Democracy as Problem Solving

Download Democracy as Problem Solving PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262262010
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Democracy as Problem Solving by : Xavier De Souza Briggs

Download or read book Democracy as Problem Solving written by Xavier De Souza Briggs and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008-07-18 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Case studies from around the world and theoretical discussion show how the capacity to act collectively on local problems can be developed, strengthening democracy while changing social and economic outcomes. Complexity, division, mistrust, and “process paralysis” can thwart leaders and others when they tackle local challenges. In Democracy as Problem Solving, Xavier de Souza Briggs shows how civic capacity—the capacity to create and sustain smart collective action—can be developed and used. In an era of sharp debate over the conditions under which democracy can develop while broadening participation and building community, Briggs argues that understanding and building civic capacity is crucial for strengthening governance and changing the state of the world in the process. More than managing a contest among interest groups or spurring deliberation to reframe issues, democracy can be what the public most desires: a recipe for significant progress on important problems. Briggs examines efforts in six cities, in the United States, Brazil, India, and South Africa, that face the millennial challenges of rapid urban growth, economic restructuring, and investing in the next generation. These challenges demand the engagement of government, business, and nongovernmental sectors. And the keys to progress include the ability to combine learning and bargaining continuously, forge multiple forms of accountability, and find ways to leverage the capacity of the grassroots and what Briggs terms the “grasstops,” regardless of who initiates change or who participates over time. Civic capacity, Briggs shows, can—and must—be developed even in places that lack traditions of cooperative civic action.

Solving For Democracy

Download Solving For Democracy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Tony Bracks
ISBN 13 : 1982962054
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (829 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Solving For Democracy by : Tony Bracks

Download or read book Solving For Democracy written by Tony Bracks and published by Tony Bracks. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Slow Democracy

Download Slow Democracy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Chelsea Green Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1603584137
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Slow Democracy by : Susan Clark

Download or read book Slow Democracy written by Susan Clark and published by Chelsea Green Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reconnecting with the sources of decisions that affect us, and with the processes of democracy itself, is at the heart of 21st-century sustainable communities. Slow Democracy chronicles the ways in which ordinary people have mobilized to find local solutions to local problems. It invites us to bring the advantages of "slow" to our community decision making. Just as slow food encourages chefs and eaters to become more intimately involved with the production of local food, slow democracy encourages us to govern ourselves locally with processes that are inclusive, deliberative, and citizen powered. Susan Clark and Woden Teachout outline the qualities of real, local decision making and show us the range of ways that communities are breathing new life into participatory democracy around the country. We meet residents who seize back control of their municipal water systems from global corporations, parents who find unique solutions to seemingly divisive school-redistricting issues, and a host of other citizens across the nation who have designed local decision-making systems to solve the problems unique to their area in ways that work best for their communities. Though rooted in the direct participation that defined our nation's early days, slow democracy is not a romantic vision for reigniting the ways of old. Rather, the strategies outlined here are uniquely suited to 21st-century technologies and culture.If our future holds an increased focus on local food, local energy, and local economy, then surely we will need to improve our skills at local governance as well.

Democracy as Problem Solving

Download Democracy as Problem Solving PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262524856
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Democracy as Problem Solving by : Xavier De Souza Briggs

Download or read book Democracy as Problem Solving written by Xavier De Souza Briggs and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008-07-18 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Case studies from around the world and theoretical discussion show how the capacity to act collectively on local problems can be developed, strengthening democracy while changing social and economic outcomes. Complexity, division, mistrust, and “process paralysis” can thwart leaders and others when they tackle local challenges. In Democracy as Problem Solving, Xavier de Souza Briggs shows how civic capacity—the capacity to create and sustain smart collective action—can be developed and used. In an era of sharp debate over the conditions under which democracy can develop while broadening participation and building community, Briggs argues that understanding and building civic capacity is crucial for strengthening governance and changing the state of the world in the process. More than managing a contest among interest groups or spurring deliberation to reframe issues, democracy can be what the public most desires: a recipe for significant progress on important problems. Briggs examines efforts in six cities, in the United States, Brazil, India, and South Africa, that face the millennial challenges of rapid urban growth, economic restructuring, and investing in the next generation. These challenges demand the engagement of government, business, and nongovernmental sectors. And the keys to progress include the ability to combine learning and bargaining continuously, forge multiple forms of accountability, and find ways to leverage the capacity of the grassroots and what Briggs terms the “grasstops,” regardless of who initiates change or who participates over time. Civic capacity, Briggs shows, can—and must—be developed even in places that lack traditions of cooperative civic action.

India, Pakistan, and Democracy

Download India, Pakistan, and Democracy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113693930X
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (369 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis India, Pakistan, and Democracy by : Philip Oldenburg

Download or read book India, Pakistan, and Democracy written by Philip Oldenburg and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-09-13 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the specificities and the nuances of the state systems of India and Pakistan. It examines in detail the balance of authority and power between popular or elected politicians and the state apparatus through substantial historical analysis. A comparative analysis as well as a historical overview of the two countries, this book constitutes essential reading for students of South Asian History and Politics. It is a useful and balanced introduction to the politics of India and Pakistan.

Democratic Problem-Solving

Download Democratic Problem-Solving PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1786600927
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (866 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Democratic Problem-Solving by : Justin Cruickshank

Download or read book Democratic Problem-Solving written by Justin Cruickshank and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2017-04-05 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely volume explores pressing questions that relate to democracy and the politics of knowledge, in a dialogue based on developing and applying philosophies that stress the importance of dialogue, democracy and criticism. The debate contributes to a re-reading of Karl Popper, centring on the recovery of the ‘critical Popper’ and his relationship to other thinkers.

Democracy Reinvented

Download Democracy Reinvented PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 081572683X
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Democracy Reinvented by : Hollie Russon Gilman

Download or read book Democracy Reinvented written by Hollie Russon Gilman and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Participatory Budgeting—the experiment in democracy that could redefine how public budgets are decided in the United States. Democracy Reinvented is the first comprehensive academic treatment of participatory budgeting in the United States, situating it within a broader trend of civic technology and innovation. This global phenomenon, which has been called "revolutionary civics in action" by the New York Times, started in Brazil in 1989 but came to America only in 2009. Participatory budgeting empowers citizens to identify community needs, work with elected officials to craft budget proposals, and vote on how to spend public funds. Democracy Reinvented places participatory budgeting within the larger discussion of the health of U.S. democracy and focuses on the enabling political and institutional conditions. Author and former White House policy adviser Hollie Russon Gilman presents theoretical insights, indepth case studies, and interviews to offer a compelling alternative to the current citizen disaffection and mistrust of government. She offers policy recommendations on how to tap online tools and other technological and civic innovations to promote more inclusive governance. While most literature tends to focus on institutional changes without solutions, this book suggests practical ways to empower citizens to become change agents. Reinvesting in Democracy also includes a discussion on the challenges and opportunities that come with using digital tools to re-engage citizens in governance.

Solving Public Problems

Download Solving Public Problems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 030023015X
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Solving Public Problems by : Beth Simone Noveck

Download or read book Solving Public Problems written by Beth Simone Noveck and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to take advantage of technology, data, and the collective wisdom in our communities to design powerful solutions to contemporary problems The challenges societies face today, from inequality to climate change to systemic racism, cannot be solved with yesterday's toolkit. Solving Public Problems shows how readers can take advantage of digital technology, data, and the collective wisdom of our communities to design and deliver powerful solutions to contemporary problems. Offering a radical rethinking of the role of the public servant and the skills of the public workforce, this book is about the vast gap between failing public institutions and the huge number of public entrepreneurs doing extraordinary things--and how to close that gap. Drawing on lessons learned from decades of advising global leaders and from original interviews and surveys of thousands of public problem solvers, Beth Simone Noveck provides a practical guide for public servants, community leaders, students, and activists to become more effective, equitable, and inclusive leaders and repair our troubled, twenty-first-century world.

Creating Space for Democracy

Download Creating Space for Democracy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000980138
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creating Space for Democracy by : Timothy J. Shaffer

Download or read book Creating Space for Democracy written by Timothy J. Shaffer and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in Association with and We live in divisive and polarizing times, often remaining in comfortable social bubbles and experiencing few genuine interactions with people who are different or with whom we disagree. Stepping out and turning to one another is difficult but necessary. For our democracy to thrive at a time when we face wicked problems that involve tough trade-offs it is vital that all citizens participate fully in the process. We need to learn to listen, think, and act with others to solve public problems. This collaborative task begins with creating space for democracy. This book provides a guide for doing so on campus through deliberation and dialogue.At the most basic level, this book describes collaborative and relational work to engage with others and co-create meaning. Specifically, dialogue and deliberation are processes in which a diverse group of people moves toward making a collective decision on a difficult public issue.This primer offers a blueprint for achieving the civic mission of higher education by incorporating dialogue and deliberation into learning at colleges and universities. It opens by providing a conceptual framework, with leading voices in the dialogue and deliberation field providing insights on issues pertinent to college campuses, from free speech and academic freedom to neutrality and the role of deliberation in civic engagement. Subsequent sections describe a diverse range of methods and approaches used by several organizations that pioneered and sustained deliberative practices; outline some of the many ways in which educators and institutions are using dialogue and deliberation in curricular, co-curricular, and community spaces, including venues such as student centers, academic libraries, and residence halls. All of the chapters, including a Resource Section, provide readers with a starting point for conceptualizing and implementing their own deliberation and dialogue initiatives.This book, intended for all educators who are concerned about democracy, imparts the power and impact of public talk, offers the insights and experiences of leading practitioners, and provides the grounding to adopt or adapt the models in their own settings to create educative spaces and experiences that are humanizing, authentic, and productive. It is an important resource for campus leaders, student affairs practitioners, librarians, and centers of institutional diversity, community engagement, teaching excellence and service-learning, as well as faculty, particularly those in the fields of communication studies, education, and political science.Click here for more information on AAC&U and Campus Compact.

Investing in Democracy

Download Investing in Democracy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0815703619
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Investing in Democracy by : Carmen Sirianni

Download or read book Investing in Democracy written by Carmen Sirianni and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2010-10-01 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The health of American democracy ultimately depends on our willingness and ability to work together as citizens and stakeholders in our republic. Government policies often fail to promote such collaboration. But if designed properly, they can do much to strengthen civic engagement. That is the central message of Carmen Sirianni's eloquent new book. Rather than encourage citizens to engage in civic activity, government often puts obstacles in their way. Many agencies treat citizens as passive clients rather than as community members, overlooking their ability to mobilize assets and networks to solve problems. Many citizen initiatives run up against rigid rules and bureaucratic silos, causing all but the most dedicated activists to lose heart. The unfortunate—and unnecessary—result is a palpable decline in the quality of civic life. Fortunately, growing numbers of policymakers across the country are figuring out how government can serve as a partner and catalyst for collaborative problem solving. Investing in Democracy details three such success stories: neighborhood planning in Seattle; youth civic engagement programs in Hampton, Virginia; and efforts to develop civic environmentalism at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The book explains what measures were taken and why they succeeded. It distills eight core design principles that characterize effective collaborative governance and concludes with concrete recommendations for federal policy.

Group Problem-solving Through Discussion

Download Group Problem-solving Through Discussion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Group Problem-solving Through Discussion by : William Stephen Smith

Download or read book Group Problem-solving Through Discussion written by William Stephen Smith and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Democracy Unchained

Download Democracy Unchained PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The New Press
ISBN 13 : 1620975149
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Democracy Unchained by : David Orr

Download or read book Democracy Unchained written by David Orr and published by The New Press. This book was released on 2020-03-03 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A stellar group of America's leading political thinkers explore how to reboot our democracy The presidential election of 2016 highlighted some long-standing flaws in American democracy and added a few new ones. Across the political spectrum, most Americans do not believe that democracy is delivering on its promises of fairness, justice, shared prosperity, or security in a changing world. The nation cannot even begin to address climate change and economic justice if it remains paralyzed by political gridlock. Democracy Unchained is about making American democracy work to solve problems that have long impaired our system of governance. The book is the collective work of thirty of the most perceptive writers, practitioners, scientists, educators, and journalists writing today, who are committed to moving the political conversation from the present anger and angst to the positive and constructive change necessary to achieve the full promise of a durable democracy that works for everyone and protects our common future. Including essays by Yasha Mounk on populism, Chisun Lee on money and politics, Ras Baraka on building democracy from the ground up, and Bill McKibben on climate, Democracy Unchained is the articulation of faith in democracy and will be required reading for all who are working to make democracy a reality. Table of Contents Foreword Introduction David W. Orr Part I. The Crisis of Democracy Populism and Democracy Yascha Mounk Reconstructing Our Constitutional Democracy K. Sabeel Rahman Restoring Healthy Party Competition Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson When Democracy Becomes Something Else: The Problem of Elections and What to Do About It Andrew Gumbel The Best Answer to Money in Politics After Citizens United: Public Campaign Financing in the Empire State and Beyond Chisun Lee Remaking the Presidency After Trump Jeremi Suri The Problem of Presidentialism Stephen Skowronek Part II. Foundations of Democracy Renewing the American Democratic Faith Steven C. Rockefeller American Land, American Democracy Eric Freyfogle Race and Democracy: The Kennedys, Obama, Trump, and Us Michael Eric Dyson Liberty and Justice for All: Latina Activist Efforts to Strengthen Democracy in 2018 Maria Hinojosa What Black Women Teach Us About Democracy Andra Gillespie and Nadia E. Brown Engines of Democracy: Racial Justice and Cultural Power Rashad Robinson Civic and Environmental Education: Protecting the Planet and Our Democracy Judy Braus The Supreme Court's Legitimacy Crisis and Constitutional Democracy’s Future Dawn Johnsen Part III. Policy Challenges Can Democracy Survive the Internet? David Hickton The New New Deal: How to Reregulate Capitalism Robert Kuttner First Understand Why They're Winning: How to Save Democracy from the Anti-Immigrant Far Right Sasha Polakow-Suransky No Time Left: How the System Is Failing to Address Our Ultimate Crisis Bill McKibben Powering Democracy Through Clean Energy Denise G. Fairchild The Long Crisis: American Foreign Policy Before and After Trump Jessica Tuchman Mathews Part IV. Who Acts, and How? The Case for Strong Government William S. Becker The States Nick Rathod Democracy in a Struggling Swing State Amy Hanauer Can Independent Voters Save American Democracy? Why 42 Percent of American Voters Are Independent and How They Can Transform Our Political System Jaqueline Salit and Thom Reilly Philanthropy and Democracy Stephen B. Heintz Keeping the Republic Dan Moulthrop The Future of Democracy Mayor Ras Baraka Building a University Where All People Matter Michael M. Crow, William B. Dabars, and Derrick M. Anderson Biophilia and Direct Democracy Timothy Beatley Purpose-Driven Capitalism Mindy Lubber Restoring Democracy: Nature's Trust, Human Survival, and Constitutional Fiduciary Governance 397 Mary Christina Wood Conclusion Ganesh Sitaraman

Against Elections

Download Against Elections PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Seven Stories Press
ISBN 13 : 1609808118
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Against Elections by : David Van Reybrouck

Download or read book Against Elections written by David Van Reybrouck and published by Seven Stories Press. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A small book with great weight and urgency to it, this is both a history of democracy and a clarion call for change. "Without drastic adjustment, this system cannot last much longer," writes Van Reybrouck, regarded today as one of Europe's most astute thinkers. "If you look at the decline in voter turnout and party membership, and at the way politicians are held in contempt, if you look at how difficult it is to form governments, how little they can do and how harshly they are punished for it, if you look at how quickly populism, technocracy and anti-parliamentarianism are rising, if you look at how more and more citizens are longing for participation and how quickly that desire can tip over into frustration, then you realize we are up to our necks." Not so very long ago, the great battles of democracy were fought for the right to vote. Now, Van Reybrouck writes, "it's all about the right to speak, but in essence it's the same battle, the battle for political emancipation and for democratic participation. We must decolonize democracy. We must democratize democracy." As history, Van Reybrouck makes the compelling argument that modern democracy was designed as much to preserve the rights of the powerful and keep the masses in line, as to give the populace a voice. As change-agent, Against Elections makes the argument that there are forms of government, what he terms sortitive or deliberative democracy, that are beginning to be practiced around the world, and can be the remedy we seek. In Iceland, for example, deliberative democracy was used to write the new constitution. A group of people were chosen by lot, educated in the subject at hand, and then were able to decide what was best, arguably, far better than politicians would have. A fascinating, and workable idea has led to a timely book to remind us that our system of government is a flexible instrument, one that the people have the power to change.

The Politics of Problem-Solving in Postwar Democracies

Download The Politics of Problem-Solving in Postwar Democracies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349252239
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (492 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Politics of Problem-Solving in Postwar Democracies by : Hans Keman

Download or read book The Politics of Problem-Solving in Postwar Democracies written by Hans Keman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-27 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Politics of Problem-solving in Postwar Democracies focuses explicitly on the way in which and the extent to which public policy formation in multi-party systems can be both effective and legitimate; effective in finding solutions for societal problems which are beyond the citizens capacity; and legitimate in formulating policies that are acceptable to most involved. Cross-national variations in the way political institutions work and can be conducive to political consensus and cooperative behaviour are - so it is argued and evidenced throughout the book - the key factors for successful policy-making and related problem-solving.

Numbers Rule

Download Numbers Rule PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691209081
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Numbers Rule by : George Szpiro

Download or read book Numbers Rule written by George Szpiro and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-11-03 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author takes the general reader on a tour of the mathematical puzzles and paradoxes inherent in voting systems, such as the Alabama Paradox, in which an increase in the number of seats in the Congress could actually lead to a reduced number of representatives for a state, and the Condorcet Paradox, which demonstrates that the winner of elections featuring more than two candidates does not necessarily reflect majority preferences. Szpiro takes a roughly chronological approach to the topic, traveling from ancient Greece to the present and, in addition to offering explanations of the various mathematical conundrums of elections and voting, also offers biographical details on the mathematicians and other thinkers who thought about them, including Plato, Pliny the Younger, Pierre Simon Laplace, Thomas Jefferson, John von Neumann, and Kenneth Arrow.

Against Democracy

Download Against Democracy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400888395
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Against Democracy by : Jason Brennan

Download or read book Against Democracy written by Jason Brennan and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-09-26 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bracingly provocative challenge to one of our most cherished ideas and institutions Most people believe democracy is a uniquely just form of government. They believe people have the right to an equal share of political power. And they believe that political participation is good for us—it empowers us, helps us get what we want, and tends to make us smarter, more virtuous, and more caring for one another. These are some of our most cherished ideas about democracy. But Jason Brennan says they are all wrong. In this trenchant book, Brennan argues that democracy should be judged by its results—and the results are not good enough. Just as defendants have a right to a fair trial, citizens have a right to competent government. But democracy is the rule of the ignorant and the irrational, and it all too often falls short. Furthermore, no one has a fundamental right to any share of political power, and exercising political power does most of us little good. On the contrary, a wide range of social science research shows that political participation and democratic deliberation actually tend to make people worse—more irrational, biased, and mean. Given this grim picture, Brennan argues that a new system of government—epistocracy, the rule of the knowledgeable—may be better than democracy, and that it's time to experiment and find out. A challenging critique of democracy and the first sustained defense of the rule of the knowledgeable, Against Democracy is essential reading for scholars and students of politics across the disciplines. Featuring a new preface that situates the book within the current political climate and discusses other alternatives beyond epistocracy, Against Democracy is a challenging critique of democracy and the first sustained defense of the rule of the knowledgeable.

Reconstructing Democracy

Download Reconstructing Democracy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780674246652
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (466 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reconstructing Democracy by : Charles Taylor (1931- author)

Download or read book Reconstructing Democracy written by Charles Taylor (1931- author) and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: