this extravagantly comprehensive philosophical adventure uses the spinal cord as a guiding thread to rediscover forgotten pathways in modern thought. Moynihan demonstrates that, far from being an fanciful notion rendered obsolete by advances in biology, spinal catastrophism dramatizes fundamental philosophical problematics of time, identity, continuity, and the transcendental that remain central to any attempt to reconcile human experience with natural history.

Minimally Invasive Spinal Deformity Surgery

Author : Michael Y. Wang
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3709114071
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Minimally Invasive Spinal Deformity Surgery by : Michael Y. Wang

Download or read book Minimally Invasive Spinal Deformity Surgery written by Michael Y. Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-17 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary spinal surgeons, whether orthopedic or neurosurgeons, are increasingly recognizing minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) as a desirable option to manage advanced degenerative diseases. MISS techniques minimize blood loss, surgical site pain, and speed recovery. Thus, the marriage of MISS with adult spinal deformity was a natural one. Currently, the techniques, technologies, and education of surgeons have finally reached a point where MISS deformity surgeries are becoming commonplace. Nevertheless, the field is young enough that no comprehensive texts have addressed the unique challenges faced by surgeons exploring this evolving field. This book will fill the gap.

Adult and Pediatric Spinal Deformities - Recent Advances and Evolution of Technologies

Author : Mick Perez-Cruet
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 0854663533
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (546 download)

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Book Synopsis Adult and Pediatric Spinal Deformities - Recent Advances and Evolution of Technologies by : Mick Perez-Cruet

Download or read book Adult and Pediatric Spinal Deformities - Recent Advances and Evolution of Technologies written by Mick Perez-Cruet and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-08-21 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by renowned neurosurgeons and orthopedic spine surgeons, Adult and Pediatric Spinal Deformities - Recent Advances and Evolution of Technologies provides insights into the latest development of technologies and their application in managing both adult and pediatric spinal deformities. The primary goal of this book is to help the spine surgeons navigate a daunting number of available devices and modern techniques and leverage the latest technologies to achieve optimal patient outcomes. The text combines a thorough review of literature with expert experience to elucidate the advantages and capabilities of currently available techniques and instrumentation options.

Triangulating the Evolution of the Vertebral Column in the Last Common Ancestor

Author : Burt Alain Rosenman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (475 download)

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Book Synopsis Triangulating the Evolution of the Vertebral Column in the Last Common Ancestor by : Burt Alain Rosenman

Download or read book Triangulating the Evolution of the Vertebral Column in the Last Common Ancestor written by Burt Alain Rosenman and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primate vertebral skeleton has been studied intensively by morphologists for more than a century and has become a focal point of investigation in biological anthropology. However, several issues regarding vertebral homology and anatomy remain controversial. I collected metric and non-metric data on 392 cercopithecine and hominoid spines to answer the following questions: First, what is the homology of the lumbar transverse process (LTP) in catarrhines? Second, how many lumbar vertebrae do early hominids possess? Third, how do last rib length, LTP width, and sacral width covary in catarrhines? Methods included data collection by caliper measurement as well as statistical tests such as ANCOVA. I conclude that all catarrhine primates share a similar LTP homology, in which the LTP is composed of a rib element ventrally and derivative of the thoracic transverse process dorsally. Based on these findings, I show that the early hominid specimens Sts 14 and Stw 431 possessed a minimum of six functional lumbar vertebrae. In the metric comparisons, I find that humans have relatively short last ribs; that, in addition to their relatively narrow sacra, the African apes have narrow penultimate and ultimate lumbar vertebrae; and that the early hominids Sts 14 and AL 288-1 have the relatively widest LTPs and sacra of the taxa studied. Incorporating all these data, I present a model of hominoid lumbar vertebral evolution in which each of the great apes has independently evolved a short lumbar spine of three to four segments. Therefore, the long lumbar column of early hominids was most likely a primitive retention, and it is not derived as is commonly assumed.

Evolution and Development of Spinal Cord Stem Cells and Cell Type Diversity

Author : Brigid Leung
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Evolution and Development of Spinal Cord Stem Cells and Cell Type Diversity by : Brigid Leung

Download or read book Evolution and Development of Spinal Cord Stem Cells and Cell Type Diversity written by Brigid Leung and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy

Author : Ann B. Butler
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471733830
Total Pages : 739 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy by : Ann B. Butler

Download or read book Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy written by Ann B. Butler and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-09-02 with total page 739 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy Evolution and Adaptation Second Edition Ann B. Butler and William Hodos The Second Edition of this landmark text presents a broad survey of comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy at the introductory level, representing a unique contribution to the field of evolutionary neurobiology. It has been extensively revised and updated, with substantially improved figures and diagrams that are used generously throughout the text. Through analysis of the variation in brain structure and function between major groups of vertebrates, readers can gain insight into the evolutionary history of the nervous system. The text is divided into three sections: * Introduction to evolution and variation, including a survey of cell structure, embryological development, and anatomical organization of the central nervous system; phylogeny and diversity of brain structures; and an overview of various theories of brain evolution * Systematic, comprehensive survey of comparative neuroanatomy across all major groups of vertebrates * Overview of vertebrate brain evolution, which integrates the complete text, highlights diversity and common themes, broadens perspective by a comparison with brain structure and evolution of invertebrate brains, and considers recent data and theories of the evolutionary origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates, including a recently proposed model of the origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates that has received strong support from newly discovered fossil evidence Ample material drawn from the latest research has been integrated into the text and highlighted in special feature boxes, including recent views on homology, cranial nerve organization and evolution, the relatively large and elaborate brains of birds in correlation with their complex cognitive abilities, and the current debate on forebrain evolution across reptiles, birds, and mammals. Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy is geared to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in neuroanatomy, but anyone interested in the anatomy of the nervous system and how it corresponds to the way that animals function in the world will find this text fascinating.

Evolution of the Hominoid Vertebral Column

Author : Scott A. Williams
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783659259609
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (596 download)

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Book Synopsis Evolution of the Hominoid Vertebral Column by : Scott A. Williams

Download or read book Evolution of the Hominoid Vertebral Column written by Scott A. Williams and published by . This book was released on 2012-09-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a study of the numerical composition of the vertebral column, the central structure of the vertebrate body plan and one that plays an instrumental role in locomotion and posture. Recent models of hominoid vertebral evolution invoke very different roles for homology and homoplasy in the evolution of vertebral formulae in living and extinct hominoids. These processes are fundamental to the emergence of morphological structures and reflect similarity by common descent (homology) or similarity by independent evolution (homoplasy). Although the "short backs," reflecting reduced lumbar regions, of living hominoids have traditionally been interpreted as homologies and shared derived characters (synapomorphies) of the ape and human clade, recent studies of variation in extant hominoid vertebral formulae have challenged this hypothesis. Instead, a "long-back" model, in which primitive, long lumbar regions are retained throughout hominoid evolution and are reduced independently in six lineages of modern hominoids, is proposed. The recently described skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus is interpreted to support the long-back model. Here, larger samples are collected and placed in a larger phylogenetic context than previous studies. Analyses of over 8,000 mammal specimens, representing all major groups and focusing on anthropoid primates, allow for the reconstruction of ancestral vertebral formulae throughout mammalian evolution and a determination of the uniqueness of hominoid vertebral formulae. This survey, in combination with analyses of intraspecific diversity and interspecific similarity, suggests that reduced lumbar regions are homologous in extant hominoids. Furthermore, hominoid vertebral formulae are unique among primates and relatively unique among mammals in general. Hominins likely evolved five lumbar vertebrae from a short-backed ancestor with an "African ape-like" vertebral profile. By the appearance of Australopithecus, hominins evolved a cranial placement of the diaphragmatic (one that bears a change in articular facet orientation) vertebra, which generates a functionally longer lower spine while maintaining five lumbar vertebrae. In light of these findings, it is proposed that bipedalism evolved in a party arboreal, partly terrestrial African ape-like locomotor context.

The 21st Century Upright Woman

Author : Sumchai Ahimsa Porter
Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783659802744
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (27 download)

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Book Synopsis The 21st Century Upright Woman by : Sumchai Ahimsa Porter

Download or read book The 21st Century Upright Woman written by Sumchai Ahimsa Porter and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-26 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details the evolutionary anthropology and anatomy of the upright bipedal spine and the vertical compression forces that contribute to the global pandemic of low back pain and lumbar degenerative disc disease. Obesity, sports and occupational injury and cumulative strain, spinal malalignments and advancing age accelerate spinal degeneration. The spectrum of traditional and alternative therapies for low back pain are explored from the expert viewpoint of a patient with multilevel degenerative disc disease trained in Neurological surgery and spine research. "In writing "The 21st Century Upright Woman," Dr. Ahimsa Porter Sumchai weaves together the anthropology of the vertical spine of the human, and the science behind disease states and their treatment.And more importantly, their prevention. She herself presents a fascinating tale of human perseverance and achievement. This book is full of practical advice and encourages healthful and wise living. I applaud her effort."-Brian T. Andrews, MD, FACS, FAANS Chair, Department of Neurosciences, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco; and author of "Cherokee Neurosurgeon, A Biography of Charles Byron Wilson, MD"

The Textbook of Spinal Surgery

Author : Keith H. Bridwell
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 9780397513840
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (138 download)

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Book Synopsis The Textbook of Spinal Surgery by : Keith H. Bridwell

Download or read book The Textbook of Spinal Surgery written by Keith H. Bridwell and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ecognized as one of the leading references on the spine, this comprehensive text brings together experts from around the world to discuss the full scope of spinal surgery. This edition presents expanded coverage of all aspects of spinal surgery including cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine; adult and pediatric; degenerative, deformity, tumors, fractures, infections and more. It also discusses indications, conditions, surgical technique, pre- and postoperative care and possible complications. Highly visual, this text contains 700 new illustrations

Ebook: Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution

Author : Kenneth Kardong
Publisher : McGraw Hill
ISBN 13 : 0077171926
Total Pages : 817 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (771 download)

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Book Synopsis Ebook: Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution by : Kenneth Kardong

Download or read book Ebook: Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution written by Kenneth Kardong and published by McGraw Hill. This book was released on 2014-10-16 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This one-semester text is designed for an upper-level majors course. Vertebrates features a unique emphasis on function and evolution of vertebrates, complete anatomical detail, and excellent pedagogy. Vertebrate groups are organized phylogenetically, and their systems discussed within such a context. Morphology is foremost, but the author has developed and integrated an understanding of function and evolution into the discussion of anatomy of the various systems.

Spinal Anatomy

Author : Jean Marc Vital
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030209253
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Spinal Anatomy by : Jean Marc Vital

Download or read book Spinal Anatomy written by Jean Marc Vital and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-16 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This richly illustrated and comprehensive book covers a broad range of normal and pathologic conditions of the vertebral column, from its embryology to its development, its pathology, its dynamism and its degeneration. The dynamic anatomy of the living subject is viewed using the latest technologies, opening new perspectives to elucidate the pathology of the spine and improve spinal surgery. The respective chapters review in depth all sections of the vertebral column and offer new insights, e.g. the 3D study of vertebral movements using the “EOS system,” which makes it possible to define an equilibrium of posture and its limits. New histological and chemical findings on the intervertebral disc, as well as detailed descriptions of the aponeuroses and fasciae, are also provided. Bringing together the experience of several experts from the well-known French school, this book offers a valuable companion for skilled experts and postgraduate students in various fields: orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, physiotherapy, rheumatology, musculoskeletal therapy, rehabilitation, and kinesiology.

The Evolution of the Neuraxis

Author : Charles Hamilton Hughes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 13 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (561 download)

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Book Synopsis The Evolution of the Neuraxis by : Charles Hamilton Hughes

Download or read book The Evolution of the Neuraxis written by Charles Hamilton Hughes and published by . This book was released on 1903* with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Arthroscopic and Endoscopic Spinal Surgery

Author : Parviz Kambin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592599044
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Arthroscopic and Endoscopic Spinal Surgery by : Parviz Kambin

Download or read book Arthroscopic and Endoscopic Spinal Surgery written by Parviz Kambin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-28 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term “minimally invasive spinal surgery” was coined in early 1990 following pub- cation of the first edition of this text entitled Arthroscopic Microdiscectomy: Minimal Intervention in Spinal Surgery, and subsequent establishment of the International Society for Minimal Intervention in Spinal Surgery (ISMISS) under the auspices of the International Society of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology (SICOT) in April l990. The orthopedic and neurological surgeons who participated in lectures and hands-on wo- shops both in Philadelphia and abroad have witnessed the evolution of minimally invasive spinal surgery from blind nucleotomy to endoscopic fragmentectomy, decompression of l- eral recess stenosis, foraminoplasty, and spinal stabilization. In Arthroscopic and Endoscopic Spinal Surgery: Text and Atlas, Second Edition, experts describe and illustrate various techniques and approaches that are currently used in this field. In addition, the ongoing research for the betterment of spine care via minimally invasive approaches is briefly reviewed. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to so many of my colleagues who s- ported my efforts in the field of minimally invasive spinal surgery throughout the years. Many of them participated in our teaching symposiums and have provided valuable cont- butions to this text.

Biomechanics of the Spine

Author : Fabio Galbusera
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128128526
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomechanics of the Spine by : Fabio Galbusera

Download or read book Biomechanics of the Spine written by Fabio Galbusera and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-04-23 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomechanics of the Spine encompasses the basics of spine biomechanics, spinal tissues, spinal disorders and treatment methods. Organized into four parts, the first chapters explore the functional anatomy of the spine, with special emphasis on aspects which are biomechanically relevant and quite often neglected in clinical literature. The second part describes the mechanics of the individual spinal tissues, along with commonly used testing set-ups and the constitutive models used to represent them in mathematical studies. The third part covers in detail the current methods which are used in spine research: experimental testing, numerical simulation and in vivo studies (imaging and motion analysis). The last part covers the biomechanical aspects of spinal pathologies and their surgical treatment. This valuable reference is ideal for bioengineers who are involved in spine biomechanics, and spinal surgeons who are looking to broaden their biomechanical knowledge base. The contributors to this book are from the leading institutions in the world that are researching spine biomechanics. Includes broad coverage of spine disorders and surgery with a biomechanical focus Summarizes state-of-the-art and cutting-edge research in the field of spine biomechanics Discusses a variety of methods, including In vivo and In vitro testing, and finite element and musculoskeletal modeling

Navigation and Robotics in Spine Surgery

Author : Alexander R. Vaccaro
Publisher : Thieme
ISBN 13 : 1684200326
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (842 download)

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Book Synopsis Navigation and Robotics in Spine Surgery by : Alexander R. Vaccaro

Download or read book Navigation and Robotics in Spine Surgery written by Alexander R. Vaccaro and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2019-10-25 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique how-to guide for spine surgeons on state-of-the-art computer-assisted navigation and robotic surgery techniques The past decade has seen major advances in image-guided spine surgery techniques, with robotically assisted approaches emerging in the last five years. While early adopters of this technology paved the way for more widespread use of navigated and robotic systems, barriers still exist. Navigation and Robotics in Spine Surgery by master spine surgeon Alexander Vaccaro and esteemed co-editors Jaykar Panchmatia, I. David Kaye, and Srinivas Prasad addresses existing issues such as the perception of increased upfront costs, intrusion on current workflow, and a lack of understanding about the potential ways these technologies can enhance the surgical experience and improve patient outcomes. Organized into six sections, the book starts with evidence-based fundamentals of navigated spine surgery and robotics including discussion of instrumentation and mechanics. Sections 2-5 serve as a surgical handbook for spine surgeons who wish to introduce these technologies into practice or augment their current repertoire with more complex techniques. Topics range from more routine procedures such as navigated and robotic minimally invasive TLIF to complex approaches like intraoperative ultrasound guided intradural spinal tumor resection. The final section looks at future directions and potential new applications for these technologies. Key Highlights An impressive group of international spine surgeons who pioneered navigation and robotic surgery techniques share invaluable tricks of the trade Discussion of fluoroscopy- and intraoperative CT-based platforms, applications for intraoperative sonography, and radiation exposure and minimization strategies Special topics include OR set-up and workflow, surmounting the learning curve, artificial intelligence, and lessons learned from other industries Procedural videos demonstrate the benefits of computer-assisted navigation and robotic techniques This book is essential reading for orthopaedic surgery and neurosurgery residents and spine fellows who wish to learn about and incorporate these technologies into practice. Seasoned spine surgeons seeking to expand the scope of their navigated/robotic practice will benefit from chapters detailing advanced approaches.