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Author : Michele Honey Segal
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Speech Intelligibility in the Space Shuttle Mid-deck Noise Environment written by Michele Honey Segal and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Michael R. Barratt
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387681647
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (876 download)
Download or read book Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight written by Michael R. Barratt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-03-20 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the years, a large body of knowledge has developed regarding the ways in which space flight affects the health of the personnel involved. Now, for the first time, this clinical knowledge on how to diagnose and treat conditions that either develop during a mission or because of a mission has been compiled by Drs. Michael Barratt and Sam L. Pool of the NASA/Johnson Space Center. Complete with detailed information on the physiological and psychological affects of space flight as well as how to diagnose and treat everything from dental concerns to decompression to dermatological problems encountered, this text is a must have for all those associated with aerospace medicine.
Author : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781722181123
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (811 download)
Download or read book An Evaluation of Noise and Its Effects on Shuttle Crewmembers During Sts-50/Usml-1 written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-06 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High noise levels can lead to physiological, psychological, and performance effects in man, ranging from irritability, annoyance, and sleep interference to interference with verbal communication and fatigue, and to temporary or permanent threshold shift at more extreme levels. The current study evaluated the acoustic environment of the STS50/USML-1 mission. The major objectives were to gain subjective assessments of the STS-50 noise levels, document impacts of noise upon crewmember performance, collect inflight sound level measurements, compare noise levels across missions, evaluate the current Shuttle acoustic criterion, and to make recommendations regarding noise specifications for SSF and other long-duration manned space missions. Sound measurements indicated that background noise levels were 60, 64, and 61 A-weighted decibels, respectively, on the Orbiter middeck, flight deck, and Space lab. All levels were rated acceptable, with the Spacelab environment rated the most favorably. Sleep stations afforded attenuation from airborne noise sources, although all crewmembers reported being awakened by crew activity on the middeck. Models of distance for acceptable speech communications were generated, identifying situations of compromised verbal communications to be avoided. Koros, Anton and Wheelwright, Charles and Adam, Susan Johnson Space Center...
Author : Ralf Steinmetz
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0387354131
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)
Download or read book Communications and Multimedia Security Issues of the New Century written by Ralf Steinmetz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-05 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume contains the papers presented at the fifth working conference on Communications and Multimedia Security (CMS 2001), held on May 21-22, 2001 at (and organized by) the GMD -German National Research Center for Information Technology GMD - Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute IPSI, in Darmstadt, Germany. The conference is arranged jointly by the Technical Committees 11 and 6 of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) The name "Communications and Multimedia Security" was first used in 1995, Reinhard Posch organized the first in this series of conferences in Graz, Austria, following up on the previously national (Austrian) "IT Sicherheit" conferences held in Klagenfurt (1993) and Vienna (1994). In 1996, the CMS took place in Essen, Germany; in 1997 the conference moved to Athens, Greece. The CMS 1999 was held in Leuven, Belgium. This conference provides a forum for presentations and discussions on issues which combine innovative research work with a highly promising application potential in the area of security for communication and multimedia security. State-of-the-art issues as well as practical experiences and new trends in the areas were topics of interest again, as it has already been the case at previous conferences. This year, the organizers wanted to focus the attention on watermarking and copyright protection for e commerce applications and multimedia data. We also encompass excellent work on recent advances in cryptography and their applications. In recent years, digital media data have enormously gained in importance.
Author : Shena Laughland Wileman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (123 download)
Download or read book Speech Intelligibility in High Noise Environments as a Function of Ear Protection written by Shena Laughland Wileman and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (317 download)
Download or read book An Evaluation of Noise and Its Effects on Shuttle Crewmembers During STS-50/USML-1 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Naim Mansour
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)
Download or read book Speech Intelligibility in a Realistic Virtual Sound Environment written by Naim Mansour and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Rodney Merrill Atack
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (995 download)
Download or read book Improved Speech Intelligibility Using an Adaptive Noise Cancelling Technique in an Industrial Environment written by Rodney Merrill Atack and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Joyce C. Munlin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (816 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Three Variables on Synthetic Speech Intelligibility in Noisy Environments written by Joyce C. Munlin and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Military Command and Control (C2) requires easy access to information needed for the commander's situation assessment and direction of troops. Providing this information via synthetic speech is a viable alternative, but additional information is required before speech systems can be implemented for C2 functions. An experiment was conducted to study several factors which may affect the intelligibility of synthetic speech. The factors examined were: (1) speech rate; (2) synthetic speech messages presented at lower, the same, and higher frequencies than background noise frequency; (3) voice richness; and (4) interactions between speech rate, voice fundamental frequency, and voice richness. Response latency and recognition accuracy were measured. Results clearly indicate that increasing speech rate leads to an increase latency and a decrease in recognition accuracy, at least for the novice user. No effect of voice fundamental frequency or richness was demonstrated.
Author : Jont B. Allen
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1598290088
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (982 download)
Download or read book Articulation and Intelligibility written by Jont B. Allen and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work extended the Bell Labs' speech articulation studies with ideas from Shannon's Information theory. Both Miller and Fletcher showed that speech, as a code, is incredibly robust to mangling distortions of filtering and noise. Regrettably much of this early work was forgotten. While the key science of information theory blossomed, other than the work of George Miller, it was rarely applied to aural speech research. The robustness of speech, which is the most amazing thing about the speech code, has rarely been studied. It is my belief (i.e., assumption) that we can analyze speech intelligibility with the scientific method. The quantitative analysis of speech intelligibility requires both science and art. The scientific component requires an error analysis of spoken communication, which depends critically on the use of statistics, information theory, and psychophysical methods.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)
Download or read book The Intelligibility of Multiple Talkers Separated Spatially in Noise written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Speech communication are seldom isolated auditory events in quiet environments. Frequently, the desired speech signal is confounded with other speech signals and noises. Real-world environments often degrade the intelligibility of the desired speech signal. In this book chapter (Binaural and Spatial Hearing in Real and Virtual Environments, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah NJ, publishers, 1997), the literature on the speech intelligibility of competing messages and the masking of speech is reviewed. The literature on the detection of speech is included to describe factors that can affect speech intelligibility. Following the review, several experiments are presented in which the effects of various conflicting signals on speech communications are measured. Virtual audio over headphones is used to investigate the effects of directional separation of talkers, the quantity and gender of talkers, the degree of masker interaural correlation, masking level, and selective attention. The results are discussed and compared with the previous literature.
Author : Eric M. Johnson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Improving Speech Intelligibility Without Sacrificing Environmental Sound Recognition written by Eric M. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three manuscripts presented here examine concepts related to speech perception in noise and ways to overcome poor speech intelligibility without depriving listeners of environmental sound recognition. Because of hearing-impaired (HI) listeners’ auditory deficits, there is a substantial need for speech-enhancement (noise reduction) technology. Recent advancements in deep learning have resulted in algorithms that significantly improve the intelligibility of speech in noise, but in order to be suitable for real-world applications such as hearing aids and cochlear implants, these algorithms must be causal, talker independent, corpus independent, and noise independent. Manuscript 1 involves human-subjects testing of a novel, time-domain-based algorithm that fulfills these fundamental requirements. Algorithm processing resulted in significant intelligibility improvements for both HI and normal-hearing (NH) listener groups in each signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and noise type tested. In Manuscript 2, the range of speech-to-background ratios (SBRs) over which NH and HI listeners can accurately perform both speech and environmental recognition was determined. Separate groups of NH listeners were tested in conditions of selective and divided attention. A single group of HI listeners was tested in the divided attention experiment. Psychometric functions were generated for each listener group and task type. It was found that both NH and HI listeners are capable of high speech intelligibility and high environmental sound recognition over a range of speech-to-background ratios. The range and location of optimal speech-to-background ratios differed across NH and HI listeners. The optimal speech-to-background ratio also depended on the type of environmental sound present. Conventional deep-learning algorithms for speech enhancement target maximum intelligibly by removing as much noise as possible while maintaining the essential characteristics of the target speech signal. Manuscript 3 tests a new form of time-frequency masking that is designed to leave a small amount of background noise intact. The purpose of the unremoved background noise is to allow for environmental sound awareness while still providing significantly increased intelligibility. It was found that this type of processing resulted in significantly improved intelligibility and high environmental sound recognition performance for both types of listeners. It was also found that the same level of maximum attenuation provided the optimal balance of intelligibility and environmental sound recognition for both listener types.
Author : Joyce C. Munlin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (816 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Three Variables on Synthetic Speech Intelligibility in Noisy Environments written by Joyce C. Munlin and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Military Command and Control (C2) requires easy access to information needed for the commander's situation assessment and direction of troops. Providing this information via synthetic speech is a viable alternative, but additional information is required before speech systems can be implemented for C2 functions. An experiment was conducted to study several factors which may affect the intelligibility of synthetic speech. The factors examined were: (1) speech rate; (2) synthetic speech messages presented at lower, the same, and higher frequencies than background noise frequency; (3) voice richness; and (4) interactions between speech rate, voice fundamental frequency, and voice richness. Response latency and recognition accuracy were measured. Results clearly indicate that increasing speech rate leads to an increase latency and a decrease in recognition accuracy, at least for the novice user. No effect of voice fundamental frequency or richness was demonstrated.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 15 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)
Download or read book Speech Intelligibility with Acoustic and Contact Microphones written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Ryan Laquent Urquhart
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (518 download)
Download or read book The Effects of Noise on Speech Intelligibility and Complex Cognitive Performance written by Ryan Laquent Urquhart and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A human factors experiment was conducted to assess whether a reduction in noise at the ear would cause an improvement in speech intelligibility, an improvement in cognitive performance, and/or a reduction in subjective mental workload. Modified Rhyme Test (MRT) stimuli were used to determine intelligibility and specific tests within the Complex Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB) were used to assess cognitive performance. The tests chosen from the CCAB were: Tower Puzzle, Logical Relations, and Numbers and Words. These tests were chosen because of the specific set of cognitive functions that they measure which corresponded to command and control tasks. Participants performed the MRT and CCAB tests simultaneously in a 114 dBA noise environment at two speech levels, 83 dB (linear) and 96 dB (linear), using two communication microphones, Gentex Model 1453 and a prototype communication microphone developed by Adaptive Technologies Inc. (ATI). The noise used in the experiment was from a recording made inside a US Army Bradley Fighting Vehicle. Subjective mental workload was assessed using the NASA-TLX and Modified Cooper-Harper (MCH) immediately after the experiment. Results indicated that the communication microphone developed by ATI reduced the noise level at the ear better than the current Gentex microphone. However, the Gentex microphone produced significantly higher speech intelligibility scores at the 96 dB speech level.
Author : Eugene Brandewie
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (879 download)
Download or read book Factors Affecting Speech Intelligibility Improvement with Exposure to Reverberant Room Listening Environments written by Eugene Brandewie and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Speech intelligibility has been found to improve with prior exposure to a reverberant room environment. It is believed that perceptual mechanisms help maintain accurate speech perception under these adverse conditions. Potential factors underlying this speech enhancement effect were examined in three experiments. Experiment 1 studied the time course of speech intelligibility enhancement in multiple room environments. Carrier phrases of varying lengths were used to measure changes in speech intelligibility over time. Results showed an effect of speech enhancement with a time course that varied with the signal-to-noise ratio between the speech and a broad-band noise masker. Additionally, greater speech enhancement was found for reverberant environments compared to anechoic space, which suggests that a de-reverberation mechanism in the auditory system may enhance the temporal processing of speech. Experiment 2 examined the influence of the specific source and listener position within the room environment on speech enhancement. Source and listener configurations in three virtual room environments were altered to create a disparity between the position of a carrier phrase and a following speech target. Results showed robust effects of speech enhancement when the source and listener configuration were mismatched which suggests that speech enhancement relies on the general decay pattern of the room environment and not the specific temporal/spatial configuration of early reflections. Experiment 3 assessed the relationships between room-associated speech enhancement and single-reflection echo suppression by measuring echo thresholds for both a traditional click-based stimuli and with speech materials. Echo thresholds were found to be uncorrelated with the results of Experiment I. This suggests that early reflections have little impact on the de-reverberation aspect of speech enhancement, which is consistent with the results from Experiment II. A two-process hypothesis is proposed to account for the results of these experiments as well as previous research on this topic. Prior exposure to a speech pattern provided via carrier phrases is argued to elicit improved temporal processing of speech that results in speech enhancement. It is also argued that a process of de-reverberation effectively reduces the attenuation of temporal information in room environments.
Author : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781729434420
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (344 download)
Download or read book Comparison of Speech Intelligibility in Cockpit Noise Using Sph-4 Flight Helmet with and Without Active Noise Reduction written by National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018-11 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Active Noise Reduction (ANR) is a new technology which can reduce the level of aircraft cockpit noise that reaches the pilot's ear while simultaneously improving the signal to noise ratio for voice communications and other information bearing sound signals in the cockpit. A miniature, ear-cup mounted ANR system was tested to determine whether speech intelligibility is better for helicopter pilots using ANR compared to a control condition of ANR turned off. Two signal to noise ratios (S/N), representative of actual cockpit conditions, were used for the ratio of the speech to cockpit noise sound pressure levels. Speech intelligibility was significantly better with ANR compared to no ANR for both S/N conditions. Variability of speech intelligibility among pilots was also significantly less with ANR. When the stock helmet was used with ANR turned off, the average PB Word speech intelligibility score was below the Normally Acceptable level. In comparison, it was above that level with ANR on in both S/N levels. Chan, Jeffrey W. and Simpson, Carol A. Unspecified Center NAS2-12425; NAS2-13188; RTOP 505-61-51...
