Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, June 4-8, 2006: Educational Poster Digest

Download Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, June 4-8, 2006: Educational Poster Digest PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, June 4-8, 2006: Educational Poster Digest by :

Download or read book Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, June 4-8, 2006: Educational Poster Digest written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems

Download Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811574863
Total Pages : 817 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems by : Vijay Nath

Download or read book Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems written by Vijay Nath and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-17 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book features selected papers presented at the Fifth International Conference on Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems (NCCS 2019). It covers a range of topics, including nanoelectronic devices, microelectronics devices, material science, machine learning, Internet of things, cloud computing, computing systems, wireless communication systems, advances in communication 5G and beyond. Further, it discusses VLSI circuits and systems, MEMS, IC design and testing, electronic system design and manufacturing, speech signal processing, digital signal processing, FPGA-based wireless communication systems and FPGA-based system design, Industry 4.0, e-farming, semiconductor memories, and IC fault detection and correction.

Microelectronics to Nanoelectronics

Download Microelectronics to Nanoelectronics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351832387
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microelectronics to Nanoelectronics by : Anupama B. Kaul

Download or read book Microelectronics to Nanoelectronics written by Anupama B. Kaul and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composed of contributions from top experts, Microelectronics to Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices and Manufacturability offers a detailed overview of important recent scientific and technological developments in the rapidly evolving nanoelectronics arena. Under the editorial guidance and technical expertise of noted materials scientist Anupama B. Kaul of California Institute of Technology’s Jet Propulsion Lab, this book captures the ascent of microelectronics into the nanoscale realm. It addresses a wide variety of important scientific and technological issues in nanoelectronics research and development. The book also showcases some key application areas of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) that have reached the commercial realm. Capitalizing on Dr. Kaul’s considerable technical experience with micro- and nanotechnologies and her extensive research in prestigious academic and industrial labs, the book offers a fresh perspective on application-driven research in micro- and nanoelectronics, including MEMS. Chapters explore how rapid developments in this area are transitioning from the lab to the market, where new and exciting materials, devices, and manufacturing technologies are revolutionizing the electronics industry. Although many micro- and nanotechnologies still face major scientific and technological challenges and remain within the realm of academic research labs, rapid advances in this area have led to the recent emergence of new applications and markets. This handbook encapsulates that exciting recent progress by providing high-quality content contributed by international experts from academia, leading industrial institutions—such as Hewlett-Packard—and government laboratories including the U.S. Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratory. Offering something for everyone, from students to scientists to entrepreneurs, this book showcases the broad spectrum of cutting-edge technologies that show significant promise for electronics and related applications in which nanotechnology plays a key role.

Integrated Microsystems

Download Integrated Microsystems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439836213
Total Pages : 760 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integrated Microsystems by : Krzysztof Iniewski

Download or read book Integrated Microsystems written by Krzysztof Iniewski and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As rapid technological developments occur in electronics, photonics, mechanics, chemistry, and biology, the demand for portable, lightweight integrated microsystems is relentless. These devices are getting exponentially smaller, increasingly used in everything from video games, hearing aids, and pacemakers to more intricate biomedical engineering and military applications. Edited by Kris Iniewski, a revolutionary in the field of advanced semiconductor materials, Integrated Microsystems: Electronics, Photonics, and Biotechnology focuses on techniques for optimized design and fabrication of these intelligent miniaturized devices and systems. Composed of contributions from experts in academia and industry around the world, this reference covers processes compatible with CMOS integrated circuits, which combine computation, communications, sensing, and actuation capabilities. Light on math and physics, with a greater emphasis on microsystem design and configuration and electrical engineering, this book is organized in three sections—Microelectronics and Biosystems, Photonics and Imaging, and Biotechnology and MEMs. It addresses key topics, including physical and chemical sensing, imaging, smart actuation, and data fusion and management. Using tables, figures, and equations to help illustrate concepts, contributors examine and explain the potential of emerging applications for areas including biology, nanotechnology, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), microfluidics, and photonics.

Micro Electronic and Mechanical Systems

Download Micro Electronic and Mechanical Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9533070277
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Micro Electronic and Mechanical Systems by : Kenichi Takahata

Download or read book Micro Electronic and Mechanical Systems written by Kenichi Takahata and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2009-12-01 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses key aspects of MEMS technology areas, organized in twenty-seven chapters that present the latest research developments in micro electronic and mechanical systems. The book addresses a wide range of fundamental and practical issues related to MEMS, advanced metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) and complementary MOS (CMOS) devices, SoC technology, integrated circuit testing and verification, and other important topics in the field. ?Several chapters cover state-of-the-art microfabrication techniques and materials as enabling technologies for the microsystems. Reliability issues concerning both electronic and mechanical aspects of these devices and systems are also addressed in various chapters.

Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators

Download Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319286889
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators by : Harmeet Bhugra

Download or read book Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators written by Harmeet Bhugra and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-09 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces piezoelectric microelectromechanical (pMEMS) resonators to a broad audience by reviewing design techniques including use of finite element modeling, testing and qualification of resonators, and fabrication and large scale manufacturing techniques to help inspire future research and entrepreneurial activities in pMEMS. The authors discuss the most exciting developments in the area of materials and devices for the making of piezoelectric MEMS resonators, and offer direct examples of the technical challenges that need to be overcome in order to commercialize these types of devices. Some of the topics covered include: Widely-used piezoelectric materials, as well as materials in which there is emerging interest Principle of operation and design approaches for the making of flexural, contour-mode, thickness-mode, and shear-mode piezoelectric resonators, and examples of practical implementation of these devices Large scale manufacturing approaches, with a focus on the practical aspects associated with testing and qualification Examples of commercialization paths for piezoelectric MEMS resonators in the timing and the filter markets ...and more! The authors present industry and academic perspectives, making this book ideal for engineers, graduate students, and researchers.

Resonant MEMS

Download Resonant MEMS PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527335455
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Resonant MEMS by : Oliver Brand

Download or read book Resonant MEMS written by Oliver Brand and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-08 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of the AMN book series, this book covers the principles, modeling and implementation as well as applications of resonant MEMS from a unified viewpoint. It starts out with the fundamental equations and phenomena that govern the behavior of resonant MEMS and then gives a detailed overview of their implementation in capacitive, piezoelectric, thermal and organic devices, complemented by chapters addressing the packaging of the devices and their stability. The last part of the book is devoted to the cutting-edge applications of resonant MEMS such as inertial, chemical and biosensors, fluid properties sensors, timing devices and energy harvesting systems.

MEMS Materials and Processes Handbook

Download MEMS Materials and Processes Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387473181
Total Pages : 1211 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (874 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis MEMS Materials and Processes Handbook by : Reza Ghodssi

Download or read book MEMS Materials and Processes Handbook written by Reza Ghodssi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-03-18 with total page 1211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MEMs Materials and Processes Handbook" is a comprehensive reference for researchers searching for new materials, properties of known materials, or specific processes available for MEMS fabrication. The content is separated into distinct sections on "Materials" and "Processes". The extensive Material Selection Guide" and a "Material Database" guides the reader through the selection of appropriate materials for the required task at hand. The "Processes" section of the book is organized as a catalog of various microfabrication processes, each with a brief introduction to the technology, as well as examples of common uses in MEMs.

Casimir Physics

Download Casimir Physics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642202888
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Casimir Physics by : Diego Dalvit

Download or read book Casimir Physics written by Diego Dalvit and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Casimir effects serve as primary examples of directly observable manifestations of the nontrivial properties of quantum fields, and as such are attracting increasing interest from quantum field theorists, particle physicists, and cosmologists. Furthermore, though very weak except at short distances, Casimir forces are universal in the sense that all material objects are subject to them. They are thus also an increasingly important part of the physics of atom-surface interactions, while in nanotechnology they are being investigated not only as contributors to ‘stiction’ but also as potential mechanisms for actuating micro-electromechanical devices. While the field of Casimir physics is expanding rapidly, it has reached a level of maturity in some important respects: on the experimental side, where most sources of imprecision in force measurements have been identified as well as on the theoretical side, where, for example, semi-analytical and numerical methods for the computation of Casimir forces between bodies of arbitrary shape have been successfully developed. This book is, then, a timely and comprehensive guide to the essence of Casimir (and Casimir-Polder) physics that will have lasting value, serving the dual purpose of an introduction and reference to the field. While this volume is not intended to be a unified textbook, but rather a collection of largely independent chapters written by prominent experts in the field, the detailed and carefully written articles adopt a style that should appeal to non-specialist researchers in the field as well as to a broader audience of graduate students.

Biomedical Microsystems

Download Biomedical Microsystems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439894523
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biomedical Microsystems by : Ellis Meng

Download or read book Biomedical Microsystems written by Ellis Meng and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-09-29 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poised to dramatically impact human health, biomedical microsystems (bioMEMS) technologies incorporate various aspects from materials science, biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, and engineering. Reflecting the highly interdisciplinary nature of this area, Biomedical Microsystems covers the fundamentals of miniaturization, biomaterials, microfab

Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications

Download Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466560673
Total Pages : 621 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications by : Laurent A. Francis

Download or read book Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications written by Laurent A. Francis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microsystems technologies have found their way into an impressive variety of applications, from mobile phones, computers, and displays to smart grids, electric cars, and space shuttles. This multidisciplinary field of research extends the current capabilities of standard integrated circuits in terms of materials and designs and complements them by creating innovative components and smaller systems that require lower power consumption and display better performance. Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and their Applications delves into the state of the art and the applications of microsystems and microelectronics-related technologies. Featuring contributions by academic and industrial researchers from around the world, this book: Examines organic and flexible electronics, from polymer solar cell to flexible interconnects for the co-integration of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) with complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) Discusses imaging and display technologies, including MEMS technology in reflective displays, the fabrication of thin-film transistors on glass substrates, and new techniques to display and quickly transmit high-quality images Explores sensor technologies for sensing electrical currents and temperature, monitoring structural health and critical industrial processes, and more Covers biomedical microsystems, including biosensors, point-of-care devices, neural stimulation and recording, and ultra-low-power biomedical systems Written for researchers, engineers, and graduate students in electrical and biomedical engineering, this book reviews groundbreaking technology, trends, and applications in microelectronics. Its coverage of the latest research serves as a source of inspiration for anyone interested in further developing microsystems technologies and creating new applications.

Nanofluidics and Microfluidics

Download Nanofluidics and Microfluidics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 1437744702
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanofluidics and Microfluidics by : Shaurya Prakash

Download or read book Nanofluidics and Microfluidics written by Shaurya Prakash and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2014-01-16 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To provide an interdisciplinary readership with the necessary toolkit to work with micro- and nanofluidics, this book provides basic theory, fundamentals of microfabrication, advanced fabrication methods, device characterization methods and detailed examples of applications of nanofluidics devices and systems. Case studies describing fabrication of complex micro- and nanoscale systems help the reader gain a practical understanding of developing and fabricating such systems. The resulting work covers the fundamentals, processes and applied challenges of functional engineered nanofluidic systems for a variety of different applications, including discussions of lab-on-chip, bio-related applications and emerging technologies for energy and environmental engineering. - The fundamentals of micro- and nanofluidic systems and micro- and nanofabrication techniques provide readers from a variety of academic backgrounds with the understanding required to develop new systems and applications. - Case studies introduce and illustrate state-of-the-art applications across areas, including lab-on-chip, energy and bio-based applications. - Prakash and Yeom provide readers with an essential toolkit to take micro- and nanofluidic applications out of the research lab and into commercial and laboratory applications.

Capacitive Silicon Resonators

Download Capacitive Silicon Resonators PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429560990
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Capacitive Silicon Resonators by : Nguyen Van Toan

Download or read book Capacitive Silicon Resonators written by Nguyen Van Toan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-07-10 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microfabricated resonators play an essential role in a variety of applications, including mass sensing, timing reference applications, and filtering applications. Many transduction mechanisms including piezoelectric, piezoresistive, and capacitive mechanisms, have been studied to induce and detect the motion of resonators. This book is meant to introduce and suggest several technological approaches together with design considerations for performance enhancement of capacitive silicon resonators, and will be useful for those working in field of micro and nanotechnology. Features Introduces and suggests several technological approaches together with design considerations for performance enhancement of capacitive silicon resonators Provides information on the various fabrication technologies and design considerations that can be employed to improve the performance capacitive silicon resonator which is one of the promising options to replace the quartz crystal resonator. Discusses several technological approaches including hermetic packaging based on the LTCC substrate, deep reactive ion etching, neutral beam etching technology, and metal-assisted chemical etching, as well as design considerations for mechanically coupled, selective vibration of high-order mode, movable electrode structures, and piezoresistive heat engines were investigated to achieve small motional resistance, low insertion loss, and high quality factor. Focusses on a capacitive sensing method based on the measurement of the change in capacitance between a sensing electrode and the resonant body. Reviews recent progress in performance enhancement methods for capacitive silicon resonator, which are mainly based on the works of the authors.

Radio Frequency Micromachined Switches, Switching Networks, and Phase Shifters

Download Radio Frequency Micromachined Switches, Switching Networks, and Phase Shifters PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 135102132X
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Radio Frequency Micromachined Switches, Switching Networks, and Phase Shifters by : Shiban Kishen Koul

Download or read book Radio Frequency Micromachined Switches, Switching Networks, and Phase Shifters written by Shiban Kishen Koul and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-05-03 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radio Frequency Micromachined Switches, Switching Networks, and Phase Shifters discusses radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS)-based control components and will be useful for researchers and R&D engineers. It offers an in-depth study, performance analysis, and extensive characterization on micromachined switches and phase shifters. The reader will learn about basic design methodology and techniques to carry out extensive measurements on MEMS switches and phase shifters which include electrical, mechanical, power handling, linearity, temperature stability, reliability, and radio frequency performance. Practical examples included in the book will help readers to build high performance systems/subsystems using micromachined circuits. Key Features Provides simple design methodology of MEMS switches and switching networks including SPST to SP16T switches Gives an in-depth performance study of micromachined phase shifters. Detailed study on reliability and power handling capability of RF MEMS switches and phase shifters presented Proposes reconfigurable micromachined phase shifters Verifies a variety of MEMS switches and phase shifters experimentally

Toward Inertial-Navigation-on-Chip

Download Toward Inertial-Navigation-on-Chip PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030254704
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Toward Inertial-Navigation-on-Chip by : Haoran Wen

Download or read book Toward Inertial-Navigation-on-Chip written by Haoran Wen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-14 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis develops next-generation multi-degree-of-freedom gyroscopes and inertial measurement units (IMU) using micro-electromechanical-systems (MEMS) technology. It covers both a comprehensive study of the physics of resonator gyroscopes and novel micro/nano-fabrication solutions to key performance limits in MEMS resonator gyroscopes. Firstly, theoretical and experimental studies of physical phenomena including mode localization, nonlinear behavior, and energy dissipation provide new insights into challenges like quadrature errors and flicker noise in resonator gyroscope systems. Secondly, advanced designs and micro/nano-fabrication methods developed in this work demonstrate valuable applications to a wide range of MEMS/NEMS devices. In particular, the HARPSS+ process platform established in this thesis features a novel slanted nano-gap transducer, which enabled the first wafer-level-packaged single-chip IMU prototype with co-fabricated high-frequency resonant triaxial gyroscopes and high-bandwidth triaxial micro-gravity accelerometers. This prototype demonstrates performance amongst the highest to date, with unmatched robustness and potential for flexible substrate integration and ultra-low-power operation. This thesis shows a path toward future low-power IMU-based applications including wearable inertial sensors, health informatics, and personal inertial navigation.

Micro and Nano Machined Electrometers

Download Micro and Nano Machined Electrometers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811332479
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Micro and Nano Machined Electrometers by : Yong Zhu

Download or read book Micro and Nano Machined Electrometers written by Yong Zhu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-13 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews advances in cutting-edge micro-/nano-electrometers, and discusses the technological challenges involved in their practical implementation. The detection of electrostatic charge has a wide range of applications in ionization chambers, bio-analyte and aerosol particle instruments, mass spectrometers, scanning tunneling microscopes, and even quantum computers. Designing micro-/nano-electrometers (also known as charge sensors) for electrometry is considered vital because of the charge sensitivity and resolution issues at micro-/nano-scales. The remarkably dynamic microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs)/nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMSs), and advances in solid-state electronics, hold considerable potential for the design and fabrication of extremely sensitive charge sensors.

Molecular Sensors and Nanodevices

Download Molecular Sensors and Nanodevices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 1455776769
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Molecular Sensors and Nanodevices by : John X. J. Zhang

Download or read book Molecular Sensors and Nanodevices written by John X. J. Zhang and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2013-12-03 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With applications ranging from medical diagnostics to environmental monitoring, molecular sensors (also known as biosensors, chemical sensors, or chemosensors), along with emerging nanotechnologies offer not only valuable tools but also unlimited possibilities for engineers and scientists to explore the world. New generation of functional microsystems can be designed to provide a variety of small scale sensing, imaging and manipulation techniques to the fundamental building blocks of materials. This book provides comprehensive coverage of the current and emerging technologies of molecular sensing, explaining the principles of molecular sensor design and assessing the sensor types currently available. Having explained the basic sensor structures and sensing principles, the authors proceed to explain the role of nano/micro fabrication techniques in molecular sensors, including MEMS, BioMEMS, MicroTAS among others. The miniaturization of versatile molecular sensors opens up a new design paradigm and a range of novel biotechnologies, which is illustrated through case studies of groundbreaking applications in the life sciences and elsewhere. As well as the techniques and devices themselves, the authors also cover the critical issues of implantability, biocompatibility and the regulatory framework. The book is aimed at a broad audience of engineering professionals, life scientists and students working in the multidisciplinary area of biomedical engineering. It explains essential principles of electrical, chemical, optical and mechanical engineering as well as biomedical science, intended for readers with a variety of scientific backgrounds. In addition, it will be valuable for medical professionals and researchers. An online tutorial developed by the authors provides learning reinforcement for students and professionals alike. - Reviews of state-of-the-art molecular sensors and nanotechnologies - Explains principles of sensors and fundamental theories with homework problems at the end of each chapter to facilitate learning - Demystifies the vertical integration from nanomaterials to devices design - Covers practical applications the recent progress in state-of-the-art sensor technologies - Includes case studies of important commercial products - Covers the critical issues of implantability, biocompatibility and the regulatory framework